• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 2005

Aging characteristics of glass fabric/phenolic composites for tilting train subjected to combined environmental aging factors were investigated. A 2.5KW accelerated aging tester with a xenon-arc lamp was used to provide environmental aging factors such as temperature, moisture, and ultraviolet. A series of aging tests were conducted up to 3000 hours and several types of specimens were prepared along the warp direction and the fill direction. Mechanical degradations for tensile, flexural, and shear properties were evaluated as a function of exposure times through a material testing system. Thermal analysis properties such as storage shear modulus, loss shear modulus, and tan 3 were measured through a dynamic mechanical analyzer. Finally exposed surfaces of the composites were examined using a scanning electron microscope. According to the experimental results, mechanical properties and thermal analysis properties of glass fabric/phenolic composites were found to be slightly degraded as a function of exposure times due to combined environmental effects.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.131-137
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• 2007

Industrial wastewater management guideline and evaluation model of Best Available Technologies for the leather tanning and finishing industry was developed as an economical evaluation model using evaluation of BAT including economical evaluation combined with cost analysis model and cost annualization model in considering of economical factors and non-water environmental factors. It was verified that approximately 10% will be increased annually to modify conventional treatment process ($3,700m^3/d$) of J leather wastewater treatment plant to advanced process of K leather wastewater treatment plant.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2021

Background: The objective of this study was to elucidate the relationships musculoskeletal pains with combined vulnerability in terms of age, gender, and employment status Methods: The fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) in 2010 (43,816 participants aged 15 years and over) analyzed for European employees and the third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) in 2011 (50,032 participants aged 15 years and older) analyzed for Korean employees. In this study, three well known vulnerable factors to musculoskeletal pains (older age, female gender, and precarious employment status) were combined and defined as combined vulnerability. Associations of musculoskeletal pains with combined vulnerability were assessed with prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by Poisson regression models with robust estimates of variance. Results: The prevalences of musculoskeletal pains were lower but the absolute and relative differences between combined vulnerabilities were higher among Korean employees compared with the European employees. Furthermore, the increased risk of having musculoskeletal pains according to combined vulnerability was modestly explained by socioeconomic factors and exposure to ergonomic risk factors, especially in Republic of Korea. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the labor market may be more unfavorable for female and elderly workers in Republic of Korea. Any prevention strategies to ward off musculoskeletal pains, therefore, should be found and implemented to mitigate or buffer against the most vulnerable work population, older, female, and precarious employment status, in Republic of Korea.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2020

The application of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) supports the growth of plants in contaminated soil while ureolytic bacteria can immobilise heavy metals by carbonate precipitation. Thus, dual treatment with such bacteria may be beneficial for plant growth and bioremediation in contaminated soil. This study aimed to determine whether the PGPR Pseudomonas fluorescens could work in synergy with ureolytic bacteria to assist with the remediation of cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-contaminated soils. Pot experiments were conducted to grow radish plants in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils treated with PGPR P. fluorescens and the results were compared with dual inoculation of P. fluorescens combined with ureolytic Staphylococcus epidermidis HJ2. The removal rate of the metals from the soil was more than 83% for Cd and Pb by the combined treatment compared to 17% by PGPR alone. Further, the dual treatment reduced the metal accumulation in the roots by more than 80%. The translocation factors for Cd and Pb in plant tissues in both treatments remained the same, suggesting that PGPR combined with the carbonate precipitation process does not hamper the transfer of essential metal ions into plant tissues from the soil.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2019

In-service reinforced concrete structures are simultaneously subjected to a combination of multi-deterioration environmental actions and mechanical loads. The combination of two or more deteriorative actions in environments can potentially accelerate the degradation and aging of concrete materials and structures. This paper reviews the coupling and synergistic mechanisms among various deteriorative driving forces (e.g. chloride salts- and carbonation-induced reinforcement corrosion, cyclic freeze-thaw action, alkali-silica reaction, and sulfate attack). In addition, the effects of mechanical loads on detrimental environmental factors are discussed, focusing on the transport properties and damage evolution in concrete. Recommendations for advancing current testing methods and predictive modeling on assessing the long-term durability of concrete with consideration of the coupling effects are provided.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 1995

In order to investigate acute toxicity and bioconcentration of heavy metals for a freshwater fish, the fish used in this experiment was goldfish, Carassius auratus. Each ten goldfish was accommonidated in a water and was treated with different concentration of Pb and Cu compound. The 24 $hr-LC_{50}$ was obtained by plotting on the log-normal distribution graph. Furthermore, the combined effect of Pb and Cu was also investigated the fish was treated with Pb or Cu compound only, and Pb and Cu compound together, respectively. These results were summarized as follows: 1. The 24 $hr-LC_{50}'s$ of Pb and Cu were 7.48 mg/l and 0.666 mg/l, respectively. 2. When single or/and combined treatment with Pb(7.0 mg/l) or/and Cu(0.6 mg/l) to Carassius auratus for 24 hours were performed, there was significant difference between the single or/and the combined treatment in their bioaccumulated Cu concentrations. Cu concentrations in goldfish were higher in the combined treatment than in the single treatment. 3. When Carassius auratus was exposed to 0.748 mg/l (1/10 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) and 1.496 mg/l of Pb (1/5 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) for 7 days, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 79.14 and 100.11 for Pb, respectively. The BCF of Pb was obtained as a linearity according to the concentration and exposure time as follows log BCF=1.014 log $P\cdot T$+1.011 ($r^2$=0.9041) where, P: pollutant concentration(mg/l) T: exposure time(day) 4. When Carassius auratus was pxposed to 0.0666 mg/l (1/10 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) and 0.1332 mg/l of Cu (1/5 of 24 $hr-LC_{50}$) for 7 days, the bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 55.42 and 63.24 for Cu respectively. The BCF of Cu was obtained as a linearity according to the concentration and exposure time as follows log BCF=0.571 log $P\cdot T$+1.823 ($r^2$=0.8974) where, P: polutant concentration(mg/l) T: exposure time(day)

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.417-424
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microwave drying characteristics of mixtures of chemical wastewater sludge (70~90%) and anthracite coal (10~30%) with respect to physical and economic factors such as mass, volume reduction, moisture content, drying rate and heating value when the wastes were dried at different weight mixing ratio and for different microwave irradiation time. The drying process were carried out in a microwave oven, the combined drying process with a 2,450 MHz frequency and 1 kW of power. Maximum dry rates per unit area on the microwave drying of mixtures with chemical wastewater sludge and anthracite coal were $35.5kg\;H_2O/m^2{\cdot}hr$ for Cs90-Ac10; $40.1kg\;H_2O/m^2{\cdot}hr$ for Cs80-Ac20 and $35.0kg\;H_2O/m^2{\cdot}hr$ for Cs70-Ac30. The result clearly indicated that moisture can be effectively and inexpensively removed from the wastes through use of the microwave drying process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.1 s.149
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• pp.167-175
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to clarify the expansion of functions of clothes by analyzing the characteristics of transformation, and to forecast future trends in fashion through systematization of the aforementioned analyses. Analysis of 20th century Modernism and Post-Modernism in a sociocultural sense confirms that transformation in clothes was formed by environmental, functional, deconstructive, and expressive factors. In this sense, the formative factors mentioned above conceptually include nomadic characteristics, usefulness, irregularity, and expressiveness. The nomadic characteristics found in clothes transformation signify the change of clothes into environmental nomadic everyday implements, used as tools for the body. Usefulness of clothes means that it is worn for variability, multipurpose multi-functionality, and combined multiple use. Irregularity means the clothes can change indefinitely, according to random manipulation on the wearer's part. Last of all, expressiveness conveys the designer's internal sensitivity and imagination onto an external object through the induction of various expressive factors.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2006

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to cause oxidative modification of DNA, proteins, lipids and small cellular molecules and are associated with tissue damage and are the contributing factors for diabetes, inflammation, aging, cancer, arteriosclerosis, and hypertension. We screened the anti-oxidative effect on V79-4 hamster lung fibroblast cells induced by hydrogen peroxide with eleven extracts of combined medicinal plants. Dancheonhwankakambang and Samikangyabtang were found to show the scavenging activities of DPPH radical and intracellular reactive oxygen species, which is measured by dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate method (DCHF-DA).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.461-471
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• 2015

Base on emission factors derived from National Institute of Environmental Research, Particulate matter from combined cycle power plants (CCPPs) has been estimated to be a important source of $PM_{10}$. Generally there is no serious emission of particulate matter in CCPPs. because the fuel of them is natural gas. But emission gas after long shut down season has very high dust content. Therefore $PM_{10}$ emission rate is dependent on its operation mode. In this study, particulate dispersion study for new city near CCPPs complex has performed using CALPUFF model for three case. $PM_{10}$ concentration has big difference between normal operation and 2 case start-up condition after long shutdown. In normal operating conditions, daily $0.32{\sim}0.50{\mu}g/m^3$ influence on of the surrounding area. But when 1~2 aerobic high concentration discharged conditions, average concentration is higher about $9.2{\sim}34.1{\mu}g/m^3$ than normal operating conditions.