• 대한지리학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.301-318
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• 2006

본 논문은 한국 경제가 식민지 경제 체제로 이행되는 과정에서 식민지 도시 경성의 상업공간이 도시 내부에서 어떻게 식민지 근대성을 표출시키고 있었는가를 상업회사를 중심으로 분석하고자 하였다. 경성의 상업회사에 대한 1920년대와 1930년대의 시계열적 분석을 보면, 상업회사의 수와 규모 면에서 본정2정목의 성장이 활발하였다. 민족별로 보면 일본인 상업회사 수는 본정1정목에서 가장 많이 증가하였고, 규모 면에서는 황금정2정목의 상업회사가 크게 성장하였다. 조선인 상업회사의 변화를 보면, 종로2정목이 회사 수나 규모 면에서도 가장 많이 성장하였다. 일제강점기 경성에서 일본인의 상업활동이 활발하고 규모가 켰지만 조선 상인들은 이에 대해 대처하려고 노력하였다. 조선 상인들의 근대적 경영 방식의 회사 설립과 운영 등을 시도하였고 종로2정목의 화신연쇄점을 비롯한 여러 상업회사가 비교적 규모가 큰 상업회사를 유지하면서 근대성을 담지하고 있었다. 그러나 상업회사의 규모에서 조선인 회사는 일본인 회사에 비해 영세하였고 상업회사를 중심으로 분석한 식민지 도시 경성 상업공간의 식민지 근대성은 상업활동과 상업공간의 민족별 격리와 조선인 상업자본의 영세성이라는 이중구조를 보였다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.101-112
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• 2017

Based on an analysis of the characteristics of "Ecute" of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) that planned the world's first large scale commercial facilities inside a ticket gate (paid-area including waiting room and platforms), the present study proposes a brand development of commercial facilities inside aged railway stations, where only basic railway business have been provided focusing on passenger transportation, by renewing the definition of railway commercial facilities and presenting a detailed planning and the direction of the operation system. A list of practical tasks that can be carried out in academia, planning and operation / management to facilitate the revitalization of the use of commercial facilities inside railway stations are as follows: 1) the setting of a wide scope for the revitalization of railway commercial facilities around the railway station focusing on private-funded stations in addition to existing stations; a setup of the direct scope of commercial development in the practical railway operation for passengers and stations in terms of external research, and a corresponding shift in thinking in terms of internal research 2) development of under used spaces such as the transfer area (Gongdeok Seoul Wangsimri Station are first target stations where more than four subway lines intersect) 3) brand establishment through improvement strategies for image and symbolism specialized for railway stations 4) rent of suitable business stores and layout of commercial facilities by analysis of passenger move pattern 5) development of commercial facilities which can attract customers by displaying various products, as well as finding a way to develop them in to a base facility that connects to local infrastructures 6) providing advertisement and management system for continual maintenance, and 7) brand specialization through unique storytelling and design plan that stimulates sensibility. The above study results can be utilized as a starting point for design brand awareness about commercial facilities in railway stations in Korea, which can be developed further to improve station image and passenger convenience, as well as to increase the revenue of railway businesses.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.631-655
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• 2004

This study clearly shows that the commercial dispute management is very important for the enterprise and the national economy and the international commercial arbitration as a ADR needs to be activated to settle the trade dispute for the more in the Republic of Korea. The trade dispute has increased for more than thirty years from 1960s and the problem of the occurrence of trade dispute has been very serious in the Republic of Korea. In general, the annual average increase rate of trade dispute has been higher gradually to present and has been high more than the annual average increase rate of export from the 1960s. Also the annual average increase rate of trade dispute in R.O.K. in general high than the Japan and the Taiwan. Accordingly, the trade dispute has been the factor of weakening of international competitiveness. On the other hand, the occurrence of commercial dispute is apt to affect the enterprise and the national economy. It can be called as micro and macro effect. Also, it's analysed that all these problems occurred because of business quality of businessman than the quality problem of goods. Several improvements directions recommended are as follows according to the analyses above. The first, it's required that the consciousness level of commercial dispute management of businessman should be higher to prevent occurrence of commercial dispute and settle the dispute efficiently. The second, the government concerned had better fix policy to raise the standard of commercial dispute management since the trade dispute affects the enterprise and the national economy. And ADR institutions such as the KCAB cooperate with each other for the activation of ADR such as conciliation. The third, is's desirable that the KCAB should promote international commercial arbitration and activate the cooperation of international arbitration activity with other countries. The fourth, it's desirable that the system of Certified Dispute Manager(CDM) should be established to raise the standard of commercial dispute management and the trade order.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.136-143
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• 2007

In case of commercial area of underground commercial area that occupy large amount of space among underground space, the lighting plays a very important role in terms of user's psychological and physiological side. The purpose of this research is to suggest the direction of lighting design of underground commercial area for revitalization of urban function. Spacial scope of this research were adjusted as 8 underground commercial area in Seoul. Scope of content of this research is about lighting plan of underground commercial area. Research methods are as follows: First, we identified the psychological and physiological problem of the underground space which appears in preceding research and the literature. In order to make the design element which is necessary to an underground space it executed this research method. By this research method we made the design element which is necessary to an underground space. Second, Through site visits, illumination level and lighting plans were studied by each category. Third, we presented the direction of illumination plan of each space in underground commercial area We could conclude a conclusion as following through this research. First, lighting plan of underground commercial area should solve user's psychological, physiological problems and should take advantage of the traits of each space. Second, the usage of space of underground commercial area changes as time pass, a lighting plan is needed in order to cope with this. Third, a lighting plan is needed for user's rest within underground commercial area. Fourth, detailed lighting plan is needed for space users of underground commercial area.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.157-181
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• 2007

The commercial relationship between South and North Korea is defined under the concept of economic relation and cooperation. To resolve any dispute that can arise from the trade and investment relations between South and North Korea, 'Agreement on the Procedures to Resolve Commercial Arbitration of South-North Korea' came into force in August 2003. Commercial Arbitration Committee of South-North Korea will be organized as the member lists of the committee were exchanged in July 2006 between South and North Korea. This committee must become a central system to settle the trade and investment disputes between South and North Korea. North Korea's Foreign Economic Arbitration Act was enacted to provide the foreign investors with the safe measures in their investments such as dispute resolution. But this Act can not dispute the trade and investment disputes between South and North Korea. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the activation of arbitration between South and North Korea by studying Commercial Arbitration Committee of South-North Korea introduced by Agreement on the Procedures to Resolve Commercial Arbitration of South-North Korea and Agreement on the Construction and Operation of Commercial Arbitration Committee of South-North Korea and finding the problems and solutions of Commercial Arbitration Committee of South-North Korea.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to find the characteristics of space utilization and the problems that follows after converting in a new developmental residential area. This study used the content-analysis method and analysis was made on the floor plans for 95 different conversion cases. Above all, 190 unit plans (the unit plans for conversion before and after) were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows; 1) There were 8 types of conversion according to such usages as residential, commercial and residential-commercial buildings. 2) In the case of conversions, from residential to commercial, there was a tendency each floor was integrated to exclusive use for commercial or commercial with small portions of residential usage. And in the case of conversions from commercial to residential, there was a tendency that all space of each floor were changed to exclusive usages for residential purposes. 3) In case of usage conversion from commercial to residential, there were constraints for balcony installation, because of its original lot-structure and building equipments. Also, when the basement was converted for residential purpose, there was no possibility for an extra lighting or ways to ventilate the area.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권9호
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• pp.371-376
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• 2020

The study seeks to explore the factors affecting the access to credits by individual customers at commercial banks in Tra Vinh province, Vietnam. Based on these results, the author proposes solutions to further improve the ability to serve individual customers at commercial banks in the province in the future. The study was conducted with a method of collecting primary data of 300 individual customers including 150 people with access to credits and 150 people without accessing to credits at six commercial banks in Tra Vinh Province, Viet Nam - Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bank for Foreign Trade Commercial Bank, Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam, Asia Commercial Bank in Tra Vinh, Sai Gon Commercial Joint Stock Bank, and Bank of East Asia. The author has used binary regression methods, and the study found that seven factors affecting the ability of individual customers to access capital, namely, career, qualifications, collaterals, incomes, documents, loan and business plans, and experience. In particular, occupation, experience, and documents are the most influential factors. From the above results, the author proposes policy implications to improve individual customers' access to credits at commercial banks in Tra Vinh province in the near future.

• 대한건축학회연합논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to categorize Commercial area by identifying characteristics of blocks and coding them in order to segment use zoning in Commercial area. The study was conducted as follows. Data from building register, cadastral map, statistics annual report are utilized to identify the physical environment of the block. four types used as code under the physical environment classification code which are classification code of physical environment, detail usage, volume ratio, and height type are set, and combine the classification codes sorted by the four types of code. Through the physical environment classification codes, there are currently 37 different block characteristics of the Old downtown Commercial area. Diversity is not reflected. There are only Central commercial area of regulations in Old downtown commercial areas that are uniformly managed. For the renewal, management and development that can occur in the near future, it is necessary to segment of use district in the commercial area. Consider the current situation and future development direction for the management of sustainable commercial areas. Management is required using physical environment classification codes. It is meaningful that it can be maintained, managed and developed in accordance with the characteristics of each block.

• 국토계획
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• 제54권2호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial characteristics of business-type-changed parcel in the Hongik-University commercial area, from the view point of commercial gentrification. A commercial gentrification occurs through a business-type-change in a spatial basic unit (microscopic spatial unit such as parcel) of an area which has not been considered in relavent policies and research. So, this study analyzed the spatial characteristics of business-type-changed parcels using the Cox's proportional hazard regression model. The main results of this study are as follows. First, as new developments in the adjacent area occur, the business-type-change probability increases. Second, by the commercial area division, the business-type-change probability is different. Finally, the accessibility is better, the probability is higher. These results could suggest that a consideration of the spatial characteristics form microscopic viewpoint is necessary to understand the commercial gentrification. And these could be used as basic data for a gentrification diagnostic and management system, which can predict gentrification from the view point of business-type-change on the basis of a parcel.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2022

Commercial banks have a significant impact on the economy of Vietnam because they provide the majority of transactional capital. Therefore, the operational efficiency of commercial banks is a viral topic for the study of the Vietnamese banking system. The research aims to examine the efficiency and inefficiency of joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam from 2016 to 2020 and then classify them into the efficient group and inefficient group. The study employs the time series data of 29 joint-stock commercial banks during the period 2016-2020. Based on the data collected from the annual audited financial statements of 29 Vietnamese joint-stock commercial banks, the authors select input and output variables for the standard DEA models and anti-efficient DEA models. This research uses two stages, first, by applying the standard DEA model, we investigate the efficient banks; second, by employing the anti-efficient DEA model, we find out the inefficient banks. The results reveal that the average efficiency score of 29 joint-stock commercial banks tends to increase in the period 2016-2018 and decrease gradually in the period 2019-2020. The findings of this study suggest that several small and medium-sized banks in the Vietnamese banking sector have both promising and risky performances and the efficiency of state-owned commercial banks has also improved significantly during the study period.