• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.2-15
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• 1982

In this report, a total domestic demand for major commercial fertilizer for crop production in Korea up to 1996 was estimated. The agricultural products and area for demand for both 1982 and 1986 was quoted from the estimate of the 5th Five-year Economic plan. And the demands estimated for 1991 and 1996 reflected possible changes of diet from cereal to meat and their indirect effects on the increase of cereal consumption. As the advanced countries followed, consequently, the demands for soybean, corn and other feed grains were expected to be increased as well as the land for growing those crops. 1. Total annual demands for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were estimated 1,050,000M/T, 1,110,000M/T, 1,280,000M/T and 1,010,000M/T for the year 1982, 1986, 1991, and 1996 respectively. 2. It was assumed that there would be difficulties in self-sufficiency of grains at the cost of the maximum utilization of land and fertilizers in 1996. 3. It was clear that the increase of the productivity per unit area is possible by improving the conditions of arable land which could resulted a self-sufficiency of food in Korea. As a consequence, the demand for fertilizers at that time would exceed the level of estimates. 4. The recent decrease in demand for commercial fertilizers (currently estimated 850,000M/T) was due to an inadequate application of fertilizers for respective crop reqirement. This inadequacy should be checked and encouraged the consumptions of fertilizers to be increased by supporting the price of grain.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2002

Rice straw silage added with apple pomace in different ratios were mixed with commercial concentrates and fed to Korean native goats in comparison to the corn silage mixed with the same content of commercial concentrates in whole diet as that of apple pomace added rice straw silage (rice straw : apple pomace = 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60). Dry matter intake, digestibilities of nutrients and nitrogen retention were investigated for the possibilities of application of agricultural by-products for the diets of Korean native goats. Crude protein contents of rice straw silage added with apple pomace were 6.3~7.3% and the contents of ADF, NDF and crude ash were highest in 100% rice straw mixed ratio (A) as 39.4, 61.6 and 8.9% respectively. Those were lower in corn silage (E) as 30.3, 53.4 and 4.9% respectively, however NSC content of corn silage was highest among the experimental treatments as 31.4%. Daily dry matter intakes per head and also per metabolic basal weight (DM g/kg of $BW^{0.75}$ were significantly (p<0.05) higher in D of the highest mixed ratio of apple pomace (605.3, 69.5g) than those of corn silage (E: 394.0, 46.8g). Daily live weight changes were significantly (p<0.05) higher in 40% (C: 16.7g) and 60% (D: 22.9g) apple pomace mixed ratios than 0% (A: 0.17g) and 20% (B: 4.3g) apple pomace mixed ratios. Digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter were higher in D and E than in A and B and those of ADF and NDF were higher in D as 50.2 and 57.4% respectively than the digestibilities in A, B and E. Nitrogen retention (g, %) was highest in D of the highest mixed apple pomace ratio (1.4g, 20.4%) however lowest in A (-0.3g, -7.75%).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 1983

An experiment on the rearing of tilapia stocked in closed recirculating tanks eliminating biological filter beds was carried out at the Fish Culture Experiment Station of the National Fisheries University of Pusan, from May 18 through October 21, 1982, and the growth rates, feed conversion, water quality, spawning prevention and space utilization efficiency were discussed. Finally discussed is the feasibility on the establishment of commercial production units. On the water quality, the water temperature ranged from $22.8^{\circ}C\;to\;29.1^{\circ}C$, and total ammonia arround 10 ppm or slightly up. Maintaining phytoplankton bloom was not successful probably because of the active consumption by the heavily stocked tilapia. Several attempts were made by changing the culture water with green water from a nearby earthen pond with results of fading-away in a couple of days. Feed conversions were relatively high ranging from 0.9 to 1.2 except for experiment 1 when the fish were not fully recovered from weakened wintering state. The feed used was partly laboratory prepared $25\%$ protein diet and mostly commercially available $39\%$ protein carp feed. Spawning was completely controlled during the experiment, resulting from density effect, which ranged from 10kg to 40.7kg per square meter with water depth of 0.5 to 0.6m. Space utilization efficiency was very high. Daily net production from the experiment division 3, which showed the highest result, was 6.206 kg per tank, which is calculated 3,235 metric tons per hectare per year, This time, water temperature ranged from 27.8 to $29.1^{circ}C$, average being $28.4^{circ}C$, and total ammonia arround 10 ppm. An estimation for the commercial set-up of the production system based on the results of experiment divisions which had initial stocking rate $15\;kg/m^2$ or up, is made. If the total facility, 8 tanks comprising $56\;m^2$ in surface area, is used for the present study, the yield would become 5,639 kg from 200 day rearing, which would be possible under double sheets vinyl house without additional heating, and it is thought feasible in the economic view point, when 10 or more units are operated.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.20-34
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation culture on the in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein, and pH in in vitro experiment of diets for dairy cows. A fungal species, Aspergillus oryzae was supplied by Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea (KCTC 1229). The experimental diets were commercial compound feed (concentrate) and total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating cows, of which chemical analyses were determined at Research and Development Institute, Woosung Feed Co., Ltd., while the digestibilities were done at the laboratory of Chungnam National University. Aspergillus oryzae culture products were added to compound feed and TMR at the rate of 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0% respectively. The experimental diet with the rumen fluid sampled from Holstein fresian milking cows were used and digested for 24 hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs in the shaking incubator. The residues of the digesta were digested for 48hrs in the incubator in which put 30ml of 0.1N HCl with 0.2% pepsin at $39^{\circ}C$. The final precipitates were dried for 48hrs in the drier at $60^{\circ}C$. These experimental procedures were triplicated to determine the in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude fiber, ADF, NDF, crude protein and pH. Compared to control diet, not added Aspergillus oryzae, the DM digestibility of fungal diets were improved 2.1%(63.1%), 9.7%(68.5%) and 9.0%(68.0%) for 24 hour fermentation in compound feed while 4.8%(60.0%), 6.4%(61.1%) and 2.9%(58.8%) in TMR. On the contrary, for 48 hour and 72 hour digestibilities, the effects of Aspergillus oryzae culture on the digestibility of dry matter were relatively lowered compared to 24 hour digestibility. Referring to the digestibility of dietary fiber, Aspergillus oryzae was believed to significantly improve digestibilities of crude fiber, ADF and NDF. Those were increased up to 13.3%(53.3%) for 24 hour fermentation, while 2.4%(54.6%) for 3.0% added for 72 hour fermentation in compound feed. However, there were no significant differences among the treatments for the inclusion rate of Aspergillus oryzae, even though the more inclusion rate, the better digestibility. The protein digestibilities were significantly improved from 0.4%(79.7%) to 9.4%(71.8%) by adding Aspergillus oryzae into compound feed. However, there were no significant differences between the two experimental diets, 2.0% and 3.0% Aspergillus oryzae included diets. In case of TMR, the protein digestibilities were significantly improved from 4.0%(70.4%) to 6.3%(65.1%) by adding Aspergillus oryzae. However, there were no significant differences between the two experimental diets, 2.0% and 3.0% Aspergillus oryzae included diets. In this study, there were no significant differences among the treatments in pH. On the contrary, there were slightly decrease in pH by adding Aspergillus oryzae into experimental diets but not significant. Summarizing the results of this examination, Aspergillus oryzae fermentation culture is believed to improve the digestibilities of dry matter, fiber and crude protein in cattle diets. However, more detailed research for the mechanism of the fungal culture is required to improve ruminal environment.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.206-211
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• 1983

This study was carried out to compare the feed utilization between pelleted and all-mash diet of similar composition by growing chickens. Day-old broilers (Hubbard) and egg-type chickens(Hy-line) of commercial strain were employed in this experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The chickens fed pelleted diets were heavier than those of birds fed all-mash diets. The Hubbard broilers and Hy-line chickens fed pelleted diets weighed 2,702g and 812g respectively, at 9 weeks of age. In comparison, the Hubbard broilers and Hy-line chickens fed all-mash diets weighed 2,571g and 777g respectively, at 9 weeks of age. 2. The pellet-fed chickens consumed more feeds than birds fed all-mash diets in both types of strain. Feed efficiencies (gain/feed) of Hubbard and Hy-line chickens were 0.38 and 0.26 in pellet feeding groups, and 0.36 and 0.25 in all-mash feeding groups, respectively. The Hy-line chickens fed pelleted diets drank more water than birds fed all-mash diets. 3. Pellet feeding groups produced more dry matter excreta as compared with all-mash feeding groups, reflecting the pattern of feed consumption by these chickens. Nitrogen retention ratio of the Hubbard and Hy-line chickens were 57-67% and 65-73%, respectively. Chickens fed pelleted diets showed 1-4% higher nitrogen retention than chickens fed all-mash diets. 4. The ME/GE ratio of the Hubbard and the Hy-line at 8 weeks of age were 73.4-74.3% and 82.8-83.8%, respectively. Pellet feeding groups showed 1% higher ME/GE ratio than all-mash feeding groups. 5. The dietary productive energy calculated from respiratory quotient was $94.1-102.6kca/kg^{\frac{3}{4}}$ BW/day in pellet feeding groups. The ratios of PE/GE were 41.3-48.9% in pellet feeding groups and 39.0-45.8% in all-mash feeding groups. 6. It appears that pelleting the all-mash diet increases feed consumption and body weight gain of growing chickens. Feed efficiency and energy utilization were also improved by pelleting process. More research work should be done to establish the relationship clearly between feed pelleting and heat increments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.645-658
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• 2004

To investigate the effects of conjugated linoleic acid added diet feeding on CLA accumulation and quality characteristics of manufactured press ham using CLA accwnulated pork loin meat. The CLA used to add in diet was chemically synthesized by alkaline isomerization method with com oil. Pigs were divided into 5 treatment groups(4 pigs/group) and subjected to one of five treatment diets(0, 1.25% CLA for 2weeks, 2.5% CLA for 2weeks, 1.25% CLA for 4weeks and 2.5% CLA for 4weeks, CLA diets; total fed diets) before slaughter. Pork loin were collected from the animals(110kg body weight) slaughtering at the commercial slaughter house. Manufacture press ham using CLA accumulated pork loin meat were vacuum packaged and then stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for general compositions, physico-chemical properties(pH, color, shear force value), TBARS. pH value of CLA treatment(T4) was increased significantly than that of oontrol(P<0.05). pH of control and CLA treatments were increased significantly as the storage period passed(P< 0.05). Crude fat content of CLA treatment groups was significantly higher than the control pork (P<0.05). Meat color(CIE $L^*$, $a^*$$b^*$

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.226-233
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• 2008

This study investigated the effects of dietary moisture level and storage temperature on lipid oxidation and fatty acids composition of the extruded pellet feed. The diets containing the moisture levels of 5%, 15% and 25% were prepared by adding moisture (water) to the commercial extruded pellets and stored at $5^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) and $35^{\circ}C$. The samples for analysis were collected at every 2 days for 10 days. Acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and fatty acid composition of the feeds were measured. No differences in the AV, POV and TBA value were observed in feed containing 5% moisture at all storage temperatures for 10 days. However, the AV, POV and TBA value of diets containing 15% and 25% moisture increased rapidly at $20^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ after 4 days. Fatty acids compositions of feeds containing 5% moisture did not change during the storage periods at $5^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. However, 5% moisture feed stored at $35^{\circ}C$ increased monoene fatty acid content and decreased the contents of polyene fatty acid, PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)/SFA (saturated fatty acid) and $(C_{20:5}+C_{22:6})/C_{16:0}$ after 4 days. Also, 15% moisture feed stored at $35^{\circ}C$ showed increased monoene fatty acid content and decreased $(C_{20:5}+C_{22:6})/C_{16:0}$ after 2 days. The diet containing 25% moisture showed increased monoene fatty acid content and decreased contents of PUFA, PUFA/SFA and $(C_{20:5}+C_{22:6})/C_{16:0}$ at all temperatures after 2 days. In this study, lipid oxidation can occur in the extruded pellet feeds of 15% and 25% moisture at room temperature after 2 days.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.975-986
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• 2003

Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the level of concentrates and pasture grazing in 36 autumn born Hanwoo heifers(initial body weight, 119.7${\pm}$25.6kg) for 426d including 195d for a pasture stage. The animals were fed commercial concentrates at a rate of 0.5%(T1), 1.0%(T2), 1.5%(T3) and 2.0%(T4) of body weight, respectively, for pre- and post-pasture. 1. Mean daily gains by treatments were 0.348, 0.403, 0.450 and 0.501kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, indicating that increases in concentrates intake was associated with the daily gain of grazing Hanwoo heifers. However, the mean daily gain was the highest for T2 during the pasture stage. 2. TDN intakes per 1kg gain were, on average, 8.61kg for the entire experimental period and 9.22kg for the pasture stage, respectively. In addition, the rate of roughage to concentrate during the entire experimental period was 49.6 to 68.2%(mean 58.5%). 3. Age reached 225 and 250kg of body weight was, on an average, 15.1mo. and 17.6mo., respectively, indicating that increasing the level of concentrates feeding(by 0.5% of body weight) reduced the first pregnancy by 0.9 mo. Ages and body weight for first service were 19.5mo. and 272.2 kg, respectively. Mean pregnant rate of total heads was approximately 52.8%, but appeared to 66.6% for T3 and T4. Therefore, it may be concluded that the optimum level of concentrates for autumn born Hanwoo heifers is 1.8% of body weight for indoor feeding on rice straw-based diet and 1.5% of body weight for a pasture stage, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.897-903
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• 2012

Food allergies have become a serious health concern in the past two decades, especially in developed countries. Foods associated with allergies include vegetables, some fruits, shellfish, wheat, egg, chicken, and nuts. To describe the specific fundamentals, etiological factors, and clinical manifestations, we analyzed the different physical frequency on spleen index in sensitized and regular exercise-trained mice. We also conducted a proliferation assay of lymphocytes to OVA, ROS, ASAS, and we determined the cytokine levels. Female BALB/c mice were bred in the animal laboratory of the P and D university under controlled conditions ($22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, RH 45-55%, and a 12-hour photoperiod). The animals were 6 weeks old at the start of the study and were fed a standard commercial chow diet from 09:00 to 15:00 for the 8-week study period. All animals had access to distilled deionized water ad libitum. They were divided into four groups: a control group (S; control sensitized, n=25), a low-frequency training group (F2, n=25), a mid-frequency training group (F3, n=25), and a high-frequency training group (F5, n=25) following the treatment of exercise time per week. The results were as follows: The mice spleen index showed the highest grade in the F5 group compared with the other groups; this level showed in an exercise frequency-dependent manner. In the proliferation assay of OVA, the F5 group showed the highest grade compared with the other groups; this level was also showed in an exercise frequency-dependent manner. Peritoneal ROS and ASAS showed a statistically significant increase in the F5 group and decreased in the F2 group compared with the S group. However, there were no significant differences in the F3 group. The highest level of IL-4 was found in the F5 group compared with the other groups. However, the highest level of INF-${\gamma}$ was in the F2 group. The results suggest that FDEIA is positively correlated with the frequency of exercise due to the direct effect of physical exercise on peritoneal ROS and the cytokine profile. Further research is needed on the specific mechanism underlying the combined effects of exercise intensity and frequency on physical-induced allergy anaphylaxis.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.135-145
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• 2004

The CLA used to add in diet was chemically synthesized by alkaline isomerization method with corn oil. Pigs were divided into 5 treatment groups (4 pigs/group) and subjected to one of five treatment diets (0, 1.25％ CLA for 2weeks, 2.5％ CLA for 2weeks, 1.25％ CLA for 4weeks and 2.5％ CLA for 4weeks, CLA diets; total fed diets) before slaughter. Pork loin were collected from the animals (110kg body weight) slaughtering at the commercial slaughter house. Manufacture press ham using CLA accumulated pork loin were vacuum packaged and then stored during 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4$^{\circ}C$. Samples were analyzed for texture characteristics, sensory evaluation, fatty acid composition and CLA content. There was no significant difference in texture among control and CLA treatment groups. It was not clearly changed by storage time. No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties (color, flavor, texture and acceptability) between control and CLA treatment groups. It was not clearly changed by the passage of storage time. In the change of fatty acid composition, the contents of oleic, linoleic and arachidonic were decreased by dietary CLA-supplementation, whereas the increase level of CLA-supplementation resulted in the higher palmitic and stearic acid than control. As dietary CLA was increased in feed, the content of CLA in pork was increased.