• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.117-140
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• 2018

WTO was established in 1995 and as many as 36 new members joined WTO until December 2017. Thus it would be interesting to see if new members have committed higher or lower levels of market opening compared to the original members. In this regard, a sophisticated scoring scheme is needed to quantify market opening commitments. After proper econometric model is established for the original members, same model can be applied to the new members for comparison. It was found that new members committed a much higher level of commitment than the original members. In addition, it was also found that transition economies committed higher levels than the non-transition economies. More interesting finding is that among the new members, the larger the economies or the larger the trading volume are, the closer was the level of commitment to the predicted level. Then the question is whether this difference was due to benign neglect by the new members or due to malign select by the original members.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1990.11a
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• pp.220-223
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• 1990

An overview of weekly power generation schedule package is presented. The overall unit commitment logic and the pumped storage operation scheme in the program is illustrated. The results of the application to a practical system is reported.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.947-951
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• 2005

This paper studies the economic development situation of eastern, central, and western regions in China, and the functions of Chinese universities, which include education, research and contribution to the society. A new Chinese innovation system has been emerging in forms of university-run enterprise. The commitment of Chinese government to further introduction of a market economy has been elaborated with a focus on the relations between university and industry. A new regional development scheme by using of the functions of university is considered as the effective strategy to promote economic development of China in this stage.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2015

This study has aimed to compare an emission trading system (ETS) in the EU and Japan that introduced the scheme prior to Korea and provided the latter with a benchmarking model. Especially, the EU has a reputation for its well-organized and evolving system, and Japan has also successfully established the system despite its similar condition with Korea, such as an industrial structure and the degree of energy dependence. However, there are noticeable differences between the EU and Japan in their ETS. Whereas Japan has focused on securing certifications in CDM as the implementation of Kyoto protocol, EU has shown a tendency to transform the trading market from a parallel structure of EUA and CER transaction to only the EUA transaction after ending of 1st commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Since the differences were mainly caused by not only in a design of the system but also in internal governance and their national circumstance, it is meaningful to analyse the Korean case with a similar framework. This study may contribute to designing an appropriate system for emission trading in Korea through the comparison of the EU and Japanese case.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.2058-2063
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• 2010

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) is one of the international environmental convention with the goal of stabilizing Greenhouse Gas(GHG) concent in the atmosphere and preventing potentially dangerous change in the earth's climate. The purpose of this convention is to reduce fossil fuel consumption and to prevent GHG emission. The Republic of Korea was one of the Annex-II parties submitted its national communication to the UNFCCC. As a developing county, there is no GHG emission reduction commitments made by South Korea during first commitment period(2008~2012). On the contrary, South Korea' status as an OECD member, joining in 1996, ranks 6th in GHG emission. Furthermore the rate of increase of GHG is first among OECD countries in year 2005. As a result, Korea will probably be incorporated into Annex-I in second commitment period (after 2013). So, Korea government established and announced Voluntary GHG Reduction scheme to reduce emissions of 4%(accounting for 30% reduction base on Business As Usual) from the 2005 level by the year 2020 for mitigation of reduction duty impact. In specific case of Korea, transportation section occupied almost 21% of total energy consumption and nearly 17% of total GHG emission at 2005, so systematic emission management is required. To do so, in this research, we focus on systematic way of GHG management system to handle GHG reduction duties in Railroad section.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-60
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• 2008

The objective of this research is to find out antecedents and consequences that would affect franchisee's fairness in a franchise system. The factors of antecedents include support, reward and communication, and those of consequences consist of commitment and profit. With a survey of the 120 stores of N franchise, the country's outstanding food service company, the results of structural equation model show that support and reward in its headquarters scheme had an effect on distributive fairness in franchisee's fairness sense, but did not influence procedural fairness. However, communication affected both distributive fairness and procedural fairness. On the other hand, distributive fairness and procedural fairness impacted relationship of a franchise system and commitment in variables. And only distributive fairness influenced profit.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1052-1064
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• 2012

In this study for the purpose of providing the basic data for airline cabin service improvement and efficient crew management. The relationship on team effectiveness and team performance according to the quality of airline cabin crew team LMX(Leader-Member Exchange) and TMX(Team-Member Exchange) was verified. The findings from the analysis shows the closer team leader and team members have quality exchange relationship the more the cabin crews will team commitment and team satisfaction. The conclusion is drawn that increased team effectiveness(satisfaction and commitment) enhances team performance as well. Therefore, based on the results of the study on airline cabin crew team operation system, the team leader and team members should come up with specific scheme to establish quality exchange relationship and to maintain the relationship.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.487-491
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• 2017

Open source software allows the users to freely use, copy, distribute and modify source code without any particular limitations, and this offers the advantages of low entry cost, fast and flexible development, compatibility, reliability and safety. The emergence of many useful open source projects has the advantage of achieving high levels of output with lower costs and time commitment for software development. However, this also increases the risks caused by the security vulnerabilities of the used open source software. There is still no separate process to verify security in using open source software. In this paper, we analyze the security weakness in open source and propose a secure coding scheme in adopting open source, which is known to be highly reliable from a security point of view.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.833-840
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• 2015

In this paper, we are interested in a generalization of zero-knowledge interactive protocols between prover and verifier, especially to show that the product of an encrypted polynomial and a random polynomial, but published by a secure commitment scheme was correctly computed by the prover. To this end, we provide a generalized protocol for proving that the resulting polynomial is correctly computed by an encrypted polynomial and another committed polynomial. Further we show that the protocol is also secure in the random oracle model. We expect that our generalized protocol can play a role of building blocks in implementing secure multi-party computation including private set operations.

• Journal of Korea Fair Competition Federation
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• no.113
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• pp.15-31
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• 2005

최근 미국의 법원은 담합을 입증하려는 시도를 주로 경제적 증거에 입각하여 분석하는 추세를 보여 왔다. 하지만 담합의 존재를 입증하는데 있어서 경제분석의 역할에도 많은 이견이 날카롭게 표출되었다. 담합의 존재에 관한 경제적 증거를 분석하는 데에 있어 유일한 합리적 근거는 최신과점이론(Modern oligopoly theory)이다. 그런데 증인으로 나선 많은 경제학자들과 법원이 최신과점이론에 자신들의 분석을 뚜렷이 기초하지 않았기 때문에, 판례법의 현 상태가 불만족스럽다고 주장하는 것이 본 논문의 핵심적 내용이다. 셔먼법 제1조는 ''계약, 결합, 공모(contract, combination, or conspiracy)에 의해 초래되는 거래(즉 경쟁)의 불합리한 제한을 규제''하는데, 이러한 계약 결합, 공모의''용어들은 합의라는 하나의 개념으로 통합하여 이해''할 수 있다. 제 1조는 다수의 당사자가 ''단일한 목적, 공통된 의도와 의견의 일치, 혹은 의사의 합치(Meeting of minds)'', 즉 ''공통된 계획에 대한 의식적 참가(consious commitment to a common scheme)''를 합의한 모든 협약을 규제한다. 셔먼법 제 1조 위반을 입증하기 위해서는 일치된 행동이 합의 하에서 일어났음을 입증해야 한다. 미국 법원은 합의를 추론할 수 있는 증거력 있는 정황증거(admissible circumstantial evidence)의 원칙을 확립하였다. 독점가격에 가까운 수준의 과점가격 설정은 ''조정되었다(coordinated)''라고 칭해지는데, 이는 ''구두 합의''와 ''암묵적 합의''의 두 가지 형태로 나뉜다. 한편, 일회게임 과점 모형과 반복게임 모형은 과점이론의 핵심을 이룬다. 과점에 대한 Chamberlin의 견해는 본래 게임과 Stigler의 모형은 그와 같은 생각의 오류를 가르쳤다. 그러나 판례법은, Petroleum products antitrust litigation사건과 reserve supply사건에서 볼 수 있듯이 종종 그러한 교훈을 망각했다. 최신과정이론과 판례를 종합해 보면, 합의의 존재에 관해 경제학자가 이끌어내는 추론과 법원이 이끌어내는 추론을 포괄하는 다음의 네 가지 일반적 원칙이 도출된다. 1. 합의가 추론되기 위해서는 상호의존성을 넘는 무언가가 먼저 제시되어야 한다. 2. 합의의 존재는 일회게임 과점 모형에서의 비협조적 내쉬균형과 일치하는 행동으로부터는 추론될 수 없다. 3. 합의의 존재는, 비록 무한반복 과점게임에서의 비협조적 내쉬균형(혹은 Chamberlin-Fellner식의 과점)과 일치하더라도, 일회게임 과점 모형에서의 비협조적 내쉬균형과 일치하지 않는 행동으로부터 추론될 수 있다. 4. 증거는 구두합의의 존재를 뒷받침해야만 한다. 이러한 원칙에서 얻을 수 있는 가장 중요한 교훈은, 합의가 존재하지 않을 경우 과점상황으로부터는 독점가격이 예상될 수 없다는 사실을 법원이 인식하는 것만으로도 합의의 추론에서 범하기 쉬운 가장 큰 오류를 회피할 수 있다는 것이다.