• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.606-611
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• 2008

Myungran Jeotkal, Korean fermented seafood, and its ingredients(hot red pepper powder, ginger, garlic, and seasoning mix) were irradiated with 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 kGy of gamma rays and stored at 4C for 4 weeks to determine changes in microbiological and sensory characteristics. Water activities of Myungran Jeotkal, hot red pepper powder, ginger, garlic, and seasoning mix were 0.89 0.56, 0.98, 0.99, and 0.07, respectively. Myungran Jeotkal was observed to be initially contaminated. Total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, and coliform levels were 6.7, 4.3, and 3.6 log CFU/g, respectively. Irradiation at 2 kGy afforded approximately a 4 log reduction in total aerobic bacteria, and a 3 log drop in both yeast and mold levels and coliform bacteria(P<0.05). No viable microbial cells were detected in Myungran Jeotkal after 5 kGy of irradiation(at a detection limit of 101 CFU/g). The total aerobic bacterial level in red pepper powder was 6.3 log CFU/g and this component, of the tested ingredients, contributed most to the microbial contamination of Myungran Jeotkal. The initial count of total aerobic bacteria, 6.3 log CFU/g, was significantly reduced to 4.5 log CFU/g after irradiation(P<0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that gamma irradiation of up to 5.0 kGy did not adversely affect overall acceptability of Myungran Jeotkal or its ingredients during cold storage. Therefore, gamma irradiationwas effective to extend the shelf-life of Myungran Jeotkal.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2006

The primary objective of this study is to determine whether a diet supplemented with brown rice koji (BRK) results in a reduced stress response in rats and mice. BRK, which has been suggested as a candidate for use as a stress- and fatigue-fighting supplement, was compared with red ginseng extract (RG) for its stress-reducing potential. The animals in this study were divided into no-stress, stress, RG, and BRK groups of 8 to 10 animals each. Stress was induced by means of immobilization (being restrained in plastic tubes for 30 min and electroshock (0.5 mA in mice or 2 mA in rats for 5 min). The no-stress group was not exposed to stress. Rats in the RG group received oral doses of 200 mg RG extract/kg body weight daily. The BRK group was fed a 30% BRK diet and exposed to stress. Animals were given supplements for 7 days before being exposed to stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with exposure to stress. When the stress exposure ended, the animals were observed for stress-related changes in behavior and their plasma corticosterone levels were measured. BRK supplementation was associated with a partial blockade of the effects of stress on locomotion and elevated plus-maze test results in rats and mice. It was also associated with a partial reduction in stress-induced behaviors such as freezing, burrowing, smelling, face-washing, and rearing. BRK supplementation did not have a significant effect on plasma corticosterone levels, which were increased in the animals exposed to stress (p<0.01). The mice in the RG group received RG in water (2 mg RG/ mL $H_2O$), and the BRK group received a 30% BRK diet (weight) for 7 days. Both groups were evaluated for signs of fatigue. BRK supplementation increased endurance, as indicated by time on the rota-rod, in cold water, and on the horizontal wire. These results suggest that BRK supplementation partially protects the animal from the effects of stress and may also contribute to resistance to fatigue on physical exertion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.738-746
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• 2011

We manufactured rice-whole soybean curd by a microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) with a mixture of hydrolyzed rice and micronized whole soybean powder (MWSP) and analyzed its rheological properties, including texture, viscoelasticity, protein cross-linking, and surface structure. A 40% rice suspension digested with a Termamyl enzyme at $85^{\circ}C$ for 20 min showed a 9.0% reducing sugar and a consistency of $1.27\;Pa{\cdot}s^n$, resulting in a great reduction in consistency. A MWSP suspension with 22% solid content was transformed into a typical tofu texture. MWSP curd fortified with 7.5% rice showed enhanced texture properties, with a hardness of 639.6 dyne/$cm^2$, and a springiness of 0.96. In a MWSP suspension (18~22% w/v) treated with 5% MTGase, viscoelasticity increased dependently with MWSP concentration, and a 22% MWSP indicated a G' value of 5.1 Pa and a G'' value of 9.0 Pa. Furthermore, soybean proteins present in the 22% MWSP curd largely disappeared or formed polymers with a high molecular weight by MTGase reaction within 30 min. MWSP (22%) fortified with 7.5% rice showed similar polymerization patterns on SDS-PAGE. The surface structure of the rice-MWSP curds was more dense and homogeneous network due to the addition of hydrolyzed rice. However, the surface structure of all rice-MWSP curds became rough and showed a non-homogeneous network after cold storage.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2004

Two biofilter tests were conducted under different operating conditions. Test # 1 was performed to treat VOCs generated from a paint booth. The second test was performed to treat VOCs generated from chemical manufacturing processes. The volume of biofilter media was 4.3 $m^3$. For the test # 1, the biofilter was operated for 30 days with 99.9% reduction ratio. Range of temperature of each stage of the biofilter media was measured between $34^{\circ}C$ and $73^{\circ}C$. All the temperatures of stages reduced gradually after the initial dramatic increase. For the test # 2, the biofilter experiment was conducted for 14 days. In this case, the biofilter was installed outdoor and the experiment was performed during wintertime. Therefore, temperature management for the biofilter was needed. Seven-centimeter thick fiberglass insulation and $150^{\circ}C$ steam heating were used to overcome the outside freezing cold weather during test # 2. Temperature of stage # 5 was measured the highest and that of stage # 1 was the lowest. More acclimation time and test period was needed to determine the maximum loading rate.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2017

Objectives : Mori Radicis Cortex (MRC), the root epidermis of Morus alba L., has been traditionally used to treat lung-related diseases in Korean Medicine. The common of MRC is Mulberry bark Morus bark, and it's pharmaceutical properties and taste are known as sweet and cold, and it promotes urination and reduce edema by reducing heat from the lungs and soothe asthma. In the present study, anti-apoptotic mechanism of MRC in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in mice. Methods : Two-hundred grams of MRC was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 5 days, and this was repeated one time. After filtration, the methanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until use. C57BL/6 male mice were housed in an environment with controlled humidity, temperature, and light cycle. In order to determine beneficial effects of MRC on ischemia induced brain damage, infarct volume, neurological deficit scores, activities of several apoptosis-related proteins such as caspase-8, -9, Bcl-xL in MCAO-induced brains of mice were analyzed. Mice in MRC-treated groups were orally administered 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg of body weight for three consecutive days before commencing the MCAO procedure. Results : Pre-treatment of MRC significantly reduced infarct volume in MCAO subjected mice applied with 300 mg/kg of MRC methanol extract, and MRC effectively inhibited Bcl-xL reduction and caspase-9 activation caused by MCAO-induced brain damage. Conclusions : MRC showed neuro-protective effects by regulating apoptosis-related protein signals, and it can be a potential candidate for the therapy of ischemia-induced brain damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.231-238
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• 2008

Quality attributes of fresh-cut sesame leaf (Perilla frutescens var. japonica) as affected by hydrocooling and packing were investigated in terms of weight loss, respiration, vitamin C content, total chlorophyll content, microbial load and sensory properties during storage at 4 and $10^{\circ}C$. Fresh sesame leaf was trimmed and washed with cold water (1, $5^{\circ}C$) as well as tap water ($13^{\circ}C$) for 30 sec 3 times and then packaged in PP (polypropylene) film bag and PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) tray, and stored for 9 days at 4 and $10^{\circ}C$. Weight loss was decreased by washing and packing. Respiration rate was increased slowly over the storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Vitamin C content and total chlorophyll contents of sesame leaf packaged within PETE tray decreased gradually during storage. Hydrocooling and packing within PETE tray treatments resulted in approximately $1{\sim}2\;log\;CFU/g$ reduction of microbial load.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.319-324
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• 2003

Statement of problem. Adhesives in dentistry playa major role in the success of restorative treatments. In the treatment of all ceramic restoration it is needed to find the adequate bond strength between enamel and dentin. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to extracted human uncut enamel, cut enamel, and dentin in vitro. Material and methods. Ten freshly extracted anterior teeth without any previous restorative treatments were chosen. The extracted teeth were embedded in PMMA cold acrylic in the shape of a cylinder, 25 mm in diameter by 25 mm in height. The bonding system used was as follow: Uni-Etch (32% phosphoric acid), One-Step adhesive, Duolink resin cement. The specimens were acid etched and rinsed with water. Two layers of One-Step adhesive were coated with a disposable brush on the uncut enamel. VIP curing light at $500mV/cm^2$ was used to cure the adhesive. For cut enamel shear bond test, the specimen used for uncut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.3{\sim}0.5mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.3 mm in depth). The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit SiC paper and cleaned with distilled water. The bonding procedure on the cut enamel was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. For dentin bonding test, the specimen used for cut enamel was further reduced approximately $0.5mm{\sim}1.0mm$ using a laminate preparation diamond bur (0.5 mm in depth of diamond cutting). The amount of reduction was evaluated with the silicone mold. The specimens were subsequently treated with 320-grit SiC paper followed by 600-grit silicon carbon paper and cleaned in distilled water. The bonding procedure on the dentin was same as uncut enamel bonding procedure. All samples were mounted and secured on the Ultradent shear bond test sample holder, and Ultradent restricted shear bond testing device was used with Universal Instron machine until fracture. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed comparing the result at P<0.05. Multiple comparison (Tukey) was used to compare each groups. Result. The result showed that the mean value in shear bond strength of resin cement bonded to uncut enamel, cut enamel and dentin were 27.04 Mpa, 30.25 Mpa and 26.39 Mpa with respect. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, the mean value of the shear bond strength of cut enamel was higher than those of uncut enamel or dentin. However there existed no statistical differences between three different human dentition substrates due to increased adhesive characteristics.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Quality attributes of fresh-cut pak-choi (Brassica campestris var. chinensis) as affected by hydrocooling and packing were investigated in terms of weight loss, respiration, vitamin C content, total chlorophyll content, microbial load and sensory properties during storage at 4 and $10^{\circ}C$. Fresh pak-choi was trimmed and washed with cold water $(1^{\circ}C)$ as well as tap water $(6^{\circ}C)$ for 30 sec 3 times and then packaged in PP (polypropylene) film bag and PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) bay, and stored for 9 days at 4 and $10^{\circ}C$. Weight loss was decreased by washing and packing generally. Respiration rate was increased slowly over the storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Vitamin C content and total chlorophyll contents of pak-choi packaged within PETE bay decreased gradually during storage. Hydrocooling and packing within PETE bay treatments resulted in approximately 1-2 log CFU/g reduction of microbial load.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1577-1582
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• 1999

Carrot juice inoculated with $2\;{\times}\;10^8\;cfu/mL$ of Escherichia coli was treated with pulsed electric fields(PEF) for the purpose of a development of new cold pasteurization processes. Inactivation of E. coli in carrot juice increased with increase in intensity of the electric field strength and treatment time. The cells were suspended at concentration of ca. $2\;{\times}\;10^8$ cells per ml. A reduction of 4D was obtained at 40 kv/cm and 256 exponential decay pulses at room temperature. Critical electric field strength(Ec) and treatment time(tc) needed for inactivation of E. coli were 11.74 kV/cm and $3.6\;{\mu}s$ at room temperature, respectively. The combination of PEF and thermal treatment inactivated E. coli more effectively. The reductions of up to 5.5D were observed when the carrot juice was treated with PEF of 22.5 kV/cm and $205\;{\mu}s$ at $50^{\circ}C$. PFF treatment did not effect in color, pH, $^{\circ}Brix$, titratable acidity and ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-carotene$ contents of carrot juice.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2017

In this study, the development of concrete preventing initial frost damage and durability about that were evaluated by using anti-aging agent and admixture(reduced slag). As a result of experiment, initial hydration heat was increased by $C_{12}A_7$ of reduced slag components but it was not effective to development of strength. Also fluidity decreased with increasing replacement of reduced slag. This suggested that fluidity was low by rapid setting due to absent of gypsum in reduced slag components. In case of CR2G specimen that added 4% gypsum, the flow ability was higher than plain. It is considered that concrete developed using reduced slag should use $SO_3$. Result of durability experiments, the durability decreased with increasing replacement amount of reduced slag.