• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 3th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.1278-1282
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• 2009

In apartment type of housing, if resident's vehicle is registered in central control office and RFID TAG is issued, identification can be recognized from the time of entrance into parking lot and intelligent parking guide system can be activated based on the residents' profile. Parking Guide System leads a vehicle to the available parking space which is closest to the entrance gate of the vehicle's owner. And when residents forget where they parked their cars, they can query to the Parking Guide and Management System and get responses about the location. For the correct operation of this system, it is necessary to find out where the residents' cars have parked in real time and which lot is available for parking of other cars. RFID is very fancy solution for this system. RFID reader gathers the ID information in RFID TAGs in parked cars and updates the DB up to date. But, when non-residents' cars are parked inside apartment, RFID reader cannot identify them nor know the exact empty/occupied status of parking spaces because they don't react to RFID reader's query. So for the exact detection of empty/occupied status, we suggest the combined use of ultrasonic sensors and RFID. We designed a tree topology with intermediate data aggregators. The depth of tree is normally more than 3 from root (central office) to leaves (individual parking lots). The depth of 2 in tree topology brings about the bottleneck in communication and maintenance. We also designed the information fields used in RFID networks and Sensor Networks.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.747-761
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In Korea, studies of diet in elementary school children are hindered by the need for a comprehensive dietary assessment tool. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for Korean elementary school children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The 24-h recall data for 1,624 subjects aged 6-11 yrs from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to extract the items included in the questionnaire. The FFQ items were developed by selecting major dishes based on the results of nutritional contribution and between-person variability for energy and 14 nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorous, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C). We selected the major dishes with over 90% of the total contribution to each nutrient and with over 90% of the accumulated R² for each nutrient. Among the 452 dishes, we selected 248 dishes contributing more than 1% of the total consumption. RESULTS: Finally, the FFQ included 107 items combined from 248 dishes based on nutrient profile and recipe. The FFQ items accounted for an average of 88.6% of the energy, 14 nutrient intakes, and 91.4% of the between-person variability. Quantities of dietary intake were assessed by 9 categories of frequency and 3 categories of portion size. Percentages of coverage for energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and calcium were 90.2%, 87.8%, 89.9%, 90.8%, and 88.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a dish-based, semi-quantitative FFQ comprising 107 items for Korean elementary school children aged 6 to 11. Further studies are needed to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of this FFQ for elementary school children.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.315-329
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• 2023

We investigated the wind characteristics in the near-surface layer during the landfall of Typhoon Mujigae (2015) based on observations from wind towers in the coastal areas of Guandong province. Typhoon Mujigae made landfall in this region from 01:00 UTC to 10:00 UTC on October 4, 2015. In the region influenced by the eyewall of the tropical cyclone, the horizontal wind speed was characterized by a double peak, the wind direction changed by >180°, the vertical wind speed increased by three to four times, and the angle of attack increased significantly to a maximum of 7°, exceeding the recommended values in current design criteria. The vertical wind profile may not conform to a power law distribution in the near-surface layer in the region impacted by the eyewall and spiral rainband. The gust factors were relatively dispersed when the horizontal wind speed was small and tended to a smaller value and became more stable with an increase in the horizontal wind speed. The variation in the gust factors was the combined result of the height, wind direction, and circulation systems of the tropical cyclone. The turbulence intensity and the downwind turbulence energy spectrum both increased notably in the eyewall and spiral rainband and no longer satisfied the assumption of isotropy in the inertial subrange and the -5/3 law. This result was more significant in the eyewall area than in the spiral rainband. These results provide a reference for forecasting tropical cyclones, wind-resistant design, and hazard prevention in coastal areas of China to reduce the damage caused by high winds induced by tropical cyclones.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1277-1288
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• 2024

Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the effect of fresh and dried hydrolyzed Cordyceps militaris (CM) mushroom with proteolytic enzymes; bromelain (CMB), flavorzyme (CMF), and mixture of bromelain: flavorzyme (CMBF) on quality properties of spent hen chicken. Methods: Mushroom extract (CME) were combined with three proteolytic enzyme mixtures that had different peptidase activities; stem bromelain (CMB), flavorzyme (CMF), and mixture of stem bromelain:flavorzyme (CMBF) at (1:1). The effect of these hydrolysates was investigated on spent hen breast meat via dipping marination. Results: Hydrolyzation positively alters functional properties of CM protease. in which bromelain hydrolyzed group (CMB) displayed the highest proteolytic activity at 4.57 unit/mL. The antioxidant activity had a significant increment from 5.32% in CME to 61.79% in CMB. A significantly higher emulsion stability index and emulsification activity index compared to CME were another result from hydrolyzation (p<0.05). Texture properties along with the shear force value and myofibrillar fragmentation index were notably improved under CMB and CMBF in fresh condition. Marination with CM mushroom protease that was previously hydrolyzed with enzymes was proven to also increase the nucleotide compounds, indicated by higher adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) in hydrolysate groups (p<0.05). The concentration of both total and insoluble collagen remained unchanged, meaning less effect from CM protease. Conclusion: This study suggested the hydrolyzation of CM protease with bromelain or a mixture of bromelain:flavourzyme to significantly improve functional properties of protease and escalate the taste-related nucleotide compounds and texture profiles from spent hen breast meat.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.259-267
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• 2023

Stature is an essential component of biological profile analysis since it determines an individual's physical identity. Long bone dimensions are generally used to estimate the stature of skeletal remains; however, non-long bones such as the sternum, cranium, and sacrum may be necessary for some forensic situations. This study aimed to generate a regression equation for stature estimation of the skeletal remains in the Thai population. Ten measurements of the sacrum were measured from 200 dry sacra. The results revealed that the maximum anterior breadth (MAB) provided the most accurate stature prediction model among males (correlation coefficient [r]=0.53), standard error of estimation (SEE=5.94 cm), and females (r=0.48, SEE=6.34 cm). For the multiple regression model, the best multiple regression models were stature equals 41.2+0.374 (right auricular surface height [RASH])+1.072 (anterior-posterior outer diameter of S₁ vertebra corpus [APOD])+0.256 (dorsal height [DH])+0.417 (transverse inner diameter of S₁ vertebra corpus [TranID])+0.2 (MAB) with a SEE of 6.42 cm for combined sex. For males, stature equals 63.639+0.478 (MAB)+0.299 (DH)+0.508 (APOD) with a SEE of 5.35, and stature equals 75.181+0.362 (MAB)+0.441 (RASH)+0.132 (maximum anterior height [MAH]) with a SEE of 5.88 cm for females. This study suggests that regression equations derived from the sacrum can be used to estimate the stature of the Thai population, especially when a long bone is unavailable.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.132-142
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• 2009

Tamar 열곡은 Tatmania의 Launceston 시를 관통하고 있고, Bass 해협의 지진 활동은 이 도시의 건물들에 피해를 입혔다. 두께가 0 m에서 250 m의 범위로 급격하게 변화하는 연약 퇴적물로 채워진 Tamar 열곡은 Launceston 시 내부와 열곡 위의 지표면 진동을 증폭시키면서 2차원적인 공진 양상을 유도하는 것으로 생각되고 있다. 공간적 평균 일관성 (SPAC), 주파수-파수 (FK), 수평과 수직 스펙트럼 비율을 이용하는 상시 진동 탐사법이 Tamar 열곡에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 여러 기법을 혼합하여 사용하였다. 일곱 개의 지점에서 수동 탄성파 탐사가 수행되었고, 횡파 속도의 심도 단면을 추정하기 위하여 SPAC을 분석하였으며, 대략 125 m 심도의 퇴적층 속도 단면의 정밀도를 향상시키기 위하여 HVSR을 결합하였다. 그 결과, 퇴적층의 두께가 Launceston 시에서 전체적으로 변화가 심하게 나타남을 확인하였다. 최상부층은 매우 연약한 제 4기의 충적층으로 구성되어 있으며, 횡파 속도는 50 m/s에서 125 m/s의 범위를 나타낸다. Tamar 열곡의 0 m에서 250 m 심도를 채우고 있는 제 3기의 퇴적층의 횡파 속도는 400 m/s에서 750 m/s로 변화한다. GUN과 KPK 측점해서 SPAC을 이용하여 획득한 결과는 FK 분석으로 해석된 분산 곡선과 잘 일치하였다. FK 해석은 SPAC 보다 좁은 주파수 대역에 한정되어서, 더 낮은 주파수 대역에서 횡파 속도가 높게 추정된 것으로 보인다. 층서 모델로 가정하여 측정된 HVSR은 SPAC에 의한 결과와 비교하였고, 횡파 느리기 단면에 추가적인 제한조건을 제공하였다. SPAC과 HVSR 분석을 결합한 결과에서는 GUN 측점의 지질구조가 층서 구조로 가정할 수 있음을 확인하였고, KPK 측점에서는 Tamar 열곡을 가로지르는 2차원적 공진 양상이 존재함을 확인하였다

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.25-44
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• 2005

Long-term, continuous, and real-time ocean monitoring has been undertaken in order to evaluate various oceanographic phenomena and processes in the East/Japan Sea. Recent technical advances combined with our concerted efforts have allowed us to establish a real-time monitoring system and to accumulate considerable knowledge on what has been taking place in water properties, current systems, and circulation in the East Sea. We have obtained information on volume transport across the Korea Strait through cable voltage measurements and continuous temperature and salinity profile data from ARGO floats placed throughout entire East Sea since 1997. These ARGO float data have been utilized to estimate deep current, inertial kinetic energy, and changes in water mass, especially in the northern East Sea. We have also developed the East Sea Real-time Ocean Buoy (ESROB) in coastal regions and made continual improvements till it has evolved into the most up-to-date and effective monitoring system as a result of remarkable technical progress in data communication systems. Atmospheric and oceanic measurements by ESROB have contributed to the recognition of coastal wind variability, current fluctuations, and internal waves near and off the eastern coast of Korea. Long-tenn current meter moorings have been in operation since 1996 between Ulleungdo and Dokdo to monitor the interbasin deep water exchanges between the Japanese and Ulleung Basins. In addition, remotely sensed satellite data could facilitate the investigation of atmospheric and oceanic surface conditions such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height, near-surface winds, oceanic color, surface roughness, and so on. These satellite data revealed surface frontal structures with a fairly good spatial resolution, seasonal cycle of SST, atmospheric wind forcing, geostrophic current anomalies, and biogeochemical processes associated with physical forcing and processes. Since the East Sea has been recognized as a natural laboratory for global oceanic changes and a clue to abrupt climate change, we aim at constructing a 4-D continuous real-time monitoring system, over a decade at least, using the most advanced techniques to understand a variety of oceanic processes in the East Sea.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2004

천해환경에서 저주파 광대역신호와 수직선배열을 이용하여, 퇴적층의 지음향인자(층두께, 종파속도, 종파감쇠계수, 밀도)를 역추정하였다. 역산방법은 모델 기반의 역산으로 유전알고리즘 (Genetic Algorithm)을 이용한 일관적 광대역 정합장처리(Coherent Broadband Matched Field Processing)기법을 사용하였다. 저주파 광대역음원으로 사용된 상업용 전구의 내폭신 호는 짧은 시간동안 많은 변화를 포함하는 천이신호이기 때문에, 분석시 시간과 주파수에 따른 창함수의 조절이 요구되는데, 주기신호분석에 주로 사용되는 퓨리에 기반의 분석방법은 이러한 점에서 많은 어려움이 있다. 본 논문에서는 해양도파관에서 근거리 음파전달 시 계측된 시계열신호로부터 다중경로성분을 구분하고 추출하기 위하여 시간-주파수영역에서 창함수의 크기조절이 가능한 웨이블릿 변환을 통한 신호 분석을 수행하였고, 분석된 실측음장과 계산된 복제음장의 연속웨이블릿 계수를 상호상관 시킴으로써 비용함수를 정의하였다. 비용함수의 전역최고점을 찾는 최적화 과정을 통하여 각 퇴적층의 지음향인자들을 역추정하였다. 특히 역산인자의 민감도에 따른 퇴적층별, 인자별, 분리연산을 수행함으로써 최적화과정에서 참값으로의 수렴효율을 높였다. 역산의 결과 실험해역 퇴적물 상층부에는 두께 44.43m, 음속 1549 m/s의 모래-실트-점토질(sand-silt-clay)층이 존재하고, 그 하부에는 12.28m 음속 1993 m/s의 거친모래질(Coarse sand)층의 존재를 추정해 내었다. 또한 역산 결과를 시추자료 및 탄성파 자료와 비교함으로써 본 논문에서 제안한 역산 방법의 유효성을 확인하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.868-877
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• 1996

This study was done to analyze research trends and to suggest future perspectives for nursing research on fatigue. The author reviewed 31 Korean and foreign research papers which have been published in the literature since 1970. An analysis of the study focused on the type of research subjects, type of study design. measurement instrument, and its correlated parameters. The results of the study are summarized as follows : First, within all of the studies analayzed, 14 studies were publised in Korea and 17 were published abroad. The number of studies done abroad have been increasing rapidly since 1991. Second, an analysis of the research design of the studies showed, eight studies each, Korean and foreign used survey design. Two Korean studies and seven foreign studies used a correlational design. Four comparative studies were done in Korea, but only two experimetal studies were performed abroad. Therefore, it was found that the trend of the study design used is survey design and there are more correlational studies done abroad than in Korea. Third, the type of the study subjects ; 11 Korean and three foreign studies dealt with healthy people. In addition, three Korean and 14 foreign studies investigated patients with various illnesses. It was found that patients with various illnesses were studied more frequently in foreign studies than in Korean studies. Fourth, the measurement tool used in the Korean studies ; 13 studies used a testible tool to assess patients' subjective symtoms or complaints of fatigue. The most commonly used tool used in 10 studies, was the Fatigue Self-Perception Scale, which was designed by the Labor and Health Institute of Japan. The Visual Analogue Scale was used in two studies, and Piper Fatigue Scale, addtional with physiologic parameters, was used in one study. In the foreign studies, subjective measurement tools were used in 16 studies. A combination of a subjective measurement tool with objective parameters was used in ten studies. For the subjective measurement tool used in the foreign studies, a specific measurement tool developed by the researcher which was used in seven studies. Either Rhoten Fatigue Scale or the Visual Analog Scale were used in three studies. Additionally, in order to identify the relationship between fatigue and psychological factors, The Profile of Mood State was used in three studies. Beck Depression Inventory was used in two studies. The Self Rated Depression Scale, developed by Zung, was used in one study and other measurement tools were used to measure various psychological parameters. Rhoten fatigue Checklist was also used to observe behavior patterns. Lastly, nine studies identified correlations between fatigue and other parameters. A significant correlation was found between fatigue and psychological factors such as depression, and pain. As a result of the above findings, it can be said that research trends on fatigue are increasing internationally. The selected study designs are survey studies both in Korea and abroad. There are more correlational studies abroad than in Korea. In addition, subjective measurement tools and objective parameters are used variously and combined with each other. had, there is a significant correlation between fatigue and psychological factors such as depression, and pain. More survey and correlational studies need to be done to identify the relationship of fatigue in patients with various condition or diagnoses and to suggest a scientific basis for nursing interventions with fatigue. Also, a tool to assess patient's subjective, objective, and behavioral aspects on fatigue needs to be developed.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.623-631
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• 2005

충청남도 공주시 공산성 쌍수정 광장 남쪽에 위치한 원형연못(상면직경 7.3m, 바닥직경 3m, 깊이 4.78m) 부근의 천부 지반구조를 밝히기 위하여 탄성파 조사를 실시하였다. 기존의 문화재 발굴조사를 통하여 쌍수정 광장은 백제 추정왕궁지가 위치한 곳으로 알려졌으며, 이때에 원형연못도 발굴되었다. 문화재 지반조사에 대한 탄성파 탐사의 유용성을 확인하기 위하여 측선이동시험(walkaway test), 전통적인 굴절법 탐사, 그리고 등간격 굴절법탐사를 적용하였다. 등간격 굴절법탐사는 처음 시도한 방법으로서 원형연못 및 주변의 지반을 통과한 선두파들 사이의 도달시간 차이를 측정하여 원형연못의 동쪽과 서쪽 지반의 차이점을 파악하였다. 전반적인 공상성 원형연못 주변 지반의 탄성파 속도구조는 3층 구조이다. 최하부 층은 쌍수정 주변에 노출된 기반암의 연장으로 해석하였으며, 최상부 및 중간층은 인공적인 기초지반으로 해석하였다. 원형연못의 기반암은 쌍수정 광장의 북쪽 지반에 비하여 더 깊은 곳에 위치하며, 원형연못의 서쪽지반이 동쪽지반에 비하여 더 두꺼운 연약층이 분포한다. 중간층은 백제시대 원형연못을 축조할 때의 다짐층으로 해석하며, 이를 근거로 공산성 원형연못은 파내려 가며 축조된 것이 아니라 쌓아 올려 축조되었을 가능성을 제기한다.