• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.139-146
• /
• 2012

This study was designed to examine comfort levels of pitch and loudness with target matching and their effects on electroglottographic (EGG) and acoustic measures. Twelve speakers, six males and six females, were instructed to produce /a/ sustained vowel for three seconds at a comfortable pitch and loudness level without any instruction and with a target matching procedure of either a certain f0 or SPL separately with visual and auditory feedback. The range of pitch for females and males were presented by progressing up and down randomly at intervals of 5Hz from 150 Hz to 310 Hz (total 33 frequency targets) and from 85 Hz to 190 Hz (total 22 frequency targets), respectively. The loudness levels were 65, 75, 85, 95 dB (total of four intensity targets) for both males and females. Subjective estimations of comfortable levels were obtained using a 10-point equal-appearing interval rating scale following each phonation. The results showed that males and females demonstrated similar trends in loudness levels with greatest comfort at 75 dB, whereas pitch comfort ratings showed a greater variability with females having a wider range with target matching. In the comfort levels of individuals, most male and female speakers rated higher comfort at soft, rather than loud phonations. On the other hand, most male speakers perceived highest comfort levels below the comfort pitch levels they phonated under natural conditions. Higher frequency ranges, however, were perceived to be more comfortable than those of natural condition in most female speakers, although the comfortable pitch levels in spontaneous phonations were within the comfort level ranges determined by targeted phonations. When comparing acoustic (%jitter, %shimmer, SNR) and EGG measures (CQ%) between spontaneous comfortable phonations and targeted phonations produced by the same subject at similar f0 and intensity, no significant differences were observed (p>0.05). Thus, target matching procedures may be considered a compatible and alternative method to reduce the variability of comfortable pitch and loudness levels by eliciting consistent comfortable phonations.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.160-169
• /
• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the career decision profiles for nursing students and analyze their career barriers, preparation behaviors, decision-making self efficacy, and adaptability according to the career decision profiles. Methods: This cross-sectional study used content analysis. A total of 219 nursing students enrolled in two private Korean universities participated in this study. The data were collected in person and via email between December 8 and 31, 2020. Results: The decidedness and comfort results were statistically significant. Four clusters were identified: undecided-uncomfortable, decided-uncomfortable, decided-comfortable, and undecided-comfortable. Most participants were found to be decided-uncomfortable, followed by decided-comfortable, undecided-uncomfortable, and undecided-comfortable. The self efficacy scores were higher for the decision-comfortable profile than for the undecided-uncomfortable and decided-uncomfortable profiles. The mean adaptability scores were higher for the decision-comfortable profile than for the undecided-comfortable profile. Career barriers were negatively correlated with preparation behavior, decision-making self efficacy, and adaptability, while preparative behaviors were positively correlated with decision-making self efficacy and adaptability. Decision-making self efficacy was positively correlated with adaptability. The mean career barriers, preparation behaviors, decision-making self efficacy, and adaptability scores differed significantly across profiles. The mean career barrier score was higher for the undecided-uncomfortable than for the decided-comfortable profile; preparation behaviors exhibited no significant differences. Conclusion: Tailored career coaching and counseling programs based on personal characteristics and areas of interest are needed for freshmen and senior nursing students to reduce career barriers and to improve preparation behaviors, decision-making self efficacy, and adaptability.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.12-20
• /
• 2004

The purposes of this study were to identify styles of contemporary interior design, construct their images, and find out the relation of the identified styles to the structure images. Content analysis was used as the main method of this study, and the focus of the analysis was on a typological approach. Two hundred interior design photos were drawn from five different interior design magazines published in the past ten years, and ,they were analyzed by interior design professionals. Contemporary interior design was classified into ten styles: romantic, ethnic, classical, high tech, elegant, country, modern, minimal, natural, and causal. Given the ten styles, five images of interior design were identified - simple, comfortable, rustic, classical, and delightful. With regard to the relationships between 10 styles and 5 images of interior design, the this study found that the romantic style was related to the images of rustic and classical, the ethnic style to the images of comfortable, classical, and delightful, the classical style to the image of classical, the high tech style to the images of classical and rustic, the elegant style to the images of simple and classical, the country style to the images of comfortable and rustic, the modern style to the images of simple and delightful, the minimal style to the image of comfortable, the natural style to the images of comfortable and delightful, and the causal style to the images of comfortable and delightful.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.919-928
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was conducted to improve middle school students' satisfaction on their uniform to provide basic information for the wearing condition. on their comfortable uniform. Survey was conducted on 532 boys' and girls' middle school students in Iksan City. This study analyzed the purchasing factors and modification, fitting evaluation, and satisfaction of comfortable uniform aspect of students. It was the questionnaire consisted of 18 questions in total. The results are as follows : First, boys' middle school students preferred 'activity' among the purchasing factors. Girls' middle school students preferred 'design' and 'activity' among the purchasing factors. Second, in purchasing types, boys' students bought the type of cooperative purchasing and the type of the school uniform special shop in girls' students. Third, 51.0% of the students interviewed have experienced to modify their uniforms. Since the non fashionable design and non suitable uniform length caused the students to modify their uniform. Also students did not satisfy the color and design in their comfortable uniforms. Thus school uniform maker should make that consider movement, color, design, functional elements and changing students' aesthetic sense.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.161-167
• /
• 2007

It is necessary to control the room temperature for comfortable and deep sleep during a tropical night. We need to investigate thermal transport and parameter between human and environment for comfortable sleep. Therefore this study is performed to evaluate the comfortable room temperature based on the change of skin temperature under variations in thermal conditions and several reports. Five female subjects of 20~22 years with similar sleeping pattern were participated for the experiment. The subjects arrived in chamber at 9 pm and adapted to thermal circumstances during 2 hours. The sensors was sticked in body for skin temperatures. If subjects fall asleep in chamber, lights off and then sleep during 8 hours.As results, indoor temperature range for comfort sleep was $23.9{\sim}28.4^{\circ}C$ based on comfort mean skin temperature. But considering transition of time, minimum indoor temperature was $21.6^{\circ}C$, $22.9^{\circ}C$, $24.1^{\circ}C$, $23.9^{\circ}C$ and maximum indoor temperature was $28.2^{\circ}C$, $30.1^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
• /
• 2002.05a
• /
• pp.181-185
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study was to find out the relationship between sleep physiological signals data and subjective feeling of sleep quality. Sixteen subjective were investigated and they slept on both comfortable mattress and uncomfortable mattress. Information of sleep stage is one of the most important clues for sleep quality. Polysomnography is basically the recording of sleep. The several channels of brain waves (EEG), eyes (EOG), chin movements (EMG) and heart (ECG) were monitored. Sixteen subjects spent 6 days and nights in the laboratory and the data of sleeping 7h for each of 3 nights was analyzed. Percentage of deep sleep (III and IV, sleep efficiency, WASO, stage 1 and subjective feeling of sleep quality were significantly affected with mattress types (comfortable and uncomfortable mattress). When subjects slept on comfortable beds, percentage of deep sleep and sleep efficiency were higher than those of uncomfortable bed. The percentages of wake after sleep onset and stage 1 were lower when subject slept in a comfortable bed. The subjective feeling of sleep quality agreed with the recorded sleep data also.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.670-673
• /
• 2005

For the comfortable housing life, an urban environment should give comfort and pleasantness to people living in house and in city. There are lots of environmental conditions in city affecting house and life and most of all the noise pollution have been become factor that makes people's life hard without need to say. Recently researches have been performed to create comfortable urban environment and a study on the evaluation of urban environmental sounds is now undergoing. This study aimed to analyse the subjective characteristics through the subjective evaluation to the sounds measured with physical parameters and eventually to find out evaluation method for urban environmental sounds. Vocabularies applied to previous studies were used for the subjective evaluation and sound sources recorded in specific places were presented with picture at the same time.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2004.08a
• /
• pp.436-439
• /
• 2004

Most of past image processing systems have been designed independent of image contents. Now, evolving computation power is making the "image-dependent" elegant algorithms possible to get the better image renditions on display. This paper introduces our recent approaches to quality and pleasant imaging based on image-dependent. Three typical approaches to comfortable "Sharpness", "Lightness", and "Color" renditions on display image arc presented.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.325-333
• /
• 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to illustrate the circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) as a removable maxillary retainer with good potential patient compliance and to evaluate the discomfort of the retainers including distorted speech, gagging sensation and appliance discomfort. Methods: Sixty-six orthodontic patients (male, 23; female, 43; mean age, $23.42{\pm}10.19$ years) who received orthodontic treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances were randomly assigned to two groups after debonding, a conventional wraparound retainer (CWR) group that fully covers the palate with an acrylic plate and a highly polished surface, and a circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) group which has a horseshoe shaped base plate with three folds on the anterior region. A questionnaire that had a visual analog scale (VAS) which consists of a 100-mm horizontal line with 2 end-points labeled "no discomfort" on the left and "worst discomfort" on the right, with regard to distorted speech, gagging sensation and discomfort, was administered to patients after 4 weeks of retainer wear. The Mann-Whitney test was used to test the hypothesis that there was no difference between the two retainers. Results: Comparing distorted speech and discomfort, the CCR group significantly had lower values than the CWR group ($p$ < 0.05). Comparing gagging sensation, the CCR group had lower values than the CWR group but there were no statistically significant differences between groups ($p$ = 0.146). Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggest that the circumferential comfortable retainer (CCR) might facilitate patient compliance and thereby improve the maintenance of the fixed orthodontic treatment outcome.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.24 no.4 s.82
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2006

The main purpose of this study was to identify a typology of career decision status by using the quadrants formed by the decidedness and comfort scale and to examine the differences in career maturity and college adaptation using that typology. We gathered data from a total of 789(237 male, 552 female) students from a middle-sized university in Jollanam-do completed a Career Decision Profile(CDP), a Career Maturity Inventory(CMI) and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire(SACQ). We found that 29.5% of students were categorized as decided-comfortable, 36.4% were decided-uncomfortable, 6.9% were undecided-comfortable, and 27.3% were undecided-uncomfortable. ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences in the reasons dimension of COP, career maturity and college adaptation as a function of career decision status categories. In general, decided-comfortable students showed the highest scores while undecided-uncomfortable students showed the lowest scores in all scales. Only in the Career Choice Importance scale did undecided-comfortable students showed the lowest scores.