• Title/Summary/Keyword: Cold period

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Quantification of Temperature Effects on Flowering Date Determination in Niitaka Pear (신고 배의 개화기 결정에 미치는 온도영향의 정량화)

  • Kim, Soo-Ock;Kim, Jin-Hee;Chung, U-Ran;Kim, Seung-Heui;Park, Gun-Hwan;Yun, Jin-I.
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.61-71
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    • 2009
  • Most deciduous trees in temperate zone are dormant during the winter to overcome cold and dry environment. Dormancy of deciduous fruit trees is usually separated into a period of rest by physiological conditions and a period of quiescence by unfavorable environmental conditions. Inconsistent and fewer budburst in pear orchards has been reported recently in South Korea and Japan and the insufficient chilling due to warmer winters is suspected to play a role. An accurate prediction of the flowering time under the climate change scenarios may be critical to the planning of adaptation strategy for the pear industry in the future. However, existing methods for the prediction of budburst depend on the spring temperature, neglecting potential effects of warmer winters on the rest release and subsequent budburst. We adapted a dormancy clock model which uses daily temperature data to calculate the thermal time for simulating winter phenology of deciduous trees and tested the feasibility of this model in predicting budburst and flowering of Niitaka pear, one of the favorite cultivars in Korea. In order to derive the model parameter values suitable for Niitaka, the mean time for the rest release was estimated by observing budburst of field collected twigs in a controlled environment. The thermal time (in chill-days) was calculated and accumulated by a predefined temperature range from fall harvest until the chilling requirement (maximum accumulated chill-days in a negative number) is met. The chilling requirement is then offset by anti-chill days (in positive numbers) until the accumulated chill-days become null, which is assumed to be the budburst date. Calculations were repeated with arbitrary threshold temperatures from $4^{\circ}C$ to $10^{\circ}C$ (at an interval of 0.1), and a set of threshold temperature and chilling requirement was selected when the estimated budburst date coincides with the field observation. A heating requirement (in accumulation of anti-chill days since budburst) for flowering was also determined from an experiment based on historical observations. The dormancy clock model optimized with the selected parameter values was used to predict flowering of Niitaka pear grown in Suwon for the recent 9 years. The predicted dates for full bloom were within the range of the observed dates with 1.9 days of root mean square error.

A Case of the Shoulder-Hand Syndrome Caused by a Crush Injury of the Shoulder (견관절부 외상후 발생된 Shoulder-Hand Syndrome)

  • Jeon, Jae-Soo;Lee, Sung-Keun;Song, Hoo-Bin;Kim, Sun-Jong;Park, Wook;Kim, Sung-Yell
    • The Korean Journal of Pain
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.155-166
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    • 1989
  • Bonica defined, that reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) may develop pain, vasomotor abnoramalities, delayed functional recovery, and dystrophic changes on an affected area without major neurologic injury following trauma, surgery or one of several diseased states. This 45 year old male patient had been crushed on his left shoulder by a heavily laden rear car, during his job street cleaning about 10 years ago (1978). At first the pain was localizea only to the site of injury, but with time, it spreaded from the shoulder to the elbow and hand, with swelling. X-ray studies in the local clinic, showed no bone abnormalities of the affected site. During about 10 years following the injury, the had recieved several types of treatments such as nonsteroidal analgesics, steroid injections into the glenoidal cavity (10 times), physical therapy, some oriental herb medicines, and acupuncture over a period of 1~3 months annually. His shoulder pain and it's joint dysfunction persisted with recurrent paroxysmal aggrevation because of being mismanaged or neglected for a sufficiently long period these fore permiting progression of the sympathetic imbalance. On July 14 1988 when he visited our clinic. He complained of burning, aching and had a hyperpathic response or hyperesthesia in touch from the shoulder girdle to the elbow and the hand. Also the skin of the affected area was pale, cold, and there was much sweating of the axilla and palm, but no edema. The shoulder girdle was unable to move due to joint pain with marked weakness. We confirmed skin temperatures $5^{\circ}C$ lower than those of the unaffected axilla, elbow and palm of his hand, and his nails were slightly ridged with lateral arching and some were brittle. On X-ray findings of both the shoulder AP & lateral view, the left humerus and joint area showed diffuse post-traumatic osteoporosis and fibrous ankylozing with an osteoarthritis-like appearance. For evaluating the RSD and it's relief of pain, the left cervical sympathetic ganglion was blocked by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 5 ml with normal saline 5 ml (=SGB). After 15 minutes following the SGB, the clinical efficacy of the block by the patients subjective score of pain intensity (=PSSPI), showed a 50% reduction of his shoulder and arm pain, which was burning in quality, and a hyperpathic response against palpation by the examiner. The skin temperatures of the axilla and palm rose to $4{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ more than those before the SGB. He felt that his left face and upper extremity became warmer than before the SGB, and that he had reduced sweating on his axilla and his palm. Horner's sign was also observed on his face and eyes. But his deep shoulder joint pain was not improved. For the control of the remaining shoulder joint pain, after 45 minutes following the SGB, a somatic sensory block was performed by injecting 0.5% bupivacaine 6 ml mixed with salmon calcitonin, $Tridol^{(R)}$, $Polydyn^{(R)}$ and triamcinolone into the fossa of the acromioclavicular joint region. The clinical effect of the somatic block showed an 80% releif of the deep joint pain by the PSSPI of the joint motion. Both blocks, as the above mentioned, were repeated a total of 28 times respectively, during 6 months, except the steroid was used just 3 times from the start. For maintaining the relieved pain level whilst using both blocks, we prescribed a low dose of clonazepam, prazocin, $Etravil^{(R)}$, codeine, etodolac micronized and antacids over 6 months. The result of the treatments were as follows; 1) The burning, aching and hyperpathic condition which accompanied with vaosmotor and pseudomotor dysfunction, disappeared gradually to almost nothing, within 3 weeks from the starting of the blocks every other day. 2) The joint disability of the affected area was improved little by little within 6 months. 3) The post-traumatic osteoporosis, fibrous ankylosis and marginal sclerosis with a narrowed joint, showed not much improvement on the X-ray findings (on April 25, 1989) 10 months later in the follow-up. 4) Now he has returned to his job as a street cleaner.

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Effect of Hot-Air Dried Tomato Powder on the Quality Properties of Pork Patties during Cold Storage (열풍 건조 토마토 분말 첨가가 돈육 패티의 냉장저장 중 품질특성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Il-Suk;Jin, Sang-Keun;Nam, Sang-Hae;Nam, Young-Wook;Yang, Mi-Ra;Min, Hoon-Sik;Kim, Dong-Hoon
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.2
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    • pp.255-264
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    • 2008
  • The effects of hot air dried tomato powder on the physicochemical and sensory properties of meat patties were studied. The control(C, no addition) and 4 treatments with addition of hot air dried tomato powder(T1, 0.25; T2, 0.50; T3, 0.75; and T4, 1.00%) were prepared and stored for 7 days at 5℃. The pH values of T4 were significantly lower(p<0.05) than those of control and other treatments during initial storage, however, the pH values of T4 were higher(p<0.05) at 7 days of storage. The cooking loss was not significantly different between control and all treatments. The 2-thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) of meat patties containing hot air dried tomato powder were significantly lower(p<0.05) compared to those for control during the whole storage. The volatile basic nitrogen(VBN) values of T2 increased(p<0.05) significantly as the storage period increased, but there was no difference in VBN between control and the other treatments(T1, T3, T4). In meat color, L*, a* and b* of meat patties containing hot air dried tomato powder showed slightly higher (p>0.05) than that of control. a* and b* of T4 were the highest(p<0.05) among the all products. Total plate counts(TPC) increased(p<0.05) significantly as the storage period increased. The result of TPC showed the range of 5.48(T2)~6.98(C) log CFU/g at the 7 day of storage. Sensory panels evaluated that pork patties containing hot air dried tomato powder had the slightly higher score in overall acceptability.

Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Properties of Food Additive-Free Grilled Fork Products during Cold Storage (식품 첨가제 미함유 그릴 돈육햄의 냉장저장 중 물리화학, 미생물학 및 관능적 품질 특성)

  • Kim, Il-Suk;Jin, Sang-Keun;Park, Ki-Hoon;Jung, Gi-Jong;Kim, Dong-Hun;Yang, Mi-Ra;Hah, Kyung-Hee;Lee, M.
    • Food Science of Animal Resources
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.269-275
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    • 2006
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of food additive-free grilled pork products manufactured using loin (T1), tender loin (T2) and ham (T3). The samples were heated for 30 min at $60^{\circ}C$, and then 50 min for $150^{\circ}C$. After cooling, vacuum packaged grilled pork samples was stored at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 40 days. The pH values of grilled pork samples ranged from 5.92 (T1) to 6.10 (T3) at the initial storage time, and from 6.28 (T1) to 6.60 (T3) after 40 days. The water holding capacities(%) was $85.99{\sim}93.24%$ for T1, $95.26{\sim}93.89%$ for T2 and $89.11{\sim}94.67%$ for T3, all of which were slightly higher than those of other pork products. The shear force values of T2 were significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of the other pork products throughout the storage period. The TBARS and VBN values of T2 were significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of T1 and T3. With regard to microorganisms, all grilled pork samples was in good condition, showing $1.93{\sim}3.48\;log_{10}$ CFU/g via total plate counts, and $1.74{\sim}3.48\;log_{10}$ CFU/g far lactic acid bacteria throughout the storage period. Regarding sensory evaluation, the scores of overall acceptability in all products were above 5.0 points through 40 days of storage.

Drugs Most Frequently Used in OPD of Yeungnam University Hospital: March to August, 1985 (영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 외래환자에 대한 약물처방 동향의 분석)

  • Lee, Kwang-Youn;Kim, Won-Joon;Kim, Sung-Hoon
    • Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.95-102
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    • 1985
  • This report offers descriptive data about the drugs utilized in out patient department (OPD) of Yeungnam University Hospital (YUH) in the period of march to august in 1985. The data in this report were produced by the computerized totalization of the number of mentions of individual drugs included in the prescriptions. The 100 drug entries that were most frequently recorded are listed in rank order. The listing is arbiturarily restricted to the drugs that were prescribed as single preparations, the drugs of basis of compound preparations and the drugs of adjuvent or corrective of compound preparations that have significant therapeutic effects either by generic names. And in addition, the listing also involves the compound preparations used in relatively large frequency, and the individual components of which have the unique pharmacological actions each other by proprietary names. And all routes of administrations were allowed. The 10 drugs most frequently named are diazepam, aluminum compounds, acetaminophen, isoniazid, metoclopramide, $polaramine^{(R)}$, carboxymethylcystem, ephedrine, codeine and caroverine in order. The 521,855 drug mentions listed as above are described by the chief therapeutic usage that each is intended to apply generally. The drugs which account the largest proportion of total mentions were those acting on the central nervous system (20.57%), including tranquilhzers and sedative hypnotics (11.71%), analgesic antipyretics (5.55%), antidepressants (2.15%) etc. Gastrointestinal drugs and smooth muscle preparations (18.64%) included antacids and anti-ulcer drugs (9.24%), antiemetics (3.57%), spasmolytics (3.14%) and others. Respiratory drugs (16.11%) included expectorants and cough preparations (10.99%) and bronchodilators (5.12%). Chemotherapeutic agents (15.12%) included the antiTbc drugs (7.09%) most frequently, and the penicillins (3.33%) accounted the largest proportion among the antibiotics. Cardiovascular drugs (5.64%) included cardiac drugs and coronary vasodilator (4.12%) and antihypertensives and vasodilators (1.06%). And anti-inflammatory drugs (4.33%), vitamins of single preparations (3.76%), hormones and their antagonists (3.29%), common cold preparations (3.12%), diuretics (2.81%), drugs supporting liver function (2.02%), drugs affecting autonomic nervous system(1.89%) including anti-glaucomas, atropine and cerebral vasodilators, antihistamine drugs (1.02%) and disinfectants (0.74%) were following in order. The data in this report were compared to those reported by H. Koch, et al. in United States (US), 1981 as "Drugs Most Frequently Used in Office Practice:National Ambulatory Medical Case Survey, 1981." Cardiovascular drugs prescribed in YUH were much less in proportion than in US (10.56%), but gastrointestinal drugs accounted the larger proportion than in US (3.72%). Expectorants and cough preparations in YUH also accounted the larger proportion than in US (2.74%). In conclusion, in the period of march to august, 1985, OPD of YUH prescribed the CNS drugs including diazepam most frequently, and gastrointestinal, repiratory and chemotherapeutic drugs in next orders. It is supposed that the eating habits of Koreans and a unique atmospheric condition in Taegu as a basin were some important factors that affected the proportions of drugs acting on gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

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The effect of environmental condition to the mycelial browning of Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Sing. during sawdust bag cultivation (환경조건이 표고톱밥배지의 갈변에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Young-Ho;Jhune, Chang-Sung;Park, Soo-Chul;You, Chang-Hyun;Sung, Jae-Mo;Kong, Won-Sik
    • Journal of Mushroom
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.115-121
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    • 2009
  • Recently sawdust cultivation of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes ) is getting increased because log cultivation is getting difficult to get oak logs. It is important to make mycelia browning on the substrate surface in sawdust cultivation. This browned surface plays an important role like as artificial bark of the oak log, which protects the other pests and suppresses water evaporation in the substrate. The period for mycelia browning is so long that the sawdust cultivation of Shiitake mushroom can not spread well into the mushroom farms. In this article we would like to discuss about the effect of environmental condition to the mycelial browning during sawdust bag cultivation for the To reduce the period required for browning of substrates, sawdust substrates was illuminated light with difference intensity. One hundred Lux light illumination was needed for producing normal yield of fruit body but fruit body yield was low and abnormally shaped fruit body was produced when cultured under the dark condition of incubation. Illumination over 200lux is necessary for the successful browning of substrates during incubation. Optimum incubation temperature for browning of substrates and fruiting was $25^{\circ}C$. The treatment of cotton plug with different size to identify the effect of aeration on the browning of substrates and fruiting showed rapid mycelial growth and reduced the periods for browning as the size of cotton plug was bigger. However, yield of fruit body was the highest at 16mm diameter cotton plug as compared to 20mm of that. $CO_2$ content in vessel of substrates was low as the size of cotton plug was bigger during incubation. $CO_2$ content during incubation of substrate was highest in periods between 8 week and 14 week after inoculation of shiitake when substrate was changed color into brown. $C_2H_4$ content in vessel with substrates was highest at 8mm diameter cotton plug and it was increased by order of 12, 16, 20, 0, 4 mm diameter cotton plug during substrate incubation. Sawdust substrate was soaked in cold water for different time to identify soaking effect of sawdust substrate on fruit body yield and activities of enzymes in these substrates were investigated. The fruit body yield was increased up to 40% by soaking substrates in comparison with unsoaked substrates. The soaked substrates showed 165, 175g/1,000ml at treatment of 4 and 15 hours, respectively. Cellulose activities in soaked substrates were not changed with soaking time, but activities of laccase, lignin degradation enzyme, were drastically increased up to 4 times in comparison with unsoaked substrates.

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Changes in Physio-Chemical Properties of Deer Meat Cold Storage at 4°C and -2°C (냉장저장중 사슴고기의 이화화적 성질의 변화)

  • Shin Teak-soon;Kang Han-seok;Kim Seon-ku;Lee Kil-wang
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.15 no.4 s.71
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    • pp.522-527
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    • 2005
  • A total of 5 female elk dEER $(220kg\pm10kg)$ were included in a study on the changes in physicochemical properties of deer meat during storage at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;-2^{\circ}C$. The deer was exposed to normal pre-slaughter handling and put under anesthesia before slaughtered. The loin and leg cuts were deboned from the carcass after 24hrs slaughter. The samples weighing approximately 300g were packaged using wrap packaging and stored for 3, 7, 11 and 15 days at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;-2^{\circ}C$. Water-holding capacity was decreased with increasing storage days at $4^{\circ}C\;or\;-2^{\circ}C$, respectively The deer meats kept at $-2^{\circ}C$ showed lower TBARS value than the meats kept at $4^{\circ}C$, and it was possible to extend the storage period of the meats. VBN values of the meats kept at $4^{\circ}C\;and\;-2^{\circ}C$ showed as edible values after storage for 15 days, although there were no significant differences among the storage temperature. pH values of loin and leg tended to be increased with the passage of storage time, and the values of the meats kept at $-2^{\circ}C$ was lower than that at $4^{\circ}C$. The change of meat softness was remarkable at $4^{\circ}C$, and the change at $-2^{\circ}C$ was slow. Therefore, it was effective to extend the storage period when the meats were kept at $-2^{\circ}C$. Color of the meats kept at $-2^{\circ}C$ was darker than that at $4^{\circ}C$, the index of red color was higher for the meats kept at $-2^{\circ}C$, and yellow color of meats kept at $-2^{\circ}C$ was more rapidly changed with the passage of storage time.

A Review of Recent Climate Trends and Causes over the Korean Peninsula (한반도 기후변화의 추세와 원인 고찰)

  • An, Soon-Il;Ha, Kyung-Ja;Seo, Kyong-Hwan;Yeh, Sang-Wook;Min, Seung-Ki;Ho, Chang-Hoi
    • Journal of Climate Change Research
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.237-251
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    • 2011
  • This study presents a review on the recent climate change over the Korean peninsula, which has experienced a significant change due to the human-induced global warming more strongly than other regions. The recent measurement of carbon dioxide concentrations over the Korean peninsula shows a faster rise than the global average, and the increasing trend in surface temperature over this region is much larger than the global mean trend. Recent observational studies reporting the weakened cold extremes and intensified warm extremes over the region support consistently the increase of mean temperature. Surface vegetation greenness in spring has also progressed relatively more quickly. Summer precipitation over the Korean peninsula has increased by about 15% since 1990 compared to the previous period. This was mainly due to an increase in August. On the other hand, a slight decrease in the precipitation (about 5%) during Changma period (rainy season of the East Asian summer monsoon), was observed. The heavy rainfall amounts exhibit an increasing trend particularly since the late 1970s, and a consecutive dry-day has also increased primarily over the southern area. This indicates that the duration of precipitation events has shortened, while their intensity became stronger. During the past decades, there have been more stronger typhoons affecting the Korean peninsula with landing more preferentially over the southeastern area. Meanwhile, the urbanization effect is likely to contribute to the rapid warming, explaining about 28% of total temperature increase during the past 55 years. The impact of El Nino on seasonal climate over the Korean peninsula has been well established - winter [summer] temperatures was generally higher [lower] than normal, and summer rainfall tends to increase during El-Nino years. It is suggested that more frequent occurrence of the 'central-Pacific El-Nino' during recent decades may have induced warmer summer and fall over the Korean peninsula. In short, detection and attribution studies provided fundamental information that needed to construct more reliable projections of future climate changes, and therefore more comprehensive researches are required for better understanding of past climate variations.

Variations of Temperature, Chemical Component and Helium Gas of Geothermal Water by Earthquake Events in Pohang Area (포항 지열수의 지진에 의한 수온, 화학성분 및 헬륨가스의 변화)

  • Lee, Yong Cheon;Jeong, Chan Ho;Lee, Yu Jin;Kim, Young-Seog;Kang, Tae-Seob
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.647-658
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    • 2021
  • In this study, the change of temperature, chemical composition, and helium gas of thermal water in Pohang area was observed from January 2018 to June 2019 in order to interpret the relationship with earthquake events. During observation period earthquakes above M 2.0 within 100 km in a radius from a geothermal well occurred 58 including two earthquake events with a magnitude of 3.0~3.9 and two earthquake events with a magnitude of 4.0~4.9. We introduce a q-factor and earthquake effectiveness (ε) to express the influence of each earthquake as magnitude and distance factors. The geothermal well of 715 m deep was developed in the Bulguksa biotite granite, and the water temperature was observed in the variation from 51.8 to 56.3℃ during monitoring period. At M 4.1 and M 4.6 earthquake events, the increase of geothermal water temperature (𝜟T 2.6~4.5℃) was recorded, and slight change in specific ionic components such as SO4 and Cl, and of chemical types on the Piper diagram were observed. In the 3He/4He vs 4He/20Ne diagram, the original mixing ratio of helium isotope before and after the magnitude 4.1 earthquake was slightly changed from 83.0% to 83.2% of crust-origin 4He, and the from 16.3% to 16.7% of mantle-origin 3He. Hot-cold water mixing ratio before and after earthquakes by using the quartz and chalcedony solubility curves of the silica-enthalpy mixing model was calculated to interpret the temperature change of geothermal water. The model calculation shows the increase of 6.93~7.72% and 1.65~4.94% of hot water ratio at E1 and E2 earthquakes, respectively. Conclusively, the magnitude of earthquake for observable change in the temperature and helium isotope of thermal water is of 4.1 or higher and q-factor value of 30.0 or higher in the study site.

Extension Method of Association Rules Using Social Network Analysis (사회연결망 분석을 활용한 연관규칙 확장기법)

  • Lee, Dongwon
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.23 no.4
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    • pp.111-126
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    • 2017
  • Recommender systems based on association rule mining significantly contribute to seller's sales by reducing consumers' time to search for products that they want. Recommendations based on the frequency of transactions such as orders can effectively screen out the products that are statistically marketable among multiple products. A product with a high possibility of sales, however, can be omitted from the recommendation if it records insufficient number of transactions at the beginning of the sale. Products missing from the associated recommendations may lose the chance of exposure to consumers, which leads to a decline in the number of transactions. In turn, diminished transactions may create a vicious circle of lost opportunity to be recommended. Thus, initial sales are likely to remain stagnant for a certain period of time. Products that are susceptible to fashion or seasonality, such as clothing, may be greatly affected. This study was aimed at expanding association rules to include into the list of recommendations those products whose initial trading frequency of transactions is low despite the possibility of high sales. The particular purpose is to predict the strength of the direct connection of two unconnected items through the properties of the paths located between them. An association between two items revealed in transactions can be interpreted as the interaction between them, which can be expressed as a link in a social network whose nodes are items. The first step calculates the centralities of the nodes in the middle of the paths that indirectly connect the two nodes without direct connection. The next step identifies the number of the paths and the shortest among them. These extracts are used as independent variables in the regression analysis to predict future connection strength between the nodes. The strength of the connection between the two nodes of the model, which is defined by the number of nodes between the two nodes, is measured after a certain period of time. The regression analysis results confirm that the number of paths between the two products, the distance of the shortest path, and the number of neighboring items connected to the products are significantly related to their potential strength. This study used actual order transaction data collected for three months from February to April in 2016 from an online commerce company. To reduce the complexity of analytics as the scale of the network grows, the analysis was performed only on miscellaneous goods. Two consecutively purchased items were chosen from each customer's transactions to obtain a pair of antecedent and consequent, which secures a link needed for constituting a social network. The direction of the link was determined in the order in which the goods were purchased. Except for the last ten days of the data collection period, the social network of associated items was built for the extraction of independent variables. The model predicts the number of links to be connected in the next ten days from the explanatory variables. Of the 5,711 previously unconnected links, 611 were newly connected for the last ten days. Through experiments, the proposed model demonstrated excellent predictions. Of the 571 links that the proposed model predicts, 269 were confirmed to have been connected. This is 4.4 times more than the average of 61, which can be found without any prediction model. This study is expected to be useful regarding industries whose new products launch quickly with short life cycles, since their exposure time is critical. Also, it can be used to detect diseases that are rarely found in the early stages of medical treatment because of the low incidence of outbreaks. Since the complexity of the social networking analysis is sensitive to the number of nodes and links that make up the network, this study was conducted in a particular category of miscellaneous goods. Future research should consider that this condition may limit the opportunity to detect unexpected associations between products belonging to different categories of classification.