• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.327-358
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• 2013

This study aimed to analyze the trajectories of cognitive function and functional disability, and to identify the impacts of socio-demographic factors on the two variables. Based on the assumption that there are differences according to the progress of cognitive impairment, it focused on examining the differences in trajectories of cognitive function and functional disability between two groups: dementia conversion group and dementia non-conversion group among cognitively normal older adults. This study was conducted based on the data from a 3-wave panel study of a sample of 966 Yeoncheon elderly cohort aged 65 and over between 1997 and 2003. Latent growth curve model and multi-group structural equation modeling were used to examine the hypothesis. Results revealed that dementia conversion group exhibited faster rate of cognitive decline as well as lower initial cognitive level. Difference between two groups was not significant in the initial level of functional disability, yet dementia conversion group showed greater degree of deterioration in the functional disability over time than dementia non-conversion group did. In terms of the influence of socio-demographic factors on cognitive function and functional disability, the cognitive decline was more drastic in the female group, whereas functional decline was more apparent for the male group. The level of education in early life had a strong impact on the cognitive function in later life. Based on these findings, practical implication for high risk groups in cognitive function and functional disability were discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.275-281
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• 2021

The purpose of this research is to explore what factors affect consumers' purchasing decisions when purchasing artificial intelligence artworks. The research pointed out that in the real shopping model, customer perceived value includes three dimensions: product perceived value, service perceived value and social perceived value. On this basis, an artificial intelligence work purchase decision-making influence model was constructed, and an online survey was attempted to collect data. Through analysis of the reliability, effectiveness and structural equations of SPSS24.0 and AMOS24.0, and scientific verification and analysis, we found that product cognitive value and service cognitive value have a positive impact on consumers' purchase intentions, but social cognition Value has no positive effect on consumers' purchasing intentions.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.4224-4243
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• 2021

Cognitive radio (CR) is a feasible intelligent technology and can be used as an effective solution to spectrum scarcity and underutilization. As the key function of CR, cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is able to effectively prevent the harmful interference with primary users (PUs) and identify the available spectrum resources by exploiting the spatial diversity of multiple secondary users (SUs). However, the open nature of the cognitive radio networks (CRNs) framework makes CSS face many security threats, such as, the malicious user (MU) launches Byzantine attack to undermine CRNs. For this aim, we make an in-depth analysis of the motive and purpose from the MU's perspective in the interweave CR system, aiming to provide the future guideline for defense strategies. First, we formulate a dynamic Byzantine attack model by analyzing Byzantine behaviors in the process of CSS. On the basis of this, we further make an investigation on the condition of making the fusion center (FC) blind when the fusion rule is unknown for the MU. Moreover, the throughput and interference to the primary network are taken into consideration to evaluate the impact of Byzantine attack on the interweave CR system, and then analyze the optimal strategy of Byzantine attack when the fusion rule is known. Finally, theoretical proofs and simulation results verify the correctness and effectiveness of analyses about the impact of Byzantine attack strategy on the throughput and interference.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.86-98
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the impact of patient-physician communication curriculum on students of Korean medical school in terms of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor level of communication skills. Methods: A communication curriculum was developed considering COVID-19 pandemic situation. Lectures, peer role-play, open interview with standardized patient (SP), discussion and feedback were conducted by online, and face-to-face 1:1 SP-interview was performed. Scores of written test, peer role-play of medical communication, SP-interview, self-evaluation on one's interview with real patients in clinical clerkship, and questionnaire of importance were collected and analyzed. Results: Converted to 100 point scale, the mean score of written test (cognitive level) was 91.2 while that of importance questionnaire (affective level) was 77.5. The mean scores of psychomotor level were 72.5, 77.5, and 62.5 for peer role-play, SP-interview, and real patient interview in clerkship, respectively. Conclusions: Students' performance is lower in higher level of competence. Curriculums should provide more opportunities of practices to students, and include evaluation focusing on performance skills.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.373-385
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• 2022

Due to the lack of information, medical tourists are regarded to be at high risk. Prior medical tourism research has found that various types of perceived risks have a significant impact on medical tourists' purchase behavior. Even though medical tourism is predicted to increase, there is a lack of behavioral research to explain how perceived risks affect medical tourists' purchase behavior. In the context of Korean medical tourism, this study attempts to evaluate the effects of multi-level (macro, organizational, and personal) factors on medical tourists' perceived risks and purchase intentions. A conceptual model and hypotheses were built and empirically validated to investigate links between multi-level characteristics, perceived risks, and purchasing intentions. The data for this study was collected from Chinese tourists using a questionnaire. The impact of cognitive country image, affective country image, and medical service quality on fundamental risk is confirmed by statistical testing. Surprisingly, expectancy discrepancy risk is influenced only by cognitive country image and information search capabilities. Both fundamental and expectation discrepancy risks lower medical tourists' purchase intentions. The findings of this study show that a multi-level strategy is required to investigate the links between perceived risks and medical tourism purchasing intentions based on macro, organizational, and personal factors.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions of millennials and Generation Z regarding AI applications in marketing, an area that has been rarely explored in previous researches. This study formulated research questions how millennials and Generation Z perceive the impact of brand image, AI-assistant customer service, affective factor, immersive experience, cognitive factor social factor and competitiveness of products and brands on overall attitude through the lens of AI applications in marketing. Additionally, this study also explored the influence of overall attitudes on satisfaction, intention to use, and loyalty towards AI applications. Research design, data and methodology: To gather data, this study employed an online survey conducted in collaboration with a reputable research organization. This study utilized factor analysis, ANOVA, and regression analysis for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed that the impact of brand image, AI-assistant customer service, and competitiveness on attitude demonstrated significance in both millennials and generation Z cohorts. The study identified that cognitive and social factors significantly influenced attitudes among millennials, whereas affective and immersive experiences showed significance in influencing attitudes among Generation Z. Conclusions: The findings offer valuable managerial implications, shedding light on the application of AI in marketing with distinct perspectives between millennials and Generation Z.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2024

Objectives: Borderline intelligence has been excluded from formal diagnostic systems and not included in disability diagnoses, leaving gaps in treatment, education, and social welfare despite various functional impairments. Therefore, we aimed to shed light on ways to enhance the intelligence and functioning of individuals with borderline intelligence by reviewing research on its progression, education, and treatment. Methods: Ten studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the final literature review and analyzed according to detailed topics (participant characteristics, design, and results). Results: Borderline intelligence is associated with various comorbid conditions, such as anxiety, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and addictive disorders, which negatively impact its course and prognosis. Individuals with borderline intelligence often face challenges in academics, employment, interpersonal relationships, and health owing to lifelong cognitive impairments. The treatment of borderline intelligence necessitates addressing environmental factors, such as neglect and abuse, as well as treating comorbid mental disorders, which are crucial for prognosis. Tailoring treatment programs for cognitive profile characteristics have been proposed, and studies have reported the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, working memory training, and intensive rehabilitation training. Therefore, early intervention during childhood brain development is necessary. Risk factors, such as lack of parental education, and their impact on treatment outcomes have also been reported. Conclusion: Extensive research is needed on education, treatment, and prognosis related to borderline intelligence. Active intervention for children with borderline intelligence is essential to improve their functioning and quality of life.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.908-920
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• 2014

As social networking service (SNS) users' needs and wants have become more diverse, SNS is designed to provide various services and functions. As a result, an image based SNS with the purpose of sharing various interests has emerged. More and more fashion companies are using image based SNS to use it as a medium to better communicate with their customers. This study investigates the effect of usage motivation of image based SNS with the emotion of pleasure as the mediator and its impact towards flow and brand attitude. In order to verify the research model and to test the proposed hypotheses, we conducted a pilot test on 8 image based SNS heavy users, and followed through with 215 questionnaires which were collected via online survey. The results of this study are as follows. Each usage motivation of image based SNS had significant effect on each pleasure. The visual impact had a positive effect on sensory pleasure and the common interest significantly influenced on user's affective preference. Curating, simplicity and interconnecting had a positive effect on cognitive pleasure. Affective and cognitive pleasures except sensory pleasure positively impacted the user on flow. The cognitive pleasure had a positive effect on the brand attitude. Lastly, flow had a positive effect on the brand attitude. This study is the foundation of the image based SNS academically in the new media research. Furthermore, it suggests managerial implications of a company to provide effective marketing strategy to make the best use of image based SNS.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.87-97
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study is to understand the internal and external responses that consumers experience when they are exposed to an innovative system in retail stores. This study considered the SST(Self-Service Technology) system in a retail setting as a type of functional environmental stimuli and selected a smart shopping cart as an example of SST system. The influences of functional environmental stimuli on consumers' emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses were examined by applying S-O-R model. In addition, this study attempted to extend the traditional S-O-R model by (a) incorporating personal characteristics variables such as time pressure and perceived crowding and (b) considering not only emotional but also cognitive aspects of consumers' internal responses. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: This study used a video-scenario technique. Participants watched a video about grocery shopping situations using a smart shopping cart and responded to their emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses. An online survey was conducted using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 185). All participants were US consumers over 20 years old and had been shopping at the grocery store in the last month. Data were analyzed through structural equations modeling with AMOS 20. Results: Test results showed that consumers who perceived higher levels of time pressure and perceived crowding in usual shopping situations were more likely to evaluate the SST system favorably. The results showed that personal characteristics have a significant impact on consumers' evaluation of functional environmental stimuli in retail setting. As consumers evaluated the SST system favorably, they experienced more positive affect and less negative affect during their shopping behaviors. Positive affect led to good service quality inference, which further increased patronize intention. However, negative affect did not show a significant impact on service quality inference, but only on patronize intention. Conclusions: This study attempted to investigate the influence of SST system by extending the traditional S-O-R model. This study classified the SST system as functional environmental stimulus of retail stores and analyzed the effect of stimulus on consumers' internal and external responses. The results of this study showed that the introduction of innovative SST can serve as an effective store differentiation strategy in an increasingly competitive retail environment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 1998

Cultural-historical places, due to their strong symbolic sense of place shared in various people, have important impacts on people's cognitive and emotional reactions. Especially, the visual characteristics of surrounding areas of cultural -historical places directly influence the way the places are perceived, because they function as a visual background of the places. This study examined how the visual characteristics of surrounding landscape of cultural-historical places nfluenced the perception of the places. The visual characteristics of the surrounding landscape was minipulated by a computer simulation in the two aspects; quality and scale. The quality of the simulated landscape was divided by two kinds : natural and artificial . The scale of the simulated landscape was classified by three kinds : 1/3 of the middle ground, 2/3, and 3/3. Specifically, in each photo simulation, simulated natural or artificial background was introduced up to 1/3, 2/3 or the full height of historic monument. After a computer simulation, people's cognitive and emotional reactions to the simulated slides were investigated. The results showed that the quality of surrounding landscape have a great impact on all the cognitive and emotional reactions investigated. On the vontrary, the scale of surrounding landscape was found to habve an impact on partial reactions, such as all the emotions, part of the cognitions, and visiting preference only. The results revealed that the visual characteristics of surrounding landscape should be considered as the crucial elements in planning of cultural-historical places. Based on the study results, several suggestions were made for the landscape planning and conservation for cultural-historical places and historic cities.