• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.161-176
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• 1975

In order to evaluate the epizootiological influence of high-land on cattle feeding, routine hematological observation, with additional examinations of feces and general clinical condition, was conducted comparing the high-land cows resident at altitude of 800 to 1,200 meters in Daegwanryeong to the low-land cows resident at altitudes of less than 100 meters in Samcheok and Gangneung. The high-land cows were divided into 3 groups such as group A, B and C, consisting of 15, 16 and 20 adult cows respectively, and among the 3 groups only group C was exposed to abrupt high-land cold before observation. The low-land cows, that is group D, were consisted of 25 adult cows. The results obtained in the survey were summarized as follows: 1. Number of erythrocytes, concentration of hemoglobin and packed cell volume were remarkably higher (p<0.01) in all of 3 groups (group A, B and C) of high-land cows than trios of low-land cows (group D). These higher values in high-land cows were ascribable to the better feeding and hygienic management, and lesser infestation of small-type Piroplasma (Theileria) and internal parasites in contrast with the low-land cows. 2. Remarkably higher value of mean corpuscular volume (p<0.01) and a tendency to lower value of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were noted in group D in contrast with group A, B and C. The reason was attributed to the higher infestation (p<0.01) of smalltype piroplasma in low-land cows in contrast with high-land cows. 3. It was noticiable that even though lesser infestation of small type Piroplama in the highland cows was shown, a natural case of clinical small-type-piroplasmosis was found in high-land group B as well as a case in the low-land group D. The blood Pattern showed characteristic macrocytic-hypochromic-anemia with increased reticulocytes in both two cases (Table 7). 4. In the observation of leukocytic series, marked increase of eosinophils in group D was seen in accordance with heavy infestation of gastrointestinal nematodes, and increased neutrophils with higher appearance of nonlobulated form and eosinopenia in group C only was observed suggesting the leukocytic response to the cold exposure in high-land. 5. Mean values of thrombocytes in group A,B,C and D were 48.4, 40.7, 42.7 and $32.3{\times}10^4/mm^3$ respcetively, and no statistically significant differences were observed.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2022

Objectives: Bee venom (BV) is a widely used therapy in Traditional East Asian Medicine (TEAM). We previously reported that BV was clinically effective for treating Parkinson's disease, that phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) was the main component of BV, and that it induced regulatory T cells (Tregs) by binding CD206 on dendritic cells (DCs). Therefore, we aimed to reconfirm our findings in human blood samples and investigate the relationship between CD206⁺ DCs and clinical syndrome differentiation in TEAM. Methods: We surveyed 100 subjects with questionnaires on cold-heat patternization and obtained their blood samples. The obtained human peripheral blood monocytes (hPBMCs) were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After resuspension with ex vivo media, numbers of cells were counted. Tregs were counted after culturing the samples in a 37℃ CO₂ incubator for 72 h. Results: We divided the subjects into a relatively high CD206⁺ group or a relatively low CD206⁺ group. The heat factor scores of high CD206⁺ group were significantly higher than that of low CD206⁺ group (high vs low: 239.2 ± 54.1 vs 208.4 ± 55.1, p=0.023). After culturing with PLA₂, Tregs increased in the high CD206⁺ group but decreased in the low CD206⁺ group. Conclusion: In this study, we reconfirm that CD206⁺ DCs induced Treg differentiation by incubating human blood samples with PLA₂ and that they showed an association with syndrome differentiation, especially with heat patterns, in TEAM. A heat pattern in TEAM might be one indication for PLA₂ therapy because its score was elevated in the high CD206⁺ group.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.109-140
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• 2006

Background: In practicing qigong, People must achieve three Points : adjust their Posture, control their breathing and have a peace of mind. That is, Cho-Sin [調身] , Cho-Sik [調息] , Cho-Sim [調心] . Slow respiration is the important pattern of respiration to improve the human health. However, unsuitable breathing training have been occurred to mental disorder such as insomnia, anorexia etc. So, we think that the breathing training to consider the individual variations are desired. Objectives: We performed this study to examine the physiological effects of controlled respiration on the normal range of frequency domain electroencephalogram(EEC) in healthy subjects Also, to study examine individual variations according to the physiological effects between controlled respiration and Han-Yeol [寒熱] , respiration period, gender and age-related groups on the EEC in healthy subjects. Methods: When the subjects controlled the time of breathing (inspiration and expiration time) consciously, compared with natural respiration, and that their physiological phenomena are measured by EEC. In this research we used breathing time as in a qigong training (The Six-Word Excise) and observed physiological phenomena of the controlled natural respiration period with the ratio of seven to three(longer inspiration) and three to seven(longer expiration) . We determined, heat-cold score by Han-Yeol [寒熱] questionnaire, average of natural respiration period, according to decade, EEC of 140 healthy subjects (14 to 68 years old; 38 males, 102 females) by means of alpha, beta spectral relative power. Results: 1) In Controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}\;I\;(Fp2)\;and\;{\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) decreased on the EEC. 2) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) increased with cold group, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with heat group, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2)increased with cold group in longer inspiration. But by means of compound effects, ${\alpha}$ II(F3) increased with cold group in longer inspiration, the other side ${\alpha}$ I (F3) decreased with heat group in controlled respiration on the EEC. 3) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) decreased with decreased-respiratory-rate(D.R.R.) group, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, Fp2, F3, F4) increased with D.R.R. and D.R.R. groups, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with D.R.R. group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with D.R.R. group on the EEG. 4) In controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl, F3, F4) increased with female cup, ${\beta}$ I (Fp2) increased with male and female groups, ${\alpha}/{\beta}$(F3) decreased with male group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased with female group on the EEC. 5) Compared with the natural respiration, in longer expiration ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased in their forties group, in longer inspiration ${\alpha}$ I (Fp2) increased in their fifties group. But by means of compound effects, in controlled respiration compared with the natural respiration, ${\beta}$ I (Fpl) decreased in teens group on the EEG.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.541-551
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• 2009

Configuration of the inlet transition square duct (hereinafter referred to as "transition duct") for heat recovery steam generator (hereinafter referred to as "HRSG") in combined cycle power plant is limited by the construction type of HRSG and plant site condition. The main purpose of the present study is to analyze the effect of a variation in turbulent flow pattern by roof slop angle change of transition duct for horizontal HRSG, which is influencing heat flux in heat transfer structure to the finned tube bank. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is applied to predict turbulent flow pattern and comparisons are made to 1/12th scale cold model test data for verification. Re-normalization group theory (RNG) based k-$\epsilon$ turbulent model, which improves the accuracy for rapidly strained flow and swirling flow in comparison with standard k-$\epsilon$ model, is used for the results cited in this study. To reduce the amount of computer resources required for modeling the finned tube bank, a porous media model is used.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2009

Rho-related GTPase of plants (ROP) plays an important role in plant growth and development as a signaling protein. Plant RopGEFs are recently identified ROP activator proteins in Arabidopsis. In this study, we cloned 14 RopGEFs in Arabidopsis and characterized their expression patterns in response to abiotic stresses. Fourteen RopGEF genes were categorized into three groups based on their amino acid homologies and molecular sizes. Most RopGEFs were expressed predominantly in flower but some RopGEFs displayed a tissue-specific expression pattern. RopGEF1, 4, 5, and 11 were expressed in all tissues including root and leaves whereas RopGEF7, 8, 9, and 13 were expressed only in flowers. The transcript levels of 14 RopGEFs were changed significantly depending upon abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought and salts. RopGEF5 transcription was up-regulated by salt and drought treatment but down-regulated by heat. RopGEF14 transcript level was also increased by salt but decreased by heat stress. The transcript levels of RopGEF1, 7, 9, and 12 were enhanced in response to heat stress but showed no changes in response to cold stresses. Drought stress activated Group 3 RopGEFs such as RopGEF5 and 7. Taken together, 14 RopGEFs are responding to the abiotic stresses individually or as a group.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.46-65
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• 2013

Purpose: Generally menstrual disorder caused by functional deficiency of ovary is not treated clinically because it manifests as normal process of growth. In this study we collected experimental group having several or severe menstrual disorder and we tried to find out whether there is any relationship between menstrual disorders and the function of Thoroughfare and Conception vessels or not. Methods: First, this study was researched to learn the meaning and the symptoms of 'the emaciation of Thoroughfare and Conception vessels', and to learn the relationship between menstrual disorders and 'the emaciation of Thoroughfare and Conception vessels' through literature review. And we set up a experimental group who have two or more menstrual disorders or severe degree of menstrual disorders(N=97) and control group who don't have menstrual disorders(N=97) as a result of the menstruation survey. Afterwards we conducted the DSOM in both experimental group and control group. Results and Conclusions: The meaning of 'the emaciation of Thoroughfare and Conception vessels' is deficiency of qi and blood from the Thoroughfare and Conception vessels. As a result, the female reproductive system is difficult to be worked properly with deficiency of skin, muscles, bone, and vessels. Symptoms of the emaciation of Thoroughfare and Conception vessels are classified into drying, skinny body, feeling of cold, menstrual disorders, pain and personality traits. In this study, severity of drying, skinny body, feeling of cold, menstrual disorders, pain and personality traits is significantly higher in experimental group than in control group. Like this, symptoms of 'the emaciation of Thoroughfare and Conception vessels' appear with menstrual disorders because disorder of circulation is occurred by qi and blood deficiency of Thoroughfare and Conception vessels. It is appropriate to identify this case as 'the emaciation of Thoroughfare and Conception vessels' pattern and necessary to treat actively through regulating qi and blood in advance.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1-24
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• 2021

This study aimed to explore the fashion design and style features, and differences in BLACKPINK, TWICE, and Red Velvet girl groups. A total of 469 fashion photos (132 BLACKPINK, 217 TWICE, 120 Red Velvet) focusing on 23 title songs (7 BLACKPINK, 9 TWICE, 7 Red Velvet) were collected. Photo classification work was carried out in accordance with the design analysis criteria and the results were derived by combining statistical analysis and content analysis. BLACKPINK's fashion design characteristics showed a lot of complex colors, shade tone, pure tone, contrast color coordination, stylistic pattern, slit, patchwork, checklist method, sexy and avant-garde images. TWICE's fashion design characteristics included warm color, complex color, tint tone, monotone, contrast color coordination, tone-on-tone, geometric & stylistic patterns, cotton, silk, a combination of the same material, frill, beads, ribbon decoration, blouse, skirt, and many romantic and ethnic images. Red Velvet's fashion design characteristics were a cold color, moderate tone, monotone, cotton, velvet, geometric pattern, zipper, sequins, T-shirt, pants, tie, belt, and many retro and active images. The fashion styles of BLACKPINK, TWICE, and Red Velvet were as follows. BLACKPINK was divided into sexy avant-garde, sexy active, sexy romantic styles. TWICE was divided into romantic active, romantic classical, and romantic ethnic styles. Red Velvet was divided into retro active, retro sexy, and retro avant-garde styles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.35-55
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• 2003

The purpose of the study is to get some pieces of prior information to eventually develop competitive swimming suit designs with Korean traditional images. The study has been accomplished in following steps. First, as theoretical research, the history of swimming suit design and the requirements in designing competitive swimming suits were studied. Second, as practical research, at first, the trend of the competitive swimming suit designs in the national swimming suit market was examined. And then. the questionnaire surveys of both professional and amateur swimmers about their design preferences with purchasing and fabric-related tendencies were conducted for understanding professionals' characters more exactly. This data were analyzed through cross-analysis and multi-response analysis and x 2 was used. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : First, athletes' preferential design tendency for the swimming suit designs were examined in the aspects of style, color, pattern, logo, and accessary. In style, female athletes preferred an athletic one-piece style and male ones preferred a brief style. In color. neutral, mostly black was preferred most and cold color group like dark blue and navy blue next, regardless of sex. In addition, they preferred similar color coordination. In pattern, though solid fabrics were mostly preferred in both sexes, especially Taeguk motive were considered the most appropriate pattern to show Korean image. Besides, logo was considered importantly, and swimming caps and goggles of accessaries were generally used. Second, athletes' swimming suit purchasing tendency was as a following. the number of swimming suits possessed was more than 4 pieces. the durable period was less than 3 months. and the most important point considered in purchasing was an easy fitting for men and a design with an easy fitting for women. And most of swimming athletes preferred foreign products than domestic ones, which was attributed to excellent quality, easy fitting, and good design. and so on. Third, in fabric-related tendency, food touch, easy fitting. and opaqueness were considered importantly. and durability to chlorine, elasticity, color fastness, easy draining, lightness, and so on were demanded forward.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.289-303
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• 2007

This report includes basic data on nutrition education for Chinese adolescents living in Korea. A total of 183 Chinese adolescents living in Incheon participated in the survey. Body composition was analyzed by the Inbody 4.0., and questionnaires on personal dietary behavior were administrated. When compared with the body measure indices of Korean adolescents, we found that height was similar, but weight greater ($5{\sim}12 kg$) among the participants. Regarding obesity, 30.0% of all students were obese (BMI>25), especially the high school boys (42.0%). But in the case of middle school boys, the rates of obesity and under weight (BMI<18.5) were the same (both of them at 22.9%). The average WHR (Waist Hip Ratio) of the female high school group (0.9) was over the normal range. The average percent body fat for each group was also over the normal range. The percentage of students having breakfast everyday was 52.2%, and the rate of skipping breakfast was 25.0%. In the obesity group, the rate of skipping breakfast was remarkably high (P<0.05). Because lunch service was not available at the schools, a lunch box from home was the most popular pattern (43.1 %), but eating out was also popular at 36.6%. For the male high school students, the eating out rate was 62.8%. Since many have-lived in Korea for a few generations, the students' eating practices were much closer to the Korean pattern. For their ordinary meal pattern, 96.0% of the students included Korean foods. however, for New Years Day, the rate of having Gyo-Ja was 75.2%, and having Wol-Byung at Choo-seok was 78.6%, showing that the Chinese tradition still remains. In the case of food preferences, the percentage having Kimchi everyday was 62.1 %, but those drinking green tea was 13.1 %. For cold drinks, the rate for drinking them more than twice per week was 71.6%. The most preferred cooking method was frying with oil (50.6%). Among the students who had visited China (or Taiwan), the rate for 'bad food familiarity' was 37.0%, and the rate for 'did not know Chinese traditional course menus' was 71.3%. As a result of combining eating practices from both China and Korea, and the absence of lunch service in Chinese schools, students are showing bad dietary behaviors. therefore, it is necessary to provide proper nutrition education and a system for lunch service in Chinese schools.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.527-546
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between gastric emptying measured by ultrasonography and Korean medical instruments of diagnosis and assessment in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients. Among the subgroups of FD, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) is related to gastric motility disorder.Methods Ten patients with FD and particularly with PDS as well as 10 healthy controls were enrolled in the study from September to November 2015. The gastric emptying shown as the half-life of gastric volume (T_1/2) was measured by ultrasonography. The severities of spleen qi deficiency and dyspepsia symptoms were assessed by a spleen qi deficiency questionnaire (SQDQ) and the Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Korean version (NDI-K), respectively. In addition, a food retention questionnaire (FRQ), a damum questionnaire (DQ), a cold and heat questionnaire (CHQ), a deficiency and excess questionnaire (DEQ), and a visual analogue scale (VAS) of distention and fullness were completed by every participant.Results In comparison with the control group, the FD group showed significantly higher scores for the SQDQ, NDI-K, FRQ, DQ, DEQ, and VAS of distention and fullness. T_1/2 was also significantly higher in the FD group than in the control group. There were significant correlations between T_1/2 and the SQDQ score. However, there were no significant correlations between T1/2 and other questionnaire scores except for one item of the NDI-K.Conclusions According to these findings, it was determined that measuring gastric emptying using ultrasonography could be a quantitative indicator to diagnose spleen qi deficiency in FD patients.