• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.674-684
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• 1991

The surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot [TOF] was initiated by Blalock and Taussig in 1945 with the establishment of the subclavian artery to pulmonary artery anastomosis. In an imaginative and daring effort, in 1954, Lillehei and collaborators [1955] using controlled cross-circulation, carried out the first intracardiac repair of TOF by closing the ventricular septal defect [VSD] and relieving the pulmonary stenosis under direct vision. Nowadays, total correction is the ideal operation for treatment of TOF and is accomplished with extracorporeal circulation. And the results of surgery for TOF have steadily improved over the years, thanks to important contributions of many surgeons. Nevertheless because of its protean physiologic and anatomic presentation, TOF continues to offer challenges to cardiologist and cardiac surgeons. Thirty two cases of TOF have undergone total corrective surgery using extracorporeal circulation in the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University, from Oct. 1985 to Feb. 1990. Clinical considerations were applied to these cases and the results were obtained as follows. 1. The heart lung machine used for extracorporeal circulation was SarnsO 7000, 5-head roller pump, and the number and type of oxygenators were 10 of bubble type and 22 of membrane type. The mean bypass time was 148.9 minutes and the mean aortic cross clamp time was 123.8 minutes. The GIK [glucose-insulin-potassium] solution was used as cardioplegic solution for myocardial protection during operation. 2. 20 cases were male and 12 were female, the mean age was 8 years old and the mean body weight was 25Kg. 3. The preoperative symptoms were cyanosis [29 cases], squatting [27 cases] and etc. The mean values of preoperative Hb., Hct., and SaO2 were 16.5 gm /dl, 50.3%, and 78.5%. 4. Combined anomalies were noticed in 16 cases [50%]. Among them 10 cases were PFO and 6 cases were ASD. 5. The degree of aorta overriding were 25% in 5 cases, 25 ~ 50% in 22 cases and above 50% in 5 cases. The dPA/Ao [ratio of diameter of pulmonary artery trunk to ascending aorta] were below 25% in 5 cases, 25 ~ 50% in 10 cases, 50 ~ 70% in 6 cases and above 75% in 11 cases. 6. The types of RVOT [right ventricular outflow tract] stenosis were valvular and infundibular in 14 cases [43.6%], diffuse hypoplastic type in 12 cases [37.5%], infundibular in 5 cases, and valvular and supravalvular in 1 case. 7. One stage radical corrective surgery was applied to the all cases. In widening of the RVOT, 3 types of patches were used: MVOP [monocusp ventricular outflow patch, Polystan BioprosthesesO] in 3 cases, knitted Dacron vessel patches in 2 cases, and double layer with bovine pericardium and woven Dacron prosthesis in 26 cases. 8. Postoperative complications were occurred in 15 cases. Among them, low output syndrome were occurred in 10 cases [31.3%] and 2 of them were expired postoperatively.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.72-72
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• 2012

Lithium rechargeable batteries have been widely used as key power sources for portable devices for the last couple of decades. Their high energy density and power have allowed the proliferation of ever more complex portable devices such as cellular phones, laptops and PDA's. For larger scale applications, such as batteries in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) or power tools, higher standards of the battery, especially in term of the rate (power) capability and energy density, are required. In PHEV, the materials in the rechargeable battery must be able to charge and discharge (power capability) with sufficient speed to take advantage of regenerative braking and give the desirable power to accelerate the car. The driving mileage of the electric car is simply a function of the energy density of the batteries. Since the successful launch of recent Ni-MH (Nickel Metal Hydride)-based HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicles) in the market, there has been intense demand for the high power-capable Li battery with higher energy density and reduced cost to make HEV vehicles more efficient and reduce emissions. However, current Li rechargeable battery technology has to improve significantly to meet the requirements for HEV applications not to mention PHEV. In an effort to design and develop an advanced electrode material with high power and energy for Li rechargeable batteries, we approached to this in two different length scales - Atomic and Nano engineering of materials. In the atomic design of electrode materials, we have combined theoretical investigation using ab initio calculations with experimental realization. Based on fundamental understanding on Li diffusion, polaronic conduction, operating potential, electronic structure and atomic bonding nature of electrode materials by theoretical calculations, we could identify and define the problems of existing electrode materials, suggest possible strategy and experimentally improve the electrochemical property. This approach often leads to a design of completely new compounds with new crystal structures. In this seminar, I will talk about two examples of electrode material study under this approach; $LiNi_{0.5}Mn_{0.5}O_2$ based layered materials and olivine based multi-component systems. In the other scale of approach; nano engineering; the morphology of electrode materials are controlled in nano scales to explore new electrochemical properties arising from the limited length scales and nano scale electrode architecture. Power, energy and cycle stability are demonstrated to be sensitively affected by electrode architecture in nano scales. This part of story will be only given summarized in the talk.

• 임산에너지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.44-53
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• 2003

다양한 환경에 적용 가능한 산림용 비료를 개발하고 토양조건에 따라 성분비를 달리하는 주문형 배합비료 개발을 위하여 본 실험을 수행하였다. 소나무, 낙엽송, 상수리나무, 자작나무 등의 1-1 년생 묘목을 대상으로 질소, 인, 칼륨의 함량비가 다른 복합비료와 다른 양의 산림용 고형 복합비료 및 UF 복합비료를 시비하고, 묘목의 생체량, 단위 건중량 당 엽면적(SLA)과 엽 내 엽록소 함량 등을 측정하였다. 시비 후 묘목의 잎, 줄기, 뿌리의 생체량은 각 시비처리구간 차이가 없었다. 산림용 고형 복합비료와 UF 복합비료의 2배 처리구에서는 생체량이 증가하였으나 3배 처리구의 경우 오히려 감소하였다. SLA (㎠/g)는 소나무 6:4:1 (N:P:K) 처리구와 낙엽송 3:4:1 처리구에서 각각 59.2와 110.0 등으로 다른 처리구보다 높은 반면, 상수리나무와 자작나무는 오히려 대조구가 각각 207.5와 202.0 등으로 다른 처리구보다 높았다. 시비 후 엽록소 함량 (mg/g FW)은 소나무와 낙엽송에서 질소의 비가 2배 높은 6:4:1 처리구에서 각각 0.222와 0.127 등으로써 3:4:1 시비 처리구의 0.211과 0.082 등보다 높게 나타나, 질소 시비가 엽록소 함량에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.349-364
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• 1991

Recognition of the usefulness and the importance of the nursing diagnosis is increasing. There is a prevailing opinion that nursing diagnosis should be used to improve the quality of nursing care. Developing standardized nursing care palns based on nursing diagnoses is therefore considered one of the most essential projects for professional growth and improvement in the nursing world of Korea. Consequently, in the first stage of this research project, the ten nursing diagnses used most frequently with patients on medical and surgical wards were determined and related nursing care plans were developed, implemented and evaluated. The application of the standardized nursing care plans raised the nurses' confidence and proved to be effective in enhancing the quality of nursing care. This study was initiated as the next stage, to develop, test, and determine the validity of nursing care plans for the remaining nursing diagnoses. Nineteen medical and surgical wards were selected for the study ; the 176 staff nurses working on those wards and 1211 patients hospitalized there (603 patients during the nursing care plan use) took part in the project. The following summarizes the results of the study : 1. After listing all the nursing diagnoses up to the 20th in frequency from each ward except the ten used in the first study, 22 nursing diagnoses were selected. Two related to ‘self care deficit’, were combined into one. Standardized nursing care plans were established for these 21 nursing diagnoses. 2. The first page of each nursing care plan lists the related factors and defining characteristics as supporting data. The application rate distribution revealed that the majority were recorded less than 50% of the time. For each nursing diagnosis, only one to three related factors were recorded more than 50% of the time regardless of the number of suggested related factors, and similarly, only one to five defining characteristics were recorded more than 50% of the time regardless of the number of suggested defining characteristics. Therefore, these factors and defining characteristics were proposed as the common related factors and the typical signs and symptoms for each nursing diagnosis. 3. The application rate distribution for the expected outcomes, and the nursing orders that were the main data of each nursing care plan occurred more than 50% of the time, unlike the related factors and the characteristics that occurred less frequently. These findings supported the clinical validity. 4. In an effort to evaluate indirectly the effect of the use of the standardized nursing care plans, nurses' job satisfaction and perceptions of their ability in the use of the nursing process were measured and compared. Scores after the use of the plans were significantly higher than those before. The experience in actually using the standardized nursing care plans with patients increased the nurses' professional and emotional satisfaction and their confidence in using the nursing process. Also when the nurses who actually used the nursing care plans were asked to rate their effectiveness, the highest score was given to ‘the ease of establishing the nursing goal’, followed by ‘improved professional advice and care for patients’, ‘the efficiency and systemization of charting’, ‘the definite recognition of the nursing problem’, and ‘the selection of effective and appropriate nursing interventions’ in descending order. The results indicate the nurses were very positive about the effect of the real clinical application of standardized nursing care plans, and that the objective of this study to utilize the nursing diagnosis to strengthen the nursing process was attained.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제5권7호
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• pp.319-326
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• 2016

어플리케이션의 구매 결정 소요시간이 짧은 동시에 구매 취소 역시 간편한 모바일 앱의 속성을 고려했을 때, 사용 편리성은 모바일 앱이 제공해야 할 다양한 품질 요소들 중 상위의 우선순위를 가지는 요소라 할 수 있다. 이러한 배경에서 모바일 앱 개발자들은 앱의 상품성을 저하시키는 사용성 저해 요소를 여러 가지 측면에서 최소화시키는데 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 모바일 앱의 사용 편리성을 저해하는 대부분의 요소는 GUI 설계시에 발생되는 잠재적인 오류들로부터 기인한다. 우리는 앞선 연구에서 사용자 행위 로그를 이용한 모바일 앱의 사용성 분석 기법을 제안한 바 있다. 본 논문에서는 앞선 연구 결과를 토대로 사용자 행위로그를 유한 상태 모델로 표현하고, 여러 명의 사용자로부터 추출된 사용자 행위모델을 병합하여 설계자의 의도가 반영된 설계 행위모델과 비교해 나감으로써, 체계적으로 모바일 앱의 GUI 모델상에 잠재된 사용성 저해 요소 검출해 내는 기법을 제안하고 있다. 또한 기존 개발자들이 사용성 오류 검출을 위해 행해왔던 반복적인 테스트 작업의 부담을 줄이기 위해, 본 논문에서는 제안 된 기법의 자동화가 가능하도록 하는 사용성 오류검출 자동화 도구를 함께 제안하고 있다. 제안된 기법과 도구의 효용성은 실제 오픈 소스 앱 개발자들에 의해 제기된 GUI 이슈 리포트와 제안된 기법에 의해 검출된 이상징후들 간의 비교를 통해 논의하고 있다.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
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• 제3권8호
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• pp.261-270
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• 2014

최근 인터넷 트래픽이 증가하면서 웹 서버의 성능 향상에 많은 노력들을 기울여왔다. 고사양 하드웨어로의 교체 또는 서버 수의 증설과 같은 하드웨어 측면 해결방법 외에 소프트웨어 측면의 해결 방법들이 있는데 최근 이에 대한 연구들이 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존 TCP 네트워킹 수신과정에서 발생하는 성능 저하 문제점들을 파악하고 이를 해결할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 리눅스 TCP 네트워킹 성능 개선에 관한 기존 방법 세 가지와 본 논문에서 새로 제안하는 두 가지 방법을 통합 적용하여 성능을 향상시킨다. 기존 개선 방법들로는 멀티코어 환경에서 패킷을 흐름단위로 코어에 할당하는 방법, 과도한 인터럽트 요청을 조절하는 ITR(Interrupt Throttle Rate) 방법, sk_buff 자료구조 recycling 방법이다. 본 논문에서 새로 제안하는 방법은 fd 자료구조 recycling 방법과 epoll_event 자료구조 recycling 방법이다. 웹 서버 환경에서 실험을 통해 본 논문의 제안방법들의 성능 개선효과, 또한 기존방법들과의 통합 적용했을 경우 성능 개선효과를 검증한다. 웹 서버로는 간단한 웹 서버, 리눅스에서 일반적으로 사용하는 Lighttpd와 Apache 웹 서버를 사용한다. 간단한 웹 서버 환경에서 본 논문에서 제안한 fd 재사용과 epoll_event 재사용을 적용할 경우 성능이 각각 7%와 6% 개선되고, 이 두 가지 방법을 기존의 세 가지 방법과 통합하여 적용한 경우 성능이 총 40%까지 개선된다. Lighttpd와 Apache 웹 서버 환경에서 다섯 가지 통합 방법을 적용한 경우 성능이 각각 총 36%, 20%까지 개선된다.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제50권
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• pp.131-172
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• 2018

오늘날 아프리카 사회에서는 신부대 관습이 지극히 왜곡된 형태로 나타나고 있다. 이러한 현상은 남성 지배적인 문화, 서구 종교 및 자본주의 경제 체제가 부정적으로 결합한 결과다. 이것은 신부대가 '전통'과 '근대성'의 충돌과 갈등 속에서 끊임없이 재구성되었음을 의미한다. 신부대 관행이 생계 방식, 조혼, 일부다처제, 친족(가족) 구조, 빈곤, 이주 노동 등과 서로 밀접하게 얽혀 있는 것도 사실이다. 자본주의 경제 체제하에서 신부대는 점점 상업화되고 있다. 이에 따라 신부대의 전통적 상징성은 약화하고 있는 반면, 여성이 물화되는 경향은 강해지고 있다. 신부대의 상업화는 여성 인권 침해, 양성 불평등, 가정 폭력 등을 부추기는 결과를 초래한다. 행위 주체들은 성별, 세대, 계층, 종족 등의 인구학적 사회경제적 배경에 따라 신부대를 다르게 인식한다. 자본주의의 영향으로 신부대가 상업화될수록, 이 제도를 부정적으로 인식하는 사람도 더욱 늘어나게 될 것이다. 신부대라는 관습의 빛깔은 이것을 실천하는 주체들이 사회경제적 변화에 어떤 식으로 반응하느냐에 따라 달라진다. 그들은 주어진 환경 속에서 신부대를 끊임없이 재해석하고 재구성할 것이다.

• 해양안보
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.311-343
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• 2020

지구온난화의 영향으로 2035년 이후 북극해가 대부분 개방될 것으로 예측된다. 그리고 북극해 개방 시에는 북유럽까지 항해 거리·비용 감소, 북극권 자원 해상운송, 아시아의 허브항으로서 간접이익 창출 등 많은 국가이익이 기대되고 있다. 이에 따라 미지의 영역이던 북극해에서 국가이익을 확보하고, 국민의 자유로운 활동을 보장하기 위해 정부도 구체적인 정책을 수립하여 추진 중이다. 해군도 북극해 관련 국가정책을 군사적으로 뒷받침하려면, 지금부터 역할과 계획을 구체화해야만 한다. 북극해에서 지원 임무를 수행하기 위해 해군력은 고유 작전특성(기동성, 융통성, 지속성, 현시성, 투사성)을 발휘하여야 하며, 이를 준비하는 과정에서 긍정적·부정적 영향을 미칠 수 있는 내·외부 작전환경(OE)을 먼저 분석할 필요가 있었다. 이는 해군 내부의 강점(S)과 약점(W), 외부의 기회(O)와 위협(T)으로 구분되는데, 각 환경요인들을 연계(S-O, S-T, W-O, W-T)하여, 작전특성을 구현할 수 있는 발전방안을 도출하고자 하였다. 해군은 경험해보지 못한 추운 원해에서 임무를 수행하기 위해 다음의 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 첫째, 정부 정책과 발맞추어 해군의 단계적인 추진계획(로드맵)을 작성하고, 둘째, 국내·외 교육훈련 프로그램과 해외 연합훈련에 적극적으로 참여함으로써 전문인력을 양성해야 한다. 셋째, 국내의 우수한 특수선박 조선기술과 4차 산업혁명 신기술을 적용하여 극지 작전용 무장·장비·물자를 확보하는 한편, 광활한 북극해 상 전력공백을 해소하기 위해 연합작전 역량과 군사신뢰도를 증진하면서, 북극권 내 기항지를 마련할 필요가 있다. 끝으로, 북극권 진출 후 군사적·비전통적 위협(전염병, 재난, 인명구조 등)에 대응하며, 다양한 성과를 창출할 수 있도록 사전 준비를 해나가야 할 것이다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.473-488
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• 2022

To have a better understanding of the impact of the PETRONAS oil and gas platform on commercial fisheries activities, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) examined two approaches which are data collection from satellite and data collection from fishermen and anglers. By profiling the anglers who utilize reefed oil and gas structures for fishing, it can determine if the design and location of the reef platforms will benefit or negatively impacts those anglers and fisherman. Furthermore, this assessment will be contributing to the knowledge regarding the value of offshore oil and gas platforms as fisheries resources. Collectively, the apparent fishing activity data included, combined with the findings in the reefing viability index will help to inform PETRONAS's future decommissioning decisions and may help determine if the design and proposed locations for future rigs-to-reefs candidates would benefit commercial fishing groups, further qualifying them as appropriate artificial reef candidates. The method applied in this study is approaching by using a data satellite known as Google's Global Fishing Watch technology, which is one of the applications to measure commercial fishing efforts around the globe. The apparent commercial fishing effort around the selected twelve PETRONAS platforms was analyzed from January 2012 to December 2018. Using the data collection from fishermen which is the total estimation of commercial fish value cost (in Malaysia ringgit, MYR [RM]) in Peninsular Malaysia Asset, Sabah Asset, and Sarawak Operation region. The data were extracted every month from 2016 to 2018 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration database. Most of the selected platforms that show a high frequency of vessels around the year are platform KP-A, platform BG-A and platform PL-B. The estimated values of commercial fishes varied between platforms, with ranged from RM 10,209.92 to RM 89,023.78. Thus, platforms with high commercial fish value are selected for reefing in-situ and will serve multi-purposes and benefit the locals as well as the country. The current study has successfully assessed the potential reefing area of the Malaysian offshore environment with greater representativeness and this paper focused on its potential as a new fishing ground.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제33권s01호
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• pp.86-97
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• 1988

Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) is probably the most ancient oilseed crop known in the world. The seed of sesame is used in a variety of ways as food. The whole seed may be eaten raw, either roasted or parched, or fed to birds and stock. Sesame oil is used as a salad or cooking oil, in shortening, margarine and in the manufacture of soap. Minor uses are as a fixative in the perfume industry and formerly as a carrier for fatsoluble substances in pharmaceuticals such as penicillin. One of the minor constituents of sesame oil, sesamin, is used for its synergistic effect in pyrethrin insecticides, in addition of a small quantity of this substance markedly increases the effectiveness of fly sprays. The meal remaining after oil extraction can be used as and animal feed-stuff or as manure. In general sesame meal is considered to be equal to cottonseed or soybean meal as a protein supplement for livestock and poultry. It is especially high in certain amino-acids such as methionine, which is low in soybean meal, and thus can be combined with it or similar meal to form a more balanced ration. An attempt to summarize the literature review on quality improvement of sesame was made to discuss the accomplishments of the past and perspectives in the future. The reviews on quality improvement of sesame were mainly discussed in connection with the cultural practices and genetic informations in current status. The emphasis focussed on environmental variation of quality in cultural practices, such as harvest time, variety by location, climatic condition, fertilizer application, and growth regulator treatment. On the genetic variation of quality, it was discussed on variety background, mutation breeding, correlations, and inheritance of quality related characteristics. It also was discussed on relationship between quality and plant traits, storage condition or period, and seed coat color. Moreover, current research status were reviewed on some minor elements such as sesamin, oxalic acid, and trypsin inhibitor. As a results of the review, the lack of an effort to quality improvement in each utilization area was indicated as a problem area. More active efforts for the improvement of quality were also insufficient to incorporate the available genes for quality in breeding method or collection and analysis of breeding materials. Therefore, researches in the future would be recommended to emphasize on these problem areas.