• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.28-39
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the rehabilitation measures and select appropriate tree species and rehabilitation methods for rehabilitating the rock desert areas in Guizhou, China. The study was carried out during the periods from 2003 to 2006 and results are as follows. Afforestation site is classified as a dolomite sandstone hilly country, a halfstony hilly country, a karst physiognomy, a rock desertification farmland and an latent rock desertification farmland by soil type and rock desertification status. Total afforestation area of Xuiwen is 1,300ha and afforestation area of a dolomite sandstone hilly country, a halfstony hilly country, a karst physiognomy, a rock desertification farmland and an latent rock desertification farmland are respectively 104.0ha (8.0%), 146.6ha (11.3%), 200.5ha (15.4%), 705.7ha (54.3%) and 143.2ha (11.0%). Planted tree species were selected by five site types. Robinia pseudoacacia, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus duclouxiana and Juniperus chinensis L. var. chinensis were planted in a dolomite sandstone hilly country and Choerospondias axillaris and Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in a halfstony hilly country. Cupressus duclouxiana, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Ilex kudincila, Quercus aliena, Quercus variabilis, Choerospondias axillaris, Koelreuteria bipinnata, Cryptomeria japonica, Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum bodinieri were planted in a karst physiognomy. Cupressus duclouxiana, Toona sinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Eucommia ulmoides, Ilex kudincha. Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Magnolia officinalis were planted in a rock desertification farmland. Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Juglans sinensis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Choerospondias axillaris, Prunus salicina and Diospyros Kaki was planted in an latent rock desertification farm land. Robinia pseudoacacia showed high survival rate in 2004 and 2005, but Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Cinnamomum camphora showed slightly low survival rate in 2004. Survival rate of planting species in 2005 was over 80% because some species which showed low survival in 2004 were changed with other species and a proper afforestation method was applied. Growth rate of tree species was evaluated by height and diameter growth rate. Cupressus duclouxiana showed a highest height growth rate in 2004. Toona sil1ensis, Choerospondias axillaris, Koelreuteria bipinnata, and Cinnamomum camphora showed almost 100% height growth rate in 2005, although they showed a negative height growth rate in 2004. Robinia pseudoacacia showed a good growth rate in the rock desertification farmland and the halfstony hilly country so it could give a commercial benefit like honey as well as an afforestation effect.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 주요 바이오매스 자원의 하나인 대나무의 효율적 활용을 위한 기초자료를 수집하기 위하여, 국내산 대나무 3종(맹종죽, 솜대 및 왕대)의 해부학적 특성을 광학현미경 및 주사전자현미경으로 비교 분석하였다. 또한 X선 회절법에 의해 셀룰로오스의 결정특성을 분석하였다. 횡단면 관찰 결과, 3종 모두 유관속 I형으로 종간 동일한 형태를 보였다. 또한 횡단면의 내측부에서 외측부로 갈수록 유관속의 출현빈도가 더 높았고, 유관속을 둘러싸고 있는 유관속초의 비율도 커졌다. 구성세포 치수 측정 결과, 섬유길이는 모든 종에서 외측부의 값이 내측부의 값보다 컸으며, 내측부와 외측부 모두 왕대의 섬유길이가 가장 길었다. 섬유길이의 유의성 검정 결과 3종 모두 내측부와 외측부간에 유의성이 나타났다. 횡단면에서 측정한 도관 직경 및 유세포 직경은 맹종죽의 값이 가장 컸으며, 방사 및 접선단면에서 측정한 유세포 길이 및 폭은 맹종죽과 왕대가 유사한 값을 나타냈고, 솜대가 가장 작았다. 셀룰로오스의 결정특성 분석 결과 상대결정화도 및 결정 폭은 외측부가 내측부에 비해 다소 높았으며, 왕대의 상대결정화도 및 결정 폭이 다른 2종에 비해 다소 높았다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2006

침엽수재에 있어서는 결정을 지니는 세포가 드물게 존재하기 때문에 전나무속, 가문비나무속, 은행나무속 및 소나무속과 같은 경우 이들의 존재 여부는 수종 식별 인자로 귀중한 가치를 지니게 된다. 따라서 본 연구는 광학현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 북미산 전나무속 수종의 목재에 존재하는 결정의 분포와 형태를 조사하여 목재 해부 및 식별에 필요한 정보를 추가적으로 제공하기 위해 실시하였다. 출현 빈도 측면에서 볼 때 다각형 결정, 신장형 결정 및 주정이 Abies concolor, A. grandis 및 A. magnifica, A. nobilis(=A. procera), A. lasiocarpa 그리고 A. amabilis의 순으로 적게 관찰되었지만 A. balsamea 및 A. fraseri에서는 그 존재가 전연 확인되지 않았다. 다른 수종과는 달리 A. lasiocarpa는 다각형 결정보다는 신장형 결정 및 주정이 더 많이 지니고 있었다. A. concolor에서는 사정, 다각형 결정, 신장형 결정 및 주정이 축방향유세포 및 방사유세포 모두에서 관찰된 반면 나머지 수종 모두에서는 다각형 결정, 신장형 결정 및 주정이 방사유세포에만 존재하였다. 사정을 지니는 방사유세포 그리고 사정, 다각형 결정, 신장형 결정과 주정을 지니는 축방향유세포는 아마 본 연구에서 최초로 밝혀진 것으로 여겨진다. 결론적으로 결정의 존재 여부는 A. nobilis (=A. procera), A. lasiocarpa, A. amabilis, A. balsamea 및 A. fraseri로부터 A. concolor, A. grandis 및 A. magnifica를 식별해 내는데 있어 중요한 가치를 지니는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-30
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• 1984

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 한국산(韓國産) 단판수종(單板樹種)의 목재특성(木材特性)을 조사(調査)하여 합판공업(合板工業)에 필요(必要)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 제공하기 위해 실시(實施)하였다. 최근(最近) 목재자원(木材資源)이 점차 고갈(枯渴)되어 외재(外材)의 도입사정(導入事情)이 악화(惡化)됨에 따라 합판공업(合板工業)에 한국재(韓國材)의 활용(活用)을 증진(增進)시키고 그 가공기술(加工技術)을 발전(發展)시킴에 있어서 단판수종(單板樹種)의 목재특성(木材特性)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)는 우선적으로 취급되어야 할 것이다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 이들 취급(取扱)된 단판수종(單板樹種)은 우리 나라에 생장(生長)하고 있는 33개(個)의 속(屬)으로부터 50개(個)의 경제수종(經濟樹種)을 선정(選定)하였으며 이들 수종(樹種)에 대하여 주로 육안적(肉眼的) 목재특성(木材特性)을 조사(調査)하여 수종별(樹種別)로 기재(記載)하였고 이를 바탕으로 하여 침엽수재(針葉樹材) 및 활엽수재별로 목재식별(木材識別) 검소표(儉素表)를 간략(簡略)하게 작성(作成)하여 보고(報告)한다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 육안적(肉眼的) 특성(特性)에 따른 식별(識別) 원표(圓表)를 작성(作成)하고 이를 바탕으로 하여 우리나라산(産) 단판수종(單板樹種)의 육안적(肉眼的) 식별(識別) 검소표(儉素表)를 나타내면 다음과 같다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2008

해양생태독성평가를 위한 표준시험방법 개발을 위하여 해양생태계의 대표 소비자인 어류를 이용한 시험방법을 정립하였다. 표준시험생물은 송사리(Oryzias latipes)와 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)를 선정하였으며, endpoint는 7일 자어 사망률(7 day-$LC_{50}$)로 설정하였다. 표준시험방법은 미환경보호국(USEPA, 1994)의 어류독성시험법을 참고하였으나, 시험생물은 생태적 대표성 및 종의 유용성 등을 고려하여 재설정하였다. 송사리는 실험실 사육이 가능하고 광염성이며, 넙치는 국내 연안 생태계의 대표 어류이자 상업용 종묘 생산 시설을 통하여 연중 시험생물 확보가 가능한 점을 고려하여 선정하였다. 염분 내성 및 표준물질독성실험결과, 송사리는 $0{\sim}35\;psu$ 구간에서 전개체가 생존하였으며, 넙치는 염분이 20 psu 이상에서만 실험이 가능하였다. 독성시험기간은 7일이며, 시험구내의 용존산소가 4mg/L 이상을 유지하는 한 시험용액의 교환없이 수행하는 비교환정수방식을 택하였다. 시험생물의 연령은 부화 후 초기 사망률과 시험시 취급이 용이한 크기로 선정하였으며, 송사리의 경우 부화 후 7일(전장 약 5 mm), 넙치의 경우 25일(전장 약 10 mm)로 선정하였다. 시험적합도 기준은 대조구에서의 생존율이 80% 이상으로 설정하였으며, 표준독성물질에 의한 민감도를 어류 독성 시험시 동일한 방법을 이용한 결과를 제시하도록 하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.711-717
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• 2008

To speed up the conversion of rice straw into feeds in a low-temperature region, a start culture used for ensiling rice straw at low temperature was selected by continuous enrichment cultivation. During the selection, the microbial source for enrichment was rice straw and soil from two places in Northeast China. Lab-scale rice straw fermentation at $10^{\circ}C$ verified, compared with the commercial inoculant, that the selected start culture lowered the pH of the fermented rice straw more rapidly and produced more lactic acid. The results from denatured gradient gel eletrophoresis showed that the selected start culture could colonize into the rice straw fermentation system. To analyze the composition of the culture, a 16S rRNA gene clone library was constructed. Sequencing results showed that the culture mainly consisted of two bacterial species. One (A) belonged to Lactobacillus and another (B) belonged to Leuconostoc. To make clear the roles of composition microbes in the fermented system, quantitative PCR was used. For species A, the DNA mass increased continuously until sixteen days of the fermentation, which occupied 65%. For species B, the DNA mass amounted to 5.5% at six days of the fermentation, which was the maximum relative value during the fermentation. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first report on ensiling rice straw with a selected starter at low temperature and investigation of the fermented characteristics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.861-882
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• 2000

The seed, or grain, of modern cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius, commonly known as Australian sweet lupins (ASL), is an established feed resource for the intensive animal industries of Australia, Japan, Korea and several other countries in Asia and Europe. Since the introduction of ASL to the world marketplace about 25 years ago, researchers in many countries have found them to be a valuable component of the diet of beef and dairy cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, finfish and crustaceans. The seed of ASL contains ~32% crude protein (CP) (~35% DM basis) and 5% oil. The main storage carbohydrates in the seed are the ${\beta}$-galactans that comprise most of the cell-wall material of the kernel and the cellulose and hemicellulose of the thick seed coats. ASL seeds contain about 40% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and a negligible amount of starch. This makes them an excellent ingredient for ruminant diets, as the risk of acidosis is very low. The seed of modern cultivars of domesticated Lupinus species contain negligible amounts of lectins and trypsin inhibitors so they do not require preheating before being used as an ingredient in feeds for monogastric species. They have a high digestibility coefficient for protein, >90% for most species, but a low energy digestibility, ~60%, which is mostly due to the high content of NSP. The low content of methionine (0.22%) and of lysine (1.46%) is typical of the legumes. The lysine availability for pigs is >70%. Lupin kernels contain ~39% CP (~42% DM basis), 6% oil and 30% NSP. They have a higher digestible energy for pigs and finfish and a higher metabolisable energy for poultry than whole seed. Commercial operations rarely achieve complete separation of kernel from hull and it is more likely that the kernel fraction, called splits or meats, will contain ~36% CP. The replacement of soybean meal or peas with ASL in cereal-based diets for most intensively reared animals, birds and fish is possible provided lysine, methionine and digestible energy levels are kept constant. This makes ASL economically competitive in many, but not all, circumstances.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.506-518
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• 2020

Background: Red-skin root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) significantly reduces the quality and limits the production of ginseng in China. The disease has long been thought to be a noninfectious physiological disease, except one report that proved it was an infectious disease. However, the causal agents have not been successfully determined. In the present study, we were to reveal the pathogens that cause red-skin disease. Methods: Ginseng roots with red-skin root symptoms were collected from commercial fields in Northeast China. Fungi were isolated from the lesion and identified based on morphological characters along with multilocus sequence analyses on internal transcription spacer, β-tubulin (tub2), histone H3 (his3), and translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α). Pathogens were confirmed by inoculating the isolates in ginseng roots. Results: A total of 230 isolates were obtained from 209 disease samples. These isolates were classified into 12 species, including Dactylonectria sp., D. hordeicola, Fusarium acuminatum, F. avenaceum, F. solani, F. torulosum, Ilyonectria mors-panacis, I. robusta, Rhexocercosporidium panacis, and three novel species I. changbaiensis, I. communis, and I. qitaiheensis. Among them, I. communis, I. robusta, and F. solani had the highest isolation frequencies, being 36.1%, 20.9%, and 23.9%, respectively. All these species isolated were pathogenic to ginseng roots and caused red-skin root disease under appropriate condition. Conclusion: Fungal complex is the causal agent of red-skin root in P. ginseng.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Experimental fishing was carried out to compare fishing status according to the codend mesh size (raschel, 15mm, 25mm, 35mm, 45mm) of stow net on anchor in the coastal waters of Seocheon after manufacturing five kinds of fishing gears and commercial fishing boat (7.93 tons) was used for it. Total catches of raschel, 15mm, 25mm, 35mm, 45mm codend were 816,949g, 203,994g, 1,405g, 51,576g, 194g in September and 40,545g, 66,974g, 14,692g, 12,647g, 12,655g in October. Dominance species were anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in raschel codend, largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) in 15mm and 35mm in September, and the amount of catches was very small in 25mm and 45mm codend due to the fishing gear damage. In October, dominance species were anchovy and beka squid (Loligo beka) in raschel, 15mm, 25mm codend, and cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) and beka squid were mainly caught in 35mm and 45mm codend. In addition, total length of anchovy and cardinal fish (Apogon lineatus) were increased according to the increase of codend mesh size but there was no difference in the mantle length of cuttlefish and loligo beka.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2011

In order to assess the survival success of microphytoplankton species in ship ballast water, we examined microphytoplankton diversity from international commercial ships berthed at Ulsan and Pyeongtaek Ports, Korea, and also subjected them to laboratory studies. The ages of ballast water in each ship ranged from 1 to 365 days. Vessels originated from coastal China (Weihai, Lianyunsang and Shanghai), Chile, and from the Yellow and Pacific Oceans. The numbers of species and phytoplankton standing crops in uploaded ballast water were significantly related to the age of ballast water. The most diverse taxonomic group was diatoms. In the laboratory study, the value of in vivo fluorescence in M/V Spring Lyra gradually increased with increasing nutrients such as nitrate and phosphate. Phytoplankton in new (9 days), medium (31 days) and old (365 days) ballast water successfully survived under typical nutrient condition of port water and F/2 medium at $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$, whereas phytoplankton in ballast water treatment did not survive, regardless of optimal temperature. Colonization process was dominated by diatoms; Skeletonema coastatum for M/V Spring Lyra, Thalassiosira pseudonana and Thalassiosira for M/V Han Yang, Thalassiosira pacifica and Odontella aurita for M/V Modern Express, and Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus and Pseudo-nitzschia seriata for M/V Asian Legend. The successful establishment of non-native species was also related to nutrient richness. Our laboratory design can be applied as a practical tool to assess the survivability of invasive microphytoplankton introduced into local waters of Ulsan and Pyeongtaek.