• 무역상무연구
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• 제58권
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• pp.179-213
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• 2013

While a performance type guarantee is required as a security for non-performance risk by a seller, a payment guarantee is used as a security for non-payment risk by a buyer(or a borrower in a loan agreement). A payment guarantee is a type of independent bank guarantee, bank guarantee, bond, demand guarantee, or standby letter of credit. A guarantor accepts a credit risk of a principal which is normally a buyer in a contract for sale of goods. A payment guarantee is independent of the underlying relationship between the applicant and the beneficiary. The guarantor is only empowered to examine the beneficiary's demand and determine the payment on its face to the terms of the guarantee. A payment guarantee is thus different from a suretyship. The principle of independence carries a significant advantages for a guarantor as well as for a beneficiary. While a documentary credit requires B/L, commercial invoice, packing list, inspection certificate, etc., a typical payment guarantee does not require any evidence for a seller's performance of the underlying contract other than written demand. In this respect payment guarnatee can be a more secured facility than a documentary credit. A payment guarantee normally comes into force from the issuing date and shall remain in effect until all sums guaranteed shall be paid in full by a buyer(or a borrower) or by a guarantor. Although a guarantor shall pay a demand made in accordance with the terms and conditions of the payment guarantee, a payment demand may be denied when it is determined to be abusive or unfair.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제77권
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• pp.113-144
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• 2018

This study explores how to prevent the fraudulent export financing and its subsequent export insurance fraud in relation to O/A negotiation. Under the traditional letter of credit(L/C) transactions, the banks, as a negotiation bank, can extend trade financing to the exporters through negotiation of draft and/or shipping documents. Under the O/A transaction scheme, however, bank cannot ascertain existence of trade performance and it is much riskier to extend an advance financing to the exporters before the buyer sends confirmation of debt. In O/A negotiation. some exporters tried to fraud banks by falsifying the shipping documents and the size and gravity of this fraudulent export financing were huge. Therefore, this study examines the banking process in O/A-based trade financing, documents examination process, the negotiation of instruments, treatment of trade financing in export credit guarantee, most importantly, explores what could be the criteria for appropriate treatment of account receivable to insure the safe transfer of account receivable. To maximize the benefit for optimum trade financing, the Bank of Korea established several Trade Finance Rules (refers to "BOK Rules") requiring that commercial banks should maintain optimal credit limits(so called, 'the principle of optimal loan') to extend the trade finance. The K-sure post-shipment credit guarantee programs and short-term export insurance program(EFF)can also facilitate 'the principle of optimal loan' principle.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.405-427
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• 1999

Although Uniform Customs and practice for Documentary(UCP) is not a law, it applies to most documentary credits and is binding on all parties unless otherwise expressly stipulated. Besides, Uniform Commercial Code(UCC) Article 5 was codified by the United States and was adopted by every state. Moreover, the New York version of the UCC Article 5-102(4) specifically providing that the UCC does not apply to letters of credit where the parties agree to be governed by the UCP. Identical nonuniform Articles were latter added in Alabama, Arizona, and Missouri. The fact that courts in forty-six of the fifty states are bound by Article 5. Until now, Article 5 of the UCC has probably had an impact on the decisions in New York and the New York common law. Therefore, I examined a few issues on application between Article 5 of the UCC and the UCP. First, although the UCP attempt to introduce a new for examination of document by incorporating "standard practice of financial institutions" and "international banking practice", the standards for documentary compliance are not clear. The UCC attempt to rely on the matter of interpretation for the court, but the UCP would probably be interested in examining in about bank's internal practices as reflected in UCP Articles. Second, the rule for nondocumentary conditions is a useful for stand-by credit transactions under the UCC, but these conditions would probably put the bank in an even worse position in case of documentary credit transactions under the UCP. Third, the UCP does not contain any provision governing the fraud exception, but the UCC codified the fraud and forgery rules developed through American case law. Fourth, the UCP treats the issue of transfer in much more detail than the UCC does. In contract, the UCP's treatment of assignment of proceeds is brief. Finally, I suggest that the fraud exception rules should be prescribed in the UCP in order to protect the issuing bank and the applicant when an unscrupulous party attempts to defraud.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.757-768
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• 2009

With the women's education level higher and gender equality more promoted, women's opportunity of taking part in business is increasing. Entering the emotional age which counts self-image as being important, there is a view that woman's appearance has a direct relation to their social life. The research is to examine the hypothesis and important factors for women workers at banks for their successful career, that is, to verify the effects of women's appearances on their social life, furthermore, to help female applicants for a bank and the bank clerks have a desirable social life. The subjects were 200 male and 100 female bank clerks and the research was analyzed on the basis of a total of 300 questionnaires. The results are as follows: first, 52 percent of male subjects responded that the factors of "sociability" and "character and good manners" are the most important in social life, while 47 percent of female subjects answered the factor of "ability" is so. Second, 61.5 percent of male and 84 percent of female respondents answered that woman's appearance has a potent influence on their social life. Third, 76 percent of male and 90.9 percent of female respondents answered that when the companies employ woman workers, they take woman's appearance into consideration. It shows even at job interviews that good-looking applicants are in a better position, for bankers must consult with many customers and so their neat and tidy appearance such as their natural make-up and decent hair style (short-hair style) is one of significant factors to perform their jobs. Therefore, appearance managements are primary for women bankers to work at their workplace.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.242-253
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• 2019

2008년 글로벌 금융위기가 유동성위험에서 촉발되었으므로 금융위기 이후 유동성위험 관리방안에 대해 많은 연구들이 수행되었다. 그러나 투자자 보호 정도가 은행들의 유동성위험에 영향을 미치는지에 대해서는 전 세계적으로 아직 연구된 바가 없으므로 본 연구에서는 투자자 보호와 유동성위험과의 관계를 고찰하고 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다. 경제협력개발기구(OECD) 21개국 상업은행들을 대상으로 패널데이터를 구축하여 분석한 결과, 투자자에 대한 보호 수준이 높을수록 은행들의 유동성위험이 낮아짐을 발견하였다. 또한 투자자 보호의 이러한 긍정적 효과는 금융위기 기간 동안 더욱 강화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 금융위기 기간 동안 시행되는 강력한 경기부양책으로 인해 시장에 의한 규율이 약화된 상황에서 법적인 투자자 보호제도가 은행들의 건전성 제고에 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.209-220
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• 2020

본 연구는 선행 연구를 바탕으로 5개의 시중은행(KB국민은행, 신한은행, 우리은행, KEB하나은행, NH농협은행)에 종사하는 은행원의 성격특성을 Big5 성격요인으로 분석하고, 그 성격 요인에 따라 창업의도와 디지털미디어 활용역량에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보았다. 또한 Big5 성격요인과 창업의도 사이에서 디지털미디어 활용역량의 매개효과가 있는지에 대한 분석도 진행하였다. 그 결과 첫째, Big5 성격요인 중 외향성, 개방성이 창업의도와 정(+)의 관계를, 성실성은 부(-)의 관계를 나타내었다. 둘째, Big5 성격 요인과 디지털미디어 활용역량과의 관계에서 친화성, 성실성, 개방성은 콘텐츠 활용역량에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며 커뮤니케이션 활용역량은 개방성과 정(+)의 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 디지털미디어 활용역량인 콘텐츠 활용역량과 커뮤니케이션 활용역량이 창업의도에 미치는 영향에서는 커뮤니케이션 활용역량이 창업의도에 정(+) 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, Big5 성격요인과 창업의도 사이에 디지털미디어 활용역량의 매개효과를 검증한 결과 커뮤니케이션 활용역량이 개방성과 창업의도를 매개하였다. 창업에 관심이 있는 은행원을 대상으로 은행원의 특성에 맞는 체계적이고 실질적인 창업 교육을 함으로써 퇴직 후 실제 창업에 도움을 주는 것이 필요하다. 또한 창업교육을 통하여 커뮤니케이션 활용역량을 강화함으로써 창업에 필요한 다양한 정보를 수집하고, 나아가 수집한 정보를 바탕으로 새로운 가치를 창출하여 실제 창업으로 이어질 수 있도록 교육을 활성화 할 필요가 있다는 결론을 도출하였다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제21권
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• pp.129-151
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• 2003

Nowadays even if environment of international commercial transaction is changing quickly municipal law could not meet with such change accordingly. So far, however, efforts towards unification have prevailingly taken the form of binding instruments, such as non-national or supranational legislation, international conventions or international model laws. Among them, the UNIDROIT Principles with parties' autonomous and yet non-binding character do not only meet the substantive requirements of a true law merchant. In addition they also counter some of the main points of criticism against the modern lex mercatoria. As such the Principles constitute a cornerstone in the lex mercatoria debate and may become the heart of the new lex mercatoria. The purpose of this article is to ask whether there could be applied the Principles in international commerce. For the purpose it is to investigate when the Principles are applied in international commerce and how effectively the Principles are applied for the decision in international commercial disputes. Even though the Principles are used for reference by parties involved for the voluntary regulation of their contract, it is sufficiently expected that the Principles are to be a stepstone of uniform contract law in international commerce. Until now cases of appling the Principles are not satisfied with its expectation as a source of non-legislative means of unification or harmonization of law. Given the party's autonomy in the contract, this is among other things because business parties are strongly tend to observe their national laws in their international commerce. And also, even though there are a number of neutral and uniform regulations for international commercial contracts, parties do not often recognize their usefulness with being up to expectation. In order to explore the applicability of the Principles a number of cases of ICC International Court of Arbitration and others are quoted.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권11호
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• pp.893-904
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• 2020

The study examines the relationship between credit risk and operational risk (understanding of risk management, risk identification, risk assessment and control, and risk monitoring) on risk management practices followed by private and public sector commercial banks. The cross-sectional data method was used to check the impact of risk management practices. Data was collected from the bank employees and a total of 284 respondents were finally selected for further analysis. Measurement Invariance of Composite Models analysis is used to test the quality of the measurement model for sub-samples, and multi-group analysis is used for path analysis in sub-sample through PLS-SEM. The findings of the study as the total sample show that both types of banks are managing adequate and significant risk management practices. On the other hand, sub-groups' results show private sector banks are more momentous than public sector banks. Risk identification is significantly different at the sub-group level, which shows public sector banks are more concentrating on this type of risk. Understanding of risk management has no significant effect on both types of banks and risk assessment & control for public sector banks, and there is a difference in the risk management practices among private and public sector commercial banks.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.341-365
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• 2011

지난 10여 년간은 한국과 중국 은행들에게는 한마디로 금융구조변혁의 기간이었다고 할 수 있다. 양국이 처한 상황은 다르지만 2000년부터 2008년간을 대상으로 3년씩 세기간으로 나누고 분석방법은 자료포락법(DEA)을 활용하였다. 한국의 시중은행과 지방은행, 중국의 대표적인 국유상업은행과 주식제상업은행을 대상으로, 네 개 집단별 은행 효율성 비교를 한 후 세 개의 비교기간별 효율성의 변화 및 개별 집단별 효율성의 차이 등을 알아보았다. 전체 기간을 대상으로 양국 은행의 효율성을 측정해 본 결과, 한국과 중국 모두 꾸준히 상승하였는데, 이는 금융구조변혁기에 구조조정이나 합병이 은행의 효율성에 긍정적인 요인으로 작용하였다고 판단된다. 분석결과 한국의 은행들이 중국의 은행들보다 효율성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 한국과 중국의 은행 집단별 효율성의 차이 비교결과 한국은 시중은행이 지방은행에 비해 효율성이 높았으며, 중국은 주식제상업은행이 국유상업은행보다 높았다. 한국의 경우 시중은행이 지방은행보다 규모 및 범위의 경제효과로 인하여 상대적 효율성이 높아진 것으로 판단되며, 중국은 주식제상업은행들이 국유상업은행보다 효율성이 높게 나타난 것은 중국정부의 정책에 단순 부응하기보다 경제적 판단에 따라 독자적인 인사관리나 지점의 설치 및 폐지에 대한 유연성을 갖고 경영에 임한데 기인한다고 본다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.211-222
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• 2020

This study examines simultaneous relationships between regulatory capital, risk, and cost-inefficiency for a sample of 30 commercial banks in Bangladesh from 2006 to 2018. To conduct the analysis, we used the Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) in an unbalanced panel data framework. The empirical results show that there is a negative and significant relationship between capital regulation and credit, and overall risk. It is also evident from the results that the capital adequacy ratio is positively and significantly related to default risk and liquidity risk. Therefore, higher capitalized banks take an effort to prevent more credit risk and promote financial stability by reducing liquidity risk. Results also report that banks have been characterized as inefficient, less capitalized, and high risk. On the other hand, efficient banks are more stable but have a high level of liquidity risk. Besides, from the size of the bank, large banks are defined as having lower regulatory capital, are more risk seekers but stable with higher cost-efficiency. Notably, higher capitalized banks are more profitable and cost-efficient by reducing risk. Finally, this study also provides some insightful policy suggestions to the stakeholders.