• 제목/요약/키워드: Cologne

검색결과 40건 처리시간 0.031초

Systematic Review of Available Guidelines on Fertility Preservation of Young Patients with Breast Cancer

  • Haddadi, Mahnaz;Muhammadnejad, Samad;Sadeghi-Fazel, Fariba;Zandieh, Zahra;Rahimi, Gohar;Sadighi, Sanambar;Akbari, Parya;Mohagheghi, Mohammad-Ali;Mosavi-Jarrahi, Alireza;Amanpour, Saeid
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.1057-1062
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    • 2015
  • Background: Since the survival rate of breast cancer patients has improved, harmful effects of new treatment modalities on fertility of the young breast cancer patients has become a focus of attention. This study aimed to systematically review and critically appraise all available guidelines for fertility preservation in young breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: Major citation databases were searched for treatment guidelines. Experts from relevant disciplines appraised the available guidelines. The AGREE II Instrument that includes 23 criteria in seven domains (scope and purpose of the guidelines, stakeholder involvement, rigor of development, clarity, applicability, editorial independence, and overall quality) was used to apprise and score the guidelines. Results: The search strategy retrieved 2,606 citations; 72 were considered for full-text screening and seven guidelines were included in the study. There was variability in the scores assigned to different domains among the guidelines. ASCO (2013), with an overall score of 68.0%, had the highest score, and St Gallen, with an overall score of 24.7%, had the lowest scores among the guidelines. Conclusions: With the promising survival rate among breast cancer patients, more attention should be given to include specific fertility preservation recommendations for young breast cancer patients.

배구선수들의 극하근 근위축이 어깨 관절 회전근력과 운동범위에 미치는 영향 (The Effect of Atrophy of the Inpraspinatus on Strength and ROM in Shoulder Joint of Male Volleyball Players)

  • 이병권
    • 한국운동역학회지
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.549-555
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    • 2009
  • 본 연구의 목적은 극하근 근위축이 배구선수들의 등속성 최대토크와 운동범위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자, 극하근의 근위축 소견이 있는 선수 3명, 근위축 소견이 없는 선수 5명을 대상으로 등속성 근력측정기기인 Biodex와 동작분석기기 Simi-Motion을 이용하여 측정분석 하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 극하근의 근위축이 있는 그룹과 없는 그룹 사이에 어깨 관절의 외회전 등속성 최대토크, 내회전에 대한 외회전 등속성 최대토크 비율 그리고 내회전 회전 운동범위가 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 배구선수들의 극하근의 근위축을 예방하기 위해서는 어깨 관절의 기능을 고려한 외회전근의 근력강화 훈련이 중점적으로 시행되어야 하며, 이와 더불어 어깨 관절 후부 조직에 대한 유연성 훈련도 병행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

空間活動保險法律問題及中國狀況:基於空間商業化最新發展的分析 (Legal Aspects of Insurance Regarding Space Activities and the Situation in China: an Analysis Based on the New Development of Space Commercialization)

  • 섭 명암
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제32권1호
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    • pp.385-417
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    • 2017
  • Insurances of space activities are divided into satellite insurance, astronaut insurance and third party liability insurance. Against the background of the rapid development of space commercialization, especially the increasing participation of private entities in space affairs, the present international and domestic mechanisms of space insurance are challenged. As a space-faring state which is in the process of developing space businesses, the regulations of space insurance in China are deserved to be discussed. Satellites insurance is at present well-developed, the "pre-launch", "launch" and "in-orbit" phases of satellites are all possible to be insured by related companies. China created the CAIA in 1997 to provide insurance for Chinese satellites. However, with more private entities start to involve in space as well as satellite industry, the regime established under the framework of CAIA is necessary to be modified, and the mechanism relating to space insurance brokers should be promoted. The astronauts are recognized as the envoy of humankind, and relevant international regulations are made to provide assistance to them in emergency circumstances. From the domestic perspective, astronauts will be fully insured. China creates a particular type of insurance for astronauts. However, once space tourism becomes a business, the insurance of the tourist will be demanded to be created. In order to promote China's space tourism, it is recommended to take the "Astronaut Group Insurance" as an optional model to space tourists, if the tourists are customers of a governmental-owned space company. Once private involvement of providing orbital/suborbital tourism service becomes a reality, new rules are required. Getting a third party liability insurance is deemed as an indispensable precondition for an applicant to get a launch permission. Domestic space laws will include provisions for the third party liability insurance. China's "Interim Measures" of 2002 realizes the importance of third party liability insurance and requires the permit holder to get it before entering the launching site. This regulation is different from the practices of other states. Concerning that China is the sponsor of APSCO, for the purpose of promoting commercial space cooperation, a harmonized approach to domestic law is recommended to be found.

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Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry와 Headspace-Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry를 이용한 제주산 민트 에센셜오일 성분 분석 (Analysis of Mint Essential Oils from Jeju Island, Korea by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry and Headspace-Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry)

  • 현호봉;부경환;강혜림;김소미
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제58권2호
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    • pp.175-181
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    • 2015
  • 제주에서 생산된 페퍼민트, 스피아민트, 오데코롱민트 3종으로 부터 추출한 에센셜오일의 성분을 기체 크로마토그래피-질량분석기(GC-MS)와 headspace-GC-MS (HS-GC-MS)를 이용하여 분석하였다. GC-MS 분석결과 페퍼민트, 스피아민트, 오데코롱민트 각각에서 13종의 성분이 동정되었다. 전체 이온 크로마토그램의 피크 intensity를 기초로 보았을 때, 페퍼민트에서는 peperitenone oxide, 스피아민트에서는 carvone과 limonene, 오데코롱민트에서는 linalool이 주 화합물로 동정되었다. HS-GC-MS 분석에서는 GC-MS와 비교하였을 때 alcohol과 acetate와 같은 휘발성이 강한 성분이 많이 검출되었고, 검출되는 성분의 수도 증가하였다. 하지만 스피아민트와 오데코롱민트의 주 화합물은 GC-MS에서 검출된 것과 같았고, 페퍼민트에서만 GC-MS에서 낮은 함량을 보였던 menthol이 주요화합물로 동정되었다. 흥미롭게도, 오데코롱민트 에센셜 오일에서 linalyl acetate와 linalool의 함량이 탁월하게 높음을 확인했다.

Inhibition of Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Hypertrophy by Different Catechins

  • Zheng, Ying;Song, Hye-Jin;Yun, Seok-Hee;Chae, Yeon-Jeong;Jia, Hao;Kim, Chan-Hyung;Ha, Tae-Sun;Sachinidis, Agapios;Ahn, Hee-Yul;Davidge, Sandra T.
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • 제9권2호
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    • pp.117-123
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    • 2005
  • A cumulative evidence indicates that consumption of tea catechin, flavan-3-ol derived from green tea leaves, lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, a precise mechanism for this cardiovascular action has not yet been fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of different green tea catechins, such as epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3 gallate (ECG), and epicatechin (EC), on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy in primary cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation was used to assess VSMC hypertrophy, protein kinase assay, and western blot analysis were used to assess mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and RT-PCR was used to assess c-jun or c-fos transcription. Ang II increased [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation into VSMC. However, EGCG and ECG, but not EGC or EC, inhibited [$^3H$]-leucine incorporation increased by Ang II. Ang II increased phosphorylation of c-Jun, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 MAPK in VSMC, however, EGCG and ECG , but not EGC or EC, attenuated c-Jun phosphorylation increased by Ang II. ERK 1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation induced by Ang II were not affected by any catechins. Ang II increased c-jun and c-fos mRNA expression in VSMC, however, EGCG inhibited c-jun but not c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ang II. ECG, EGC and EC did not affect c-jun or c-fos mRNA expression induced by Ang II. Our findings indicate that the galloyl group in the position 3 of the catechin structure of EGCG or ECG is essential for inhibiting VSMC hypertrophy induced by Ang II via the specific inhibition of JNK signaling pathway, which may explain the beneficial effects of green tea catechin on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases observed in several epidemiological studies.

EUS 도입에 따른 언더라이팅 효율극대화 방안

  • 조석훈
    • 보험의학회지
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    • 제24권
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    • pp.79-96
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    • 2005
  • 1. 연구배경과 문제제기 - 보험시장의 환경변화 : 보험업법 개정, 방카슈랑스 도입, 고(高)보장성 생존급부(CI, LTC)상품의 등장, 통신판매 전문보험회사의 설립 허용 - 현행 언더라이팅 시스템의 문제점 : 위험난이도와 판매 채널별 특성이 고려되지 않고 언더라이터에 전건 배정 되어 업무의 효율성이 낮음 - 보험시장의 환경변화에 맞는 EUS(Expert Underwriting System) 도입으로 언더라이팅의 효율성을 증대하고자함 2. 국내/외 생보사 언더라이팅 시스템 현황 비교 및 개선방안 - 국내 언더라이팅 시스템 현황 : 청약서 입력/스캔 후 진단 및 적부 유무(有無)에 따라 자동으로 언더라이터에게 심사가 배정됨 - 미국 언더라이팅 시스템 현황 : EUS에 의한 1차 전산승낙여부 결정 후(後)언더라이터에게 심사가 배정됨 - 위험난이도의 고저(高低)와 관계없이 언더라이터에 배정되는 심사시스템의 문제점을 극복하고 체계적인 위험평가를 위해 EUS도입이 필요함 3. EUS 선행요건 - 고객정보의 확보 - 국내 생보사의 고객정보 수집원 : 청약서, 모집인 보고서, 건강진단서,적부조사, 보험사고정보조회시스템 (ICPS), 고액보험 및 상해보험 중복가입자에 대한 정보 교환제도 - 북미 생보사의 고객정보 수집원 : 청약서, 모집인 보고서, 의사소견서 및 진료기록서, 건강검진, 적부조사, 정보교환제도( 북미보험사간 의료정보 공유-MIB) - 정확한 고객정보의 확보방안 : 법률/제도의 정비, 청약서 질문 내용의 세분화, 의료정보교환제도의 구축 4. EUS 개요 및 현황 - EUS의 정의: 고객의 정보를 입력하여 청약부터 보험증권 발행 단계까지 One-Stop 서비스를 제공하는 것으로 언더라이터가 청약서를 가지고 언더라이팅 하는 것과 동일한 업무를 할 수 있는 전문가 시스템 - EUS의 장점: (1) 비용절감 및 인력의 효율적 활용 (2) 업무별 시스템화 되는 조직속성에 적합함. (3) 언더라이팅 정책이 경영 환경 변화에 대처하는데 신속함 - 국외 EUS 현황 (예: Cologne Re) 및 사례연구 5. 위험분류 및 EUS 개요현황 (언더라이팅 시스템 도입) - 위험관리 선행요건으로 위험요소별 분류가 체계적으로 수립되어야 함. - 데이터웨어하우스 (의사결정을 목적으로 설계된 조회와 분석이 가능한 통합된 정보저장소) 시스템 사용 - EUS 도입을 통한 언더라이팅 프로세스: 데이터마이닝 과정을 통해 "자동승낙, 언더라이터에게 심사배정, 적부의뢰, 진단의뢰, 텔레 언더라이터, 보완지시"등이 결정됨. 6. 판매채널별 EUS 활용방안 - 대면채널: 효용성 높은 정보제공과 정확한 위험분석이 가능한 시스템으로 고(高)보장, 고(高)위험 상품에 대해 언더라이터가 집중 심사 할 수 있게 함. - 방카슈랑스: 3S(간결, 신속, 서비스)의 특성에 맞는 전과정 무인자동심사시스템 - 비대면채널: 판매상품과 타겟시장을 명확히 한 후 도덕적 위험과 재무적 위험에 대한 평가시스템 및 의사결정 시스템을 도입 7. 결론 - EUS 도입의 기대효과 (1) 심사기일의 단축으로 고객만족 실현 (2) 체계적 과학적 리스크 관리로 위험률차익 증대에 기여 (3) 업무효율의 증대와 언더라이터의 역량강화 (4) CRM 활용증대와 모바일 청약시스템 구축의 근간 - EUS 도입시 경제적 법률적 제도적 문제 극복과 생보 업계 공동의 관심과 노력이 필요함 - EUS를 활용하여 종합적.체계적 리스크 관리가 가능한 금융회사로의 경쟁력 향상에 기여함.

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An Updated Meta-analysis and System Review:is Gemcitabine+Fluoropyrimidine in Combination a Better Therapy Versus Gemcitabine Alone for Advanced and Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer?

  • Tu, Chao;Zheng, Feng;Wang, Jin-Yu;Li, Yuan-Yuan;Qian, Ke-Qing
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제16권14호
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    • pp.5681-5686
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    • 2015
  • Background: Pancreatic cancer ranks fourth in deaths caused by cancers throughout the world. Gemcitabine chemotherapy is the primary method of treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, and in asco2014, it is still firstline chemotherapy. Howeve,r gemcitabine+fluorouracil regimens are also licensed and widely used worldwide. Clinical trials are the best way to evaluate drug efficacy. In this study, we performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess whether gemcitabine+fluoropyrimidine combination therapy improves the prognosis of unresectable pancreatic cancer compared with gemcitabine treatment alone. Materials and Methods: A quantitative up-to-date meta-analysis was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of gemcitabine-based combination treatment compared with gemcitabine monotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer. Inclusion was limited to high-quality randomized clinical trials. Results: A total of 12 studies were included in the present analysis, with a total of 3,038 patients recruited. The studies were divided into three subgroups including 5-FU / CAP / S-1 combined with gemcitabine. For the primary endpoint of overall survival (OS), gemcitabine-based combination therapy demonstrated significantly better outcome (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.81-0.95) than gemcitabine monotherapy. The analysis of progression free survival (PFS) also provided a significant result for the combined therapy in a total of 8 trials (2,130 patients) (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.63-0.86). With subgroup analysis according to the method of dosing delivery, we found that in the injection group with 3 trials (889 patients), a negative result was found (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.77-1.12); while a positive result was observed in the oral group with 9 trials (2,149 patients) (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.95). Conclusions: Gemcitabine combination therapy provides a modest improvement of survival, but is associated with more toxicity compared with gemcitabine monotherapy.

스포츠시설에 관한 연구 동향 분석: SCOPUS DB를 중심으로 (Analysis on Research Trends in Sport Facilities: Focusing on SCOPUS DB)

  • 김일광;박성택;박수선;김미숙;박종철
    • 산업융합연구
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    • 제19권6호
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    • pp.11-19
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    • 2021
  • 본 연구의 목적은 "스포츠시설" 관련 국내외 연구의 동향을 탐색적으로 파악하여 향후 연구 방향을 모색하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 2016년부터 2020년까지 SCOPUS DB에서 "스포츠시설"이 포함된 논문의 초록을 수집하였으며, 그 결과 총 1,801편이 자료 분석에 사용되었다. 자료 분석 수행을 위해 LDA 기반 토픽 모델링 기법과 TD-IDF 기법을 활용하였으며, Tagxedo를 활용한 워드클라우드 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 8가지 토픽이 최적으로 결정되었으며, 각 토픽의 주요 키워드로는 "sports", "facilities", "health", "physical", "data" 및 "using" 등이 도출되었다. 이를 통해 최근에 국내외적으로 스포츠시설과 관련하여 신체활동, 건강 및 시설 이용 등을 주제로 한 연구들이 활발하게 이루어져 왔음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 최근 SCOPUS 논문들은 건강 증진과 삶의 질 향상 등과 같은 스포츠시설의 도구적 가치에 주목하고 있음을 의미한다. 따라서, 건강한 삶을 위해 스포츠시설을 이용하는 참여자들에게 도움이 될 수 있는 다양한 연구들이 향후 지속적으로 수행되어야 할 것이다.

Ideology, Politics, and Social Science Scholarship on the Responsibility of Intellectuals

  • Koerner, E.F.K.
    • 인문언어
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.51-84
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    • 2002
  • The 1990s have seen the publication of many books devoted to Language and Ideology (cf. Joseph & Taylor 1990. for one of the early ones) even though the term 'ideology' itself has remained ill-defined (Woolard 1998). The focus of attention has usually been placed on the particular use of language and often for some kind of 'political' ends, not on linguistic or other scholarship which might have been driven by some sort of ideology, i.e., a bundle of assumptions which themselves were taken as given. At least since Edward Said's 1978 book Orientalism, it has been clear to everyone that scholars construct their conceptualization of things in line with their understanding of the cultural, social, and political world in which they live, and that this often unreflected 'pre-understanding' effects their view of cultures that are different from theirs and more often than not geographically and temporally distant from theirs. This recognition has had a sobering effect no doubt, and Said's book has long since become 'mainstream.' Much more disturbing to the scholarly profession has been the publication of Martin Bernal's Black Athena in 1987, since it went much further, going beyond accusations of colonialism and cultural bias, in suggesting that the Western representation of Classical Greece over the past two hundred years was false and that what had been accepted until now about occidental antiquity must now be seen derived from African-Asiatic cultures of the Near East, notably that of the Ancient Egyptians, and that no other than Socrates should be seen as black man. While we may understand the intellectual climate in the United States that led academics to present 'myth as history' (Lefkowitz 1996), it is obvious that lines of regular scholarly principles of investigation have been crossed (cf Lefkowitz & Rogers 1996). The present paper investigates what may be seen as the ideological underpinnings of such work. After reviewing some recent scholarship in the area of linguistic historiography that have shown that academic work has never been 'value-neutral' (as may have been assumed or has been claimed by some practitioners), it is argued that in effect one must be aware of what Clemens Knobloch has recently termed Resonanzbedarf, i.e., the desire, whether conscious or not, of scholars-and probably scientists, too-to have their work recognized by the educated public and that, in so doing, their discourses tend to pick up on contemporary popular notions. These efforts may be harmless if everyone was to recognize these allusions and adoption of certain lexical. items(buzz words) as props or what Germans call Versatzstiicke, but history tells us that this has not always been the case. Still, as Hutton (1999) has shown, not all scholarship during the Third Reich for example can simply be dismissed as worthless because it was conducted in under a prevailing political ideology. Indeed, in seemingly innocent times, linguists can be shown to frame their argument in a way that makes them appear so utterly superior to their predecessors (cf. Lawson 2001). Upon closer inspection, those discourses turn out to be much like those of scholars in nationalistic environments that have tended to select their 'facts' to prove a particular hypothesis (cf., e.g., Koerner 2001). The article argues for scholars to take a more active role in exploding myths, scientifically unfounded claims, and ideologically driven distortions, especially those that are socially and politically harmful.

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韓國加入亞太空間合作組織的可能性 : 基于法律与政策的分析 (The possibility of South Korea to become a member state of APSCO: an analysis from Legal and political perspectives)

  • 섭명암
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제31권2호
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    • pp.237-269
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    • 2016
  • Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) is the only intergovernmental space cooperation organization in Asia. Since its establishment to date, eight countries have signed the convention and become member states. South Korea participated actively in the preparatory phase of creating the organization, and one conference organized by AP-MCSTA which is the predecessor of APSCO was held in South Korea. However, after the APSCO Convention was opened for signature in 2005 to date, South Korea does not ratify the Convention and become a member. The rapid development of space commercialization and privatization, as well as the fastest growing commercial space market in Asia, provides opportunities for Asian countries to cooperate with each other in relevant space fields. And to participate in the existing cooperation framework (e.g., the APSCO) by the Asian space countries (e.g., South Korea) could be a proper choice. Even if the essential cooperation in particular space fields is challenging, joint space programs among different Asian countries for dealing with the common events can be initiated at the first steps. Since APSCO has learned the successful legal arrangements from ESA, the legal measures established by its Convention are believed to be qualified to ensure the achievement of benefits of different member states. For example, the regulation of the "fair return" principle confirms that the return of interests from the relevant programs is in proportion to the member's investment in the programs. Moreover, the distinguish of basic and optional activities intends to authorize the freedom of the members to choose programs to participate. And for the voting procedure, the acceptance of the "consensus" by the Council is in favor of protecting the member's interest when making decisions. However, political factors that are potential to block the participation of South Korea in APSCO are difficult to be ignored. A recent event is an announcement of deploying THAAD by South Korea, which causes tension between South Korea and China. The cooperation between these two states in space activities will be influenced. A long-standing barrier is that China acts as a non-member of the main international export control mechanism, i.e., the MTCR. The U.S takes this fact as the main reason to prevent South Korea to cooperate with China in developing space programs. Although the political factors that will block the participation of South Korea in APSCO are not easy to removed shortly, legal measures can be taken to reduce the political influence. More specifically, APSCO is recommended to ensure the achievement of commercial interests of different cooperation programs by regulating precisely the implementation of the "fair return" principle. Furthermore, APSCO is also suggested to contribute to managing the common regional events by sharing satellite data. And it is anticipated that these measures can effectively response the requirements of the rapid development of space commercialization and the increasing common needs of Asia, thereby to provide a platform for the further cooperation. In addition, in order to directly reduce the political influence, two legal measures are necessary to be taken: Firstly, to clarify the rights and responsibilities of the host state (i.e., China) as providing assistance, coordination and services to the management of the Organization to release the worries of the other member states that the host state will control the Organization's activities. And secondly, to illustrate that the cooperation in APSCO is for the non-military purpose (a narrow sense of "peaceful purpose") to reduce the political concerns. Regional cooperation in Asia regarding space affairs is considered to be a general trend in the future, so if the participation of South Korea in APSCO can be finally proved to be feasible, there will be an opportunity to discuss the creation of a comprehensive institutionalized framework for space cooperation in Asia.