• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.417-426
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• 2010

In this study, ten different bio-adsorbents were prepared by immobilization of vegetable tannins such as mimosa(Catechol Tannin) and chestnut(Pyrogallol Tannin) on the collagen matrix which was derived from during leather manufacturing processing. Removal efficiency of Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), Cr(III) by each bio-adsorbent in synthetic wastewater was evaluated by a laboratory-scale batch reactor at different reaction conditions. When mimosa was used as a vegetable tannin, the penetration efficiency of mimosa into the inner bundle of fiber depended on the dose of the naphthalene condensated penetrant; 3% ${\geq}$ 1.5% > 0%. For all bio-adsorbents, removal of heavy metal ions was not observed below pH 3.0 but was rapidly increased between pH 3.0 and 6.0, showing near complete removal of all heavy metal ions except Zn(II) above pH 6.0. Removal of Cr(III) was quite similar for all bio-adsorbents while removal of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) was higher by bio-adsorbents immobilized with chestnut than that by mimosa. Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) by S10 bio-adsorbent was little affected by the presence of monovalent and divalent electrolytes as well as variation of 1000 times ionic concentration with $NaNO_3$.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.40-43
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• 1999

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) reconstruction using four-strand hamstring tendon with looping around transfixing screw in femoral tunnel requires osteointegration between the grafted tendon and bone for stability of the knee. Authors have experienced a histologic finding of osteointegration between the grafted autogenous hamstring tendon and bone in femoral tunnel after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. A patient received arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with autogenous four strand hamstring tendon for the ACL injury. Traumatic re-rupture of mid-substance of ACL graft was developed at thirteenth week after operation. During the procedures of arthroscopic revision at fifteenth week after initial ACL reconstruction, biopsy was performed at the site of interface between grafted tendon and bone in femoral tunnel. Integration between the grafted tendon and bone was evident by demonstrating the continuity of collagen fiber between bond and tendon. This histologic finding and the low incidence of early graft failure suggest that free tendon autograft attached to bone by looping around a transfixing screw in femoral tunnel undergoes adequate osteointegration between 12 and 15 weeks after surgery and authors thought that insertion of bone chip into the femoral tunnel would accelerate osteointegration procedure.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.307-312
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• 2004

With the development of cardiac surgical technique, we need more prosthetic materials for repairing the intra- and extracardiac defects. Although bovine pericardial bioprosthesis treated with glutaraldehyde (GA) solution is one of the most popular materials, it has a drawback of later calcific degeneration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of several materials and methods in reducing the calcific degeneration of bovine pericardium. Material and Method: Forty square-shaped pieces of bovine pericardia were fixed in 0.625% GA solution with 4 g/L MgCl$_2$ㆍ6$H_2O$ as a control group (group 1). Other 40 pieces pre-treated with 1 % SDS(group 2) and 40 pieces post-treated with 8% glutamate (group 3) and 2% chitosan (group 4) were also fixed in the same GA solution. Other 40 pieces pre-treated with 1% SDS and post-treated with 8% glutamate and 40 pieces post-treated with 2% chitosan were also fixed in the same GA solution (group 5, 6). The pericardial pieces were implanted into the belly of 40 Fisher 344 rats subdermally and were extracted 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months after the implantation. With an atomic absorption spectrophotometry, we measured the calcium amount deposited and examined the tissue with microscope. Result: The calcium deposition in 1 month was less in group 2, 5, 6 than that in group 1 (p＜0.05). It was most prominent in group 5 (p＜0.01). This finding continued in 2 month. In 3 month, the calcium deposition was less in group 3 and 4 as well as group 2, 5, and 6 than in group 1. In 6 month, the calcium deposition in group 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 was less than that in group 1 and the difference was more than that of 1, 2, and 6 month. The microscopic calcium deposition was also less in group 2 and 5. Calcium deposition developed in the whole layer of pericardium, beginning with the surrounding the collagen fiber and progressing inwardly. Conclusion: Pre-treatment with SDS, post-treatment with glutamate or chitosan, and SDS pre-treatment and post-treatment with glutamate or chitosan were effective in reducing the calcium deposition in bovine pericardium. Moreover, the combined method of SDS pre-treatment and glutamate post-treatment was more effective than other methods.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.261-281
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• 1993

The author transplanted periodontally-diseased teeth which had been treated with citric acid into a clinically healthy extraction sockets and periodontally-affected extraction sockets, and compared with the healing processes within these tissues. Recipient sites were prepared by surgically removing a part of alveolar bone of premolars of adults dogs, placing elastic orthodontic ligatures for 8weeks, thereby inducing periodontal disease. The diseased roots were extracted and transplanted into healthy extraction sockets, and these were designated as control group 1. Diseased roots transplanted into diseased sockets were designated as control group 2. Diseased roots which had been root planed, treated with citric acid and transplanted into healthy sockets were designated as experimental group 1, while identically treated roots which had been transplanted into diseased sockets were designated as experimental group 2. Observations were made at weeks 2, 8 and 12, with following results. 1. At week 2, experimental group 2 showed some inflammatory cell infiltration in the connective tissue above the extraction sockets, while control groups showed less inflammatory or foreign body reactions throughout the experiment. 2. In both control groups, root surface resorption was observed throughout the experiment, while experimental groups showed a little resorption. 3. Control group 1 & 2 showed ankylosis by newly-formed bone ground the resorbed root surfaces, while experimental group 1 & 2 displayed collagen fibers which are not functionally-arranged, with random, loose arrangement or parallel orientation to root surfaces, and newly-formed bone outside of them. 4. In both control groups & experimental groups which had been transplanted into a clinically healthy extraction sockets & periodontally affected extraction sockets groups, histological differences were not significant. 5. Root resorption or ankylosis in control group 1 & 2 had increased quantitatively as experiment progressed. 6. New bone formation developed from the base and lateral wall of extraction sockets. In both control groups & experimental groups, root surfaces lying next to the upper portion of extraction sockets showed little alveolar bone formation and surrounded by connective tissue fiber at weeks 2 & 8, while at weeks 12, they did show alveolar bone formation. 7. At week 12, experimental group 2 showed numerous cells which appeared to be periodontal ligament cells, with functionally arranged connective tissue fibers between the roots and alveolar bone.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2006

High-density micromass culture was needed to take three dimensions culture with ASCs(adipose derived stromal cells) and chondrogenesis. However, the synthetic polymer has hydrophobic character and low affinity to cells and other biomolecules. Therefore, the surface modification without changes of physical and chemical properties is necessary for more suitable condition to cells and biomolecules. This study was performed to investigate the effect of surface modification of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) scaffold by plasma treatment (P(+)) on the adhesion, proliferation and chondrogenesis of ASCs, and not plasma treatment (P(-)). ASCs were isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained by lipectomy and liposuction. At 1 hour 30 minutes and 3days after cell seeding onto the P(-) group and the P(+) group, total DNA amount of attached and proliferated ASCs markedly increased in the P(+) group (p < 0.05). The changes of the actin under confocal microscope were done for evaluation of cellular affinity, at 1 hour 30 minutes, the shape of the cells was spherical form in all group. At 3rd day, the shape of the cells was fiber network form and finely arranged in P(+) group rather than in P(-) group. RT-PCR analysis of cartilage-specific type II collagen and link protein were expressed in 1, 2 weeks of induction. Amount of Glycoaminoglycan (GAG) markedly increased in P(+) group(p < 0.05). In a week, extracellular matrix was not observed in the Alcian blue and Safranin O staining. However in 2 weeks, it was observed that sulfated proteoglycan increased in P(+) group rather than in P(-) group. In conclusion, we recognized that plasma treatment of PLGA scaffold could increase the hydrophilic property of cells, and provide suitable environment for high-density micromass culture to chondrogenesis

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find out biological responses of bivalves exposed to organotin compound.The results of the study confirmed that tribultyltin chloride (TBTCl) induce reduction of survival rate andburrowing activity, and histopathological feature in the foot structure of the equilateral venus, Gomphinaveneriformis. The experimental period was 36 weeks. The experimental groups consisted of a control and 3TBTCl exposure groups (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 ym TBTCl L'). The survival rate and burrowing activity were record-ed daily. For histological analysis, foot tissues were fixed in Bouin' s fluid and then stained H-E stain, AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction and Masson's trichrome stain after having serially sectioned the tissue by paraffinmethod at thickness of 4-6 ym. The survival rate was not significantly different between the control andexposure groups for 20 weeks, but in 0.8 Um TBTCl L', it was on the decreased ever since the exposure. Theburrowing activity was not significantly different in the exposure group compared to the control up to 12weeks, but in 0.6 and 0.8 ym TBTCl L', it measured the lowest level after 20 weeks. The foot is composedof the epidermal layer, connective tissue, and muscular layer. The epidermal layer is composed of simplecolumnar, cuboidal epithelia and mucous cells. The cilia were well developed on the apical surface ofepithelium, Circular, longitudinal and transverse muscle bundle were well developed in the muscular layer.The majority mucous cells showed blue color (542c) when it subjected to AB-PAS (PH 2.5) reaction. Nohistopathological alterations in the foot were observed up to 12 weeks. After 20 weeks of exposure to 0.8 (anTBTCl L'', the foot samples of exposed G. veneriformis showed disappearance of cilia and striated borderpartially and extension of hemolymph sinus. The mucous cell increased in the marginal of foot. At 28-weekof exposure to 0.4 ym TBTCl L', it observed weekly acid (564c), neutral (264c) and mixed mucous cell. At36-week of exposure to 0.6 ym TBTCl L', it showed fragmentation of the muscle and collagen fiber bundle,and also diappearance of cilia on epithelia and edema of epithelium in 0.8 ym TBTCl L''.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.823-837
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to study the histopathological correlation between the use of platelet-rich plasma and enamel matrix protein used in conjunction with xenograft. compared to a control group with regards to bone regeneration at the grade III furcation area in beagle dogs. Control group was treated with bovine derived bone $powder(Biocera^{(R)})$, and experimental I group was treated with bovine derived bone powder and Platelet-rich plasma and experimental II group was treated with bovine derived bone powder and Enamel matrix $protein(Emdogain^{(R)})$. The regeneration rate of bone formation was observed and compared histopathologically at 2. 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. The results were as follows: 1. In control group and both experimental groups. inflammatory cells were observed but, new bone formation wasn't. 2. In control group, new cementum on the notch was found in 4 weeks, less mature periodontal ligament when compared to that of experimental group was found and cementum formation was great but, regeneration couldn't be seen in 8 weeks. 3. Experimental I group. new bone formation in the area adjacent to alveolar bone and graft material surrounded by more dense connective tissue were found in 4 weeks. New bone formation up to crown portion was found and periodontal ligament was aligned functionally and cementum more mature. 4. Experimental II group, new bone formation was found under the defect area in 4 weeks and new bone formation around graft material in 8 weeks, too, and there were a number of fibroblasts, blood vessels, acellular cementum, which was less mature when compared to that of experimental I group, and dense collagen fiber like which normal periodontal ligament has in periodontal ligament of experimental II group in 8 weeks. 5. As a result of histologic finding, bone formation rate were 18.0${\pm}$7.87%(control group), 34. 05${pm}$7.25%(experimental I group), 19.33 ${pm}$5.15%(experimental II group) in 4 weeks and 21.89${pm}$1.58%(control group), 38.82${pm}$3.2(experimental I group), 37.65${pm}$9.22%(experimental II group) in 8 weeks. 6. Statistically significant ratio of bone formation was observed in experimental I group in 4 weeks and in experimental II group in 8 weeks. When experimental I group was compared to experimental II group, the ratio of bone formation in experimental I group was higher than that in experimental II group in 4 weeks(p<0.05). This results suggest that platelet-rich plasma showed more new bone formation than enamel matrix protein within 4 weeks. And use of enamel matrix protein in the treatment of periodontal bone defects starts to enhance regeneration after 8 weeks in beagle dogs.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.455-463
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• 2018

Skin elasticity has been known to be influenced by the change of dermal components such as collagen, elastic fiber, and glycosaminoglycans. However, it is unclear whether the uppermost epidermis may affect the mechanical characteristics of elasticity. In present study we tried to find the role of stratum corneum when determining the elastic property under skin bioengineering measurement with $Cutometer^{(R)}$. A total of 10 healthy volunteers aged 25-40 years were investigated by the parameters reflecting the skin elasticity from face and volar forearm. Within various ranges of suction pressure, R0 (=Uf), R7 (=Ur/Uf) and R8 (=Ua) were obtained to explore the depth-associated elasticity. In addition, these parameters were re-measured after the skin was fully hydrated. As results, we found that the measurement of depth-associated elasticity was possible as using various suction pressure. And the R7 parameter was significantly lower from face than those from forearm in before hydration (p < 0.05). Also, we found that the hydration of stratum corneum could affect skin elasticity. Especially, the R7 parameter at 300 mbar suction pressure of face skin showed significantly increased values than that of before hydration (p < 0.05). Interestingly, measured data from the face before and after hydration manifested relatively higher variation than from the forearm. These results suggest that it is possible to evaluate the skin elasticity considering the changes of stratum corneum and epidermis by using various suction pressure and skin hydration.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2018

This study aimed to analyze the contents of rutin, procyanidin B3, quercetin, and kaempferol, known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic effects, among the polyphenol types contained in grape pruning stem extracts (GPSE). It utilized grape stems discarded after harvest to measure the effects of GPSE on skin moisture, inhibition of skin cell proliferation, and anti-inflammatory activity on the damaged skin of HR-1 mice induced with ultraviolet B (UVB), and to verify the applicability of GPSE as a material for functional food and functional cosmetics. The polyphenol was extracted from grape pruning stems with 80% EtOH, and then the extract was used while storing at $-20^{\circ}C$, after filtering, concentrating, and freeze-drying it. The content of an active ingredient of GPSE was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). From 53 kg of the grape pruning stem specimen, 2.34 kg of the EtOH fraction extracts were extracted to achieve a 4.42% yield ratio. Analysis of the active ingredients showed 0.28 mg/g of procyanidin B3, 12.81 mg/g of rutin, 0.51 mg/g of quercetin, and 8.24 mg/g of kaempferol. After UVB irradiation on the dermis, to confirm the degree of inhibition of collagen synthesis, we examined the protein expression of MMP-9 using immunohistochemical staining. The results of this study confirm the existence of active polyphenol types, such as rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, and procyanidin B3, in GPSE. Moreover, the study found that GPSE has anti-collagenase effects and it decreases the effects of UV damage on skin barrier function. GPSE is a functional ingredient with a potential for skin protection effects, and it has high utilization potential as an ingredient for functional cosmetics.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.531-548
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical, histologic findings of distracted regenerate and TMJ response in modified distraction osteogenesis (DO) technique combined with compression force as biomechanical stimulation method which has been suggested in 2002, and developed thereafter by authors. This study was performed with two experiments. First experiment was designed to explore the optimal ratio of compression force versus distraction force for the new DO technique. Second experiment was planned to evaluate the reaction of TMJ tissue, especially condyle, disc after application of the DO technique with compression force. Total 52 New Zealand adult male-rabbits with 3.0kg body weight were used for the study. For the first study, 30 adult male-rabbits underwent osteotomy at one side of mandibular body and a external distraction device was applied on each rabbit with same manner. In the control group of 10 rabbits, final 8 mm of distraction with 1 mm rate per day was done with conventional DO technique after 5 latency days. For the experimental group of 20 rabbits, a compression force with 1 mm rate per day was added to the distracted mandible on 3-latency day after over-distraction (over-lengthening). As the amount of the rate of compression versus distraction, experimental subgroup I (10 rabbits) was set up as 2 mm compression versus 10 mm distraction (1/5) and experimental subgroup II (10 rabbits) was set up as 3 mm compression versus 11 mm distraction (about 1/3). All 30 rabbits were set up to obtain final 8 mm distraction and sacrificed on postoperative 55 day to analysis on biomechanical, and histologic findings of the bone regenerates. For second study, 22 adult male-rabbits were used to evaluate TMJ response after the DO method application with compression force. In the control group, 10 rabbits was used to be performed with conventional DO method, on the other hand, in a experimental group of 10 rabbits, 10 mm distraction with 2 mm compression (1/5 ratio) was done. The remaining 2 rabbits served as the normal control group. Histomorphologic examinations on both condyle, histological studies on condyle, disc were done at 1, 2, 3, 4, 7 weeks after distraction force application. The results were as follows: 1. On the bone density findings, the experimental group II (force ratio - 1/3) showed higher bone density than the other experimental group (force ratio - 1/5) and control group (control group - $0,2906\;g/cm^2$, experimental group I - $0.2961\;g/cm^2$, experimental group II - $0.3328\;g/cm^2$). 2. In the histologic findings, more rapid bone maturation like as wide lamellar bone site, more trabeculae formation was observed in two experimental groups compared to the conventional DO control group. 3. In morphologic findings of condyle, there were no differences of size and architecture in the condyle in the control and experimental groups. 4. In histologic findings of condyles, there were thicker fiberous and proliferative layers in experimental group than those of control group until 2 weeks after distraction with compression force. But, no differences were seen between two groups on 3, 4, 7 weeks after compression. 5. In histologic findings of disc, more collagen contents in extracellular matrix, more regular fiber bundles, and less elastin fibers were seen in experimental group than control group until 2 weeks after distraction with compression. But, no differences were seen between two groups on 3, 4, 7 weeks after distraction with compression. From this study, we could identify that the new distraction osteogenesis technique with compression stimulation might improve the quality of bone regeneration. The no remarkable differences on TMJ response between control and experimental groups were seen and TMJ tissues were recovered similarly to normal TMJ condition after 3 weeks.