• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.221-227
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• 2006

We have synthesized uniform nanometer sized magnetite particles using chemical coprecipitation technique through a sonochemical method with surfactant such as oleic acid. Magnetite phase nanoparticles could be observed from X-ray diffraction. Magnetite nanoparticles is surface phase morphology and biopolymer-microspheres for Application Medical. Magnetite nanoparticles coated biopolymer. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) was used to image the coated nanoparticles. Magnetic colloid suspensions containing particles with sodium oleate, chitosan and $\beta$-glucan have been prepared. The morphology of the magnetic biopolymer microsphere particles were characterized using optical microscope. Magnetic hysteresis measurement were performed using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer at room temperature to investigate the magnetic properties of the biopolymer microspheres and magnetite coated biopolymer including magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging was used to investigate biopolymer coated nanoparticles and biopolymer microspheres.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.504-515
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• 2012

Groundwater is widely used as drinking water supplies around the world. However, microbial contamination of groundwater is a serious environmental problem that degrades drinking water quality and poses a great threat to human health. Among the pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, viruses are not readily removed during transport through soils, having high mobility in groundwater environment due to their smaller size compared to bacteria and protozoa. Studies regarding the fate and transport of viruses in soils and aquifers are necessary to determine the vulnerability of groundwater to microbial contamination and to secure safe drinking water sources. Also, these studies provide important information to establish the regulations and policies related to public health. This review paper presented the field and laboratory studies conducted for the fate and transport of viruses in subsurface environments. Also, the paper provided the factors affecting the fate and transport of viruses, the characteristics of bacteriophages used for virus studies, and virus transport model/colloid filtration theory. Based on this review work, future researches should be performed actively to set up the viral protection zone for the protection of groundwater from viral contamination sources. Especially, the researches should be focused on the development of mathematical models to calculate the setback distance and travel time for the viral protection zone along with the accumulation of information related to the model parameters.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.239-245
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• 2009

To verify the reinforcing effect of grouting materials composed of colloid cement and ordinary portland cement on the water leakage region in a small scale dike, we performed a tubecasing method and applied surface electrical resistivity survey including electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to find resistivity variation before and after grouting. Hydraulic conductivities after grouting show 10 times lower than those of before grouting. These variation indicates that the cement grout blocks the leakage pathway effectively. As the results of dipole-dipole resistivity survey along the dike, resistivity distribution after grouting did not represent noticeable spatial variation in time. Resistivity monitoring results at the dike with vertical electrical sounding (VES) showed that the region of decreasing apparent resistivity was occupied by the grout after grouting. Predicted resistivities from the inversion of ERT data well matched with results of VES at the same regions. From the ERT using check holes to inspect the effect of grouting, we could find that the ERT is quite effective to identify spatially the grout region in a dike.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 1991

Formation of charge transfer complex between iodine and substituted aniline [aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline(N,N-DMA), 2,6-dimethylaniline(2,6-DMA), 2,4,6-trimethylaniline(2,4,6-TMA)] in CHCl$_3$, CH$_2$Cl$_2$ : CHCl$_3$ (1 : 1), and CH$_2$Cl$_2$ have been studied kinetically by using conductivity method. In the transformation of initially formed outer charge transfer complex to inner complex, the effects of substituted aniline as electron donor and polar medium on the reaction were investigated. The rate of transformation depend on the dielectric contribution of medium and pK$_a$ value of substituted aniline. The order of rate increasing is 2,4,6-TMA, 2,6-DMA, aniline, and N,N-DMA. The activation enthalpy ${\Delta}H^{\neq}$ for 2.5 M-substituted aniline in CHCl$_3$ at 25$^{\circ}C$ is respectively N,N-DMA, 3.47 kcal/mol; aniline, 4.25 kcal/mol; 2,6-DMA, 7.79 kcal/mol and 2,4,6-TMA, 7.96 kcal/mol; and activation entropy ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$ is large and negative value of -41 ~ -55 cal/mol${\cdot}$K.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 2006

films of gold nanoparticles were formed on indium tin oxide (ITO) by an electrodeposition method from an aminosilicate stabilized gold colloid solution. The thin films were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). The surface coverage of gold nanoparticles on the thin film was estimated to 1.2 nanomole/cm2. An anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonic acid, disodium salt (AQDS) self-assembled layer was generated by immersing gold thin film into 1mM of AQDS in 0.1M HClO4 solution for over 20 hours. As a result, a new absorbance peak from the multi-layers (AQDS/thin film of gold /ITO) was obtained about at 690 nm. Also, the surface plasmon absorption of multi-layers was measured by UV-Visible spectrometer along with chronoamperometry by applying the various potentials from +0.5V to -0.5V. The maximum surface plasmon absorption band at 550 nm was decreased by applying negative potentials. The change of absorbance was correlated with the surface coverage of the AQDS indicating the pseudo-capacity surface state of the AQDS layer was coupled to the energy level of the plasmonband by applied negative potentials.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1715-1720
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• 2010

In this study, we analyzed the crack-healing characteristics of specimens; different crack lengths and coating methods of $Si_3N_4$ ceramic structures with long cracks were analyzed. Cracks with lengths of about $100-500\;{\mu}m$ were obtained using a Vickers indenter for a load of 24.5-98 N. In the case of a crack obtained by applying a load of 24.5 N, the crack-healed specimen with $SiO_2$ nanocolloid coating exhibited the highest bending strength, which was higher than that of a smooth specimen by 140%, but the bending strength of a crack-healed specimen that had a $SiO_2$ nanocolloid coating and originally had multiple cracks was lower than that of a smooth specimen. However, when compared to the cracked specimens, the bending strength of most specimens with multiple cracks increased slightly. On the basis of these results, the crack-healing characteristics of $Si_3N_4$ ceramic structures with multiple indentations were studied for different coating methods. The most effective coating method for long-crack specimens was hydrostatic pressure coating.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 2020

Background: Postoperative fluid retention is a factor that causes delay in recovery and unexpected adverse events. It is important to prevent intraoperative fluid retention, which is putatively caused by intraoperative release of stress hormones, such as ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) or others. We hypothesized that intraoperative analgesia may prevent pathological fluid retention. We retrospectively explored the relationship between analgesics and in-out balance in surgical patients from anesthesia records. Methods: Anesthetic records of 80 patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery were checked in this study. Patients were anesthetized with either TIVA (propofol and remifentanil) or inhalational anesthesia (sevoflurane and remifentanil). During surgery, acetated Ringer's solution was infused for maintenance at a rate of 3-5 ml/kg/h at the discretion of the anesthetist. The perioperative parameters, including the amount of crystalloid and colloid infused, and the amount of urine and bleeding were checked. Furthermore, we checked the amount and administration rate of remifentanil during the surgical procedure. The correlation coefficient between the remifentanil dose and the in-out balance or the urinary output was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The contributing factor to fluid retention, including urinary output, was statistically examined by means of multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: A significant positive correlation was found between remifentanil dose and urinary output. Urinary output less than 0.04 ml/kg/min was suggested to cause positive fluid balance. Although in-out balance approaches zero balance with increase in remifentanil administration rate, no contributing factor for near-zero fluid balance was statistically picked up. The remifentanil administration rate was statistically picked up as the significant factor for higher urinary output (> 0.04 ml/kg/min) (OR, 2,644; 95% CI, 3.2-2.2 × 10⁶) among perioperative parameters. Conclusions: In conclusion, remifentanil contributes in maintaining the urinary output during general anesthesia. Although further prospective study is needed to confirm this hypothesis, it was suggested that fluid retention could be avoided through suppressing intraoperative stress response by means of appropriate maintenance of remifentanil infusion rate.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.285-297
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• 2002

This study was carried out to prove the factor properties of the soil affected by a forest fire through the physical and chemical analysis and the data from the conclusion of those analysis are applied to the development of technics that reduces a forest fire-induced 2nd damage. The forest fire was in December 2000 at Gangreung city and Donghae city, Gangwon provinces, Korea. Soil samples were collected at upper layers (0-5 cm) and bottom layers (5-40 cm) in November 2001 from the burned and control sites. Values of pH in burned soils of the upper layers affected by forest fire are higher than those in control soils. Both the fragments of fire-burned plant and differences of geological properties are resulted in a class of soil. Contents of organic matters in burned soils are higher than those in control soils, exceptionally the contents of organic matters in burned soils that contain coaly shale are lower than those in control soils. Weathering indices in burned soils are higher than those in control soils and it concerned with loss of soil. Iron ions Fe(Fe$^{2+}$ or Fe$^{3+}$) are easily extracted from the burned soils by rainfall, but Mn ions are straightly exist in the burned soils by physiochemical adsorption of colloid. Through the sequential extraction in the burned soils and control soils, we are certificate the extraction of Fe ions and the disturbance of Mn ions from the burned soils. As a consequence of factor analysis in burned soil and control soil, we are certificate that the influence of forest fire results in a disturbance of positive correlation factors.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.737-741
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• 2005

In this study, the effect of copper content on the NO removal efficiency by Cu/MCM-41 has been investigated. MCM-41 was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using a gel mixture of colloidal silica solution and cetyltrimethylammonium. Cu/MCM-41 was manufactured with copper content (5, 10, 20, and 40%) in Cu(II) acetylacetonate. The surface properties of MCM-41 were investigated by using pH, XRD, and FT-IR analyses. $N_2/77K$ adsorption isotherm characteristics, including the specific surface area and micropore volume were studied by BET's equation and Boer's t-plot methods. NO removal efficiency was confirmed by gas chromatography technique. From the experimental results, the MCM-41 was analyzed to have the surface functional groups of Si-OH and Si-O-Si and the characteristic diffraction lines (100), (110), (200), and (210) corresponding to a hexagonal arrangement structure. The copper content supported on MCM-41 appeared to increase the NO removal efficiency in spite of decreasing the specific surface areas or micropore volumes. Consequently, it was found that the copper content in Cu/MCM-41 played an important role in improving the NO removal efficiency, which was mainly attributed to the catalytic reactions.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.41-64
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was to evaluate the effect of Jaeumkanghwa-tang (JEKHT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods: Six groups, each of 8 rats per group were used in the present study - intact vehicle control, PTU control, Levothyroxine ($LT_4$), JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. JEKHT were administered once a day for 42 days as an oral dose of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. The changes on the body and organ weight, serum hormone and lipid profiles, liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed with histopathology of organs. Results were compared with $LT_4$ 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated rats in this experiment. Results: PTU treatment, marked decrease of body weight, increases of thyroid weight, decreases of liver, testis, epididymis and prostate weights, decreases of serum Tri-iodothyronine ($T_3$), and Thyroxine ($T_4$) level with increase of serum Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level, decreases of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) level with increases of serum Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) level, increases of serum High density lipoprotein (HDL), decrease of triglyceride content, increase of serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, decreases of liver and testis antioxidant defense factors were observed. In addition, marked hyperplasia of follicular cells with decreases of follicular colloid contents and diameters was additionally demonstrated with the decrease of hepatocyte numbers per unit area due to hypertrophy of hepatocytes related to lipid droplet depositions, increase of a/oligospermatic epididymal tubules with epididymal atrophic changes, seminiferous tubular atrophy with decrease of stage I~II seminiferous tubules in testis, prostate tubular atrophic changes at histopathological inspections. However, these PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic and male reproductive organ damages were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and JEKHT also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense factor changes in the both liver and testis. Conclusions: JEKHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related liver and male reproductive organ damages in rats.