• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.1507-1516
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• 2002

Meat and bone meal is a valuable protein and mineral source in diets of production animals and contributes to the protein, energy and mineral component of diets. The aim of the present study was to more accurately characterise the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meals produced in New Zealand and evaluate routine in vitro assays used in practise to measure meat and bone meal quality. A total of 94 commercial meat and bone meals from 25 New Zealand rendering plants over a two and a half year period were analysed for proximates, gross energy, gross amino acid content (incl. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and lanthionine), apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and bone content. The mean crude protein content of the 94 meat and bone meal samples was 56.8% with a range of >35% units and a coefficient of variation of 9.8%. The mean crude fat and ash content were 10.0 and 28.4% respectively. These latter components showed a large range (16 and 43%, respectively) with coefficients of variation above 22%. Amino acid digestibility between samples was highly variable with lysine and sulphur amino acids digestibility ranging between 45.8-89.0 and 38.2-85.5%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients are presented between crude protein content and individual gross amino acids, crude protein content and individual digestible amino acid content, and pepsin N digestibility and individual digestible amino acid content. There was a significant relationship between the digestible amino acid nitrogen content and the crude protein content while pepsin nitrogen digestibility was not correlated to ileal amino acid nitrogen digestibility (r=-0.06). Meat meals with a high protein content had relatively low hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine levels something that was attributed to the levels of collagen from bone. The data indicated that lanthionine (formed upon heat treatment of cysteine with a hydroprotein) is not a good indicator of the heat treatment employed to meat and bone meals. Step-wise multiple regression equations to predict the apparent digestible content of amino acids from rapid in vitro assays are presented. The most selected variables included ash and crude fat content. In general the equations derived for the essential amino acids had a higher degrees of fit (R2) compared to the non-essential amino acids. The R2 for the essential amino acids ranged from 0.43 for histidine and 0.68 for leucine. These equations provide a means of more rapidly estimating the apparent ileal digestible amino acid content (protein quality) of meat and bone meal using standard analyses.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2004

3,9-Dihydro-6-oxopterocarpen과 ferulic acid의 에스테르 반응을 통해 페룰산 유도체인 3,9-diferuloyl-6-oxopterocarpen (Tensolin-$F_{(R)}$ )를 합성하여 이를 함유한 주름개선 화장품을 개발하였다. Tensolin-$F_{(R)}$ 는 농도 의존적으로 DPPH와 superoxide radical에 대한 소거효과를 나타냈으며, 각각 0.8 mM에서 78%, 0.053 mM에서 92.9%로 DPPH와 superoxide radical을 소거하여 우수한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. MMP-1 효소 활성 저해 효과도 0.16 mM에서 74%를 저해하였다. HDF에서 UVA에 의해 발현이 증가되는 MMP-1의 발현 저해 효과는 Tensolin-$F_{(R)}$ 0.8 uM에서 85.5%로 단백질 수준에서 모두 농도 의존적으로 발현 저해효과가 나타났다. Tensolin-$F_{(R)}$ 를 함유한 제품의 피부 주름개선 효과 평가 결과, Tensolin-$F_{(R)}$ 를 함유한 화장품을 약 8주 간 도포한 경우 유의한 주름개선 효과가 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통하여 Tensolin-$F_{(R)}$ 는 항산화 효과와 MMP-1활성 저해 효과 및 UVA에 의한 MMP-1의 발현을 저해하는 효과가 나타났으며 새로운 주름개선 기능성 화장품으로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.95-110
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• 1992

Much progress has been made in understanding the subcellular events of the human lung injuries after acute exposure to environmental air pollutants. Host of those events represent oxidative damages mediated by reactive oxygen species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and the hydroxy, free radical. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) was found to be endogenously produced by endothelial cells and cells of the reticulo-endothelial system as endothelialderived relaxation factor (EDRF) which is a vasoactive and neurotransmitter substance. Together with superoxide, NO can form another strong oxidant, peroxonitrite. The relative importance of exogenous sources of $N0/N0_2$ and endogenous production of NO by the EDRF producing enzymes in the oxidative stresses to the heman lung has to be elucidated. The exact events leading to chronic irreversible damage are still yet to be known. From chronic exposure to oxidant gases, progressive epithelial and interstitial damages develop. Type I epithelial cells become thicker and cover a smaller average alveolar surface area while thee II cells proliferate instead. Under acute damages, the extent of loss of the alveolar epithelial cell lining, especially type II cells appears to be a good predictor of the ensuing irreversible damage to alveolar compartment. Interstitial matrix undergo remodeling during chronic exposure with increased collagen fibers and interstitial fibroblasts. However, Inany of these changes can be reversed after cessation of exposure. Among chronic lung injuries, genetic damages and repair responses received particular attention in view of the known increased lung cancer risks from exposure to several air pollutants. Heavy metals from foundry emission, automobile traffics, and total suspended particulate, especially polycystic aromatic hydrocarbons have been positively linked with the development of lung cancer. Asbestos in another air pollutant with known risk of lung cancer and mesothelioma, but asbestos fibers are nonauthentic in most bioassays. Studies using the electron spin resonance spin trapping method show that the presence of iron in asbestos accelerates the production of the hydroxy, radical in vitro. Interactions of these reactive oxygen species with particular cellular components and disruption of cell defense mechanisms still await further studies to elucidate the carcinogenic potential of asbestos fibers of different size and chemical composition. The distribution of inhaled pollutants and the magnitude of their eventual effects on the respiratory tract are determined by pollutant-independent physical factors such as anatomy of the respiratory tract and level and pattern of breathing, as well as by pollutant-specific phyco-chemical factors such as the reactivity, solubility, and diffusivity of the foreign gas in mucus, blood and tissue. Many of these individual factors determining dose can be quantified in vitro. However, mathematical models based on these factors should be validated for its integrity by using data from intact human lungs.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.883-908
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• 1997

Bone remodeling is characterized by the coupling of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. The process is tightly regualted at the local level by an incompletely known netwotk of peptide and non-peptide fators. Nitric oxide(NO), synthesized by nitric oxide synthetase(NOS) from L-arginine, is becoming recognized as an important bioregualtory molecule in a variety of tissue, but little is known about its possible role in periodontal tissue. The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of nitric oxide synthetase(NOS) in inflamed gingiva and the effects of cytokine on the expression of NOS protein. The expression of NOS in gingival tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for $NOS_1$, $NOS_2$, $NOS_3$. The effect of cytokine on the expression of NOS in human periodontal ligament cells and osteoblast-like HOS cells by western blot analysis. Further, we studied that NO functions in periodontal ligament cells as a regulatory molecule. PDL cells incubated with NOS inhibitor and donor. The protein expression, type I collagen & non-collagenous protein, nitrate production and cell proliferation were evaluated The results were as follows. 1. $NOS_1$, $NOS_2$, $NOS_3$ was rarely distributed in healthy gingiva, but stronger stained in gingival epithelium, endothelial cells, and mononuclear cells of inflammed gingiva. 2. The cytokine stimulated $NOS_1$, and $NOS_3$ protein were not inducing or inhibitory effect to compared with control in PDL and HOS cells. 3.Incubation of cells with combination of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, LPS result in a time dependant increase in $NOS_2$ expression, reaching a maximal level after 24 hours of stimulation. 4. The osteonectin protein inhibitory effect of NMA, inhibitor of NOS, was reversed by Larginine in dose dependant manner. 5. NMA decreased cell poliferation and nitrate production, but the inhibitory efffect of NMA was also prevented by the NO donor, sodium nitropruiside. These results suggest that exogenously synthesized NO was playing a stimulating effect on cell proliferation or on non-collagenous protein expression. Therefore NO have an important role in mediation of localized bone destruction associated inflammatory bone disease such as periodontitis.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Jeopgolsan (JGS) extract on anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities in RAW 264.7 cells and on factors related with fracture healing in skull fractured rat. Methods Experimental animals were divided into four groups: normal group without any treatment (Normal), contral group were treated orally with distilled water (Control), Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 200) and Experimental group were treated orally with JGS at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day (JGS 400). Rats in each group except the normal group were induced fractures in the skull. The 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity. The production of nitric oxide (NO), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in the RAW 264.7 cells were measured to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. The production of osteocalcin calcitonin, carboxy-terminal telepeptides of type II collagen (CTX II), transforming growth $factor-{\beta}$ ($TGF-{\beta}$), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), Insulin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum of rats were measured to evaluate the effects of fracture healing at 0, 2, 4, and 6th week. X-rays were taken every 3 week from 0 to 6th week to evaluate fracture healing effect. Results 1. No cytotoxicity was observed. 2. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were increased in a concentration dependent manner, indicating anti-oxidant effect. 3. NO, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ were not significantly changed, indicating no anti-inflammatory effect. 4. Osteocalcin, Calcitonin, $TGF-{\beta}$ and ALP were significantly increased in the experimental groups. 5. CTX II, insulin were significantly decreased in the expermental groups. 6. Radiologic examination showed that union of fracture was promoted. Conclusions From above results, JGS showed significant results in factors related with fracture healing and radiologic examination. Threfore, JGS is expected to be effective in the treatment of fracture.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.314-330
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• 2010

Objective : This study was performed to investigate the anti-fibrogenic effect and changes of inflammation-related genes by YBR I and YBR II (YBR I: Arteisiae Capillaris Herba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Hoelen/ YBR II: YBR I +Sanguisorbae Radix, Biotae Cacumen, Cirsii Japonici Herba) on HSC(hepatic stellate cells)-T6 and TAA-induced rat liver tissue. Materials and Methods : HSC-T6 were treated with various concentrations of distilled-water extract YBR I and YBR II extract for 24, 48 and 72 hours. After the treatment, cell viability, proliferation, procollagen levels and IL-6 levels were measured by using MTT Assay, BrdU Assay, Procollagen Type 1 C-peptide EIA kit, and Murine IL-6 ELISA Development kit. Rat liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal TAA injection of 150mg/kg 3 times a week for 6 weeks. After the treatment, body weight, liver & spleen weights, liver function test, complete blood cell count and change of portal pressure were studied. In addition, gene expressions of ASMA, IL-6, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, all of which are known to be associated with liver fibrosis, were analyzed by using Real-Time PCR. After YBR I and YBR IItreatment, percentages of collagen in TAA-induced rat liver tissue were measured. Results : The viability and proliferation of the HSC-T6 decreased as the concentration increased. The production of procollagen decreased as the concentration increased. The production of IL-6 was little influenced by YBR I and YBR II. There was no difference in rat body weight between the TAA-only group and the YBR groups. Compared with rat liver weight of TAA-only group, that of the YBR groups increased. In the YBR I group, the serum level of AST elevated by TAA injection significantly decreased and in the YBR I and II group, the serum level of ALP and ALT elevated by TAA injection decreased. In the YBR I group, white blood cell count elevated by TAA injection decreased but platelets increased. In the YBR I group, the portal pressure elevated by TAA injection significantly decreased. Decreases in the gene expression of ASMA and MMP-2 were observed in the YBR I group. The gene expression of IL-6 was little influenced by YBR I and YBR II -treated groups. In the histological finding, TAA injections caused severe fibrosis, but YBR I and YBR II treatment significantly reduced the amounts of hepatic collagens. Conclusions : These results suggest that YBR I and II have inhibitory effects on the hepatic fibrogenesis.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.163-172
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• 2004

Mast cells (MCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. However, the role of MC in the development of liver fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. Stem cell factor (SCF) is known to recruit MCs to the liver following injury as it induces mast cell proliferation, survival and differentiation from resident tissue precursors. This study examines the interaction between activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and MCs in rat fibrotic liver, and SCF production by HSCs during culture in vitro. Rats were studied 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after bile duct ligation (BDL). Fibrogenesis was assessed by a measurement of collagen stained with sirius red F3B. Activated HSCs and MCs were identified by ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin (${\alpha}-SMA$) immunohistochemical and alcian blue staining and measured by a computerized image analysis system. SCF production was determined in rat HSC cultures using Western blotting. Mild fibrotic changes were noted in BDL rat livers as early as 4 days after induction of cholestasis. Significant expansion and organization of fibrous tissue has occurred in day 14 BDL rats which progressed to bridging fibrosis by day 21. In BDL rats, both a large number of activated HSCs and MCs were detected in portal tracts and fibrous septa. Both area of activated HSCs infiltration and density of MCs were significantly higher in all BDL group compared with Shams. In BDL rats, both areas of activated HSCs infiltration and density of MCs were no significant difference between day 4 and 7 and were significantly higher in day 14. However, the areas of activated HSCs infiltration were significantly lesser in day 21 and the densities of MCs were significantly higher in day 21 compared with day14 BDL. In BDL rats, both areas of activated HSCs infiltration and density of MCs were highly correlated with areas of fibrosis. Western blotting showed that SCF protein was consistently produced in activated HSCs by culture on plastic and freshly isolated HSCs expressed relatively little 30kD SCF compared to late primary culture activated HSCs (day 14) and passaged HSCs. These results suggest that HSCs activated in vitro produce SCF, and may play an important role in recruiting mast cells to the liver during injury and fibrosis.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 제1형 프로콜라겐 분비량 측정을 통해 피부 주름개선 효과가 있는 천연물을 검색하던 중, 연꽃잎추출물(Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract, NLE)이 가장 우수한 효능을 나타냄을 확인하였다. 고압액체크로마토그래피로 NLE를 분석한 결과 isoquercitrin이 함유되어 있었으며, isoquercitrin도 normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF)에서 제1형 프로콜라겐의 분비를 촉진한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 NLE와 isoquercitrin은 자유 라디컬 소거 활성을 가지고 있었으며, 특히 isoquercitrin은 인간 피부유래 세포주인 HaCaT 및 NHDF에서 활성산소종의 생성을 억제하고 총항산화능을 증가시켰다. 최종적으로 본 연구팀은 isoquercitrin의 함유량을 높이기 위해 정제한 NLE를 1.7% 함유한 크림(isoquercitrin 51 ppm 함유)을 제조하여 눈가의 주름개선 효과를 평가하였다. 30 ~ 65세의 한국인 여성 22명을 대상으로 얼굴의 한쪽 면엔 NLE 함유 크림을, 그리고 다른 한쪽 면엔 대조제품을 매일 2회씩, 8주간 연속 사용하도록 하였다. 그 결과 NLE 함유크림을 사용하였을 때 피부자극이 발견되지 않았으며, 대조제품과 비교하여 통계적 유의성 있게 눈가의 주름을 감소시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구결과는 NLE 및 isoquercitrin이 우수한 콜라겐 생성 촉진 및 항산화 효능을 가지며, isoquercitrin 함유 NLE는 안전한 천연 주름개선 화장품 소재로 적용 가능하다는 것을 시사한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1192-1199
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• 2019

본 연구는 화장품 소재로서 우절 에탄올추출물의 가능성을 확인하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 우리는 연근의 마디부분을 70%에탄올로 추출하여 사용하였으며 미백효능 및 주름개선 효과에 대한 생물학적 활성 평가를 수행하였다. 시료의 미백활성을 알아보기 위해 멜라닌세포(B16F10 cells)의 MTT assay를 이용한 샘플의 독성평가와 멜라닌 생성에 영향을 주는 관련 단백질의 발현량을 확인하였다. 시료의 주름활성억제 평가를 위해 collagenase inhibition assay를 수행하였다. 또한 UVB로 유도된 섬유아세포(CCD-986sk cells)의 MTT assay를 이용한 샘플의 독성평가와 matrix metalloprotease (MMP-1) inhibition 및 procollagen synthesis를 평가하였다. 미백활성 평가를 알아보기 위한 western bolt 결과, 멜라닌 생성과 관련된 두 단백질 Tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1, Tyrosinase related protein-2 TRP-2)의 합성이 농도의존적으로 감소됨을 나타내었다. 게다가 우절 에탄올추출물의 collagenase inhibiion 실험의 결과, $500{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 대조군인 EGCG와 효능이 비슷한 80% 이상의 효과를 나타내었다. Procollagen synthesis 결과 UVB 자극군에 의해 콜라겐 합성은 68.8%로 감소되었으며 시료의 $25{\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서 80.2%의 콜라겐 합성에 회복능을 보였다. MMP-1 inhibition 실험결과는 $25{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 20.2%의 저해능을 나타내었다. 실험 결과는 NRN의 미백 및 주름 억제 효과를 검증하고, 향후 안전한 천연 화장품 재료로 사용될 수 있음을 확인했다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2021

피부 염증은 흉터, 노화 뿐만 아니라 아토피와 같은 질환으로 발전할 수 있어 이를 조절하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 최근 인체에서 염증을 조절하는 것으로 알려진 specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs)의 in vitro 합성과 화장품 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 대두의 lipoxygenase를 이용하여 mono 또는 di-hydroxy docosahexaenoic acid가 혼합된 시료 S-SPMs를 제작하였고 효능 평가에 이용하였다. 먼저, UVB로 염증을 유도한 세포에서 TNF-α와 IL-6의 발현이 S-SPMs에 의해 감소하고, 미세먼지에 의해 유도된 nitric oxide (NO)의 생성 역시 감소하는 것을 확인하여 S-SPMs의 항염 효능을 확인하였다. 또한, S-SPMs을 처리한 조건에서 malondialdehyde (MDA) 생성이 감소하여 지질 과산화 억제능이 있음을 확인하였고 S-SPMs에 의한 matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)의 발현 감소, procollagen type I의 함량 증가를 통해 collagen 분해를 억제하고 반대로 합성은 촉진함을 확인하였다. 끝으로 filaggrin과 loricrin의 발현이 S-SPMs에 의해 증가한 것을 확인하여 피부 장벽 강화 효능을 확인하였다. 위 결과를 토대로 S-SPMs은 피부의 염증 억제와 함께 손상회복, 주름개선 및 장벽 강화를 위한 소재로 활용 가능함을 확인하였다.