• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a cognitive behavioral stress management program on diabetic self-care and glycemic control with type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: Thirty three diabetic patients who were older than 40 were recruited from a public health center and conveniently assigned into both experimental(n=16) and control groups(n=17). Participants in the experimental group had attended the weekly cognitive behavioral program for 8 weeks. Data were collected from June 2005 to August 2006 and analyzed by independent t-test using the SPSS WIN program. Results: After an 8 week intervention, participants in the experimental group reported on increasement of diabetic self-care behaviors and an increasement of blood glucose levels, which were significantly different from those in the control group. Conclusion: On the basis of those findings, we concluded that the cognitive behavioral stress management program has positive effects on diabetic self-care and glycemic control for the patients with DM. Further research is needed to identify the long-term effects of the cognitive behavioral program.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.427-437
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to test effects of a cognition activation program on ADL, cognitive functions, depression, and QOL in the institutionalized elderly. Methods: The subjects were 40 elders who were admitted to a nursing home, with 20 of them in the experimental group and the other 20 in the control group. Data were collected from September 1 to December 17, 2012. The experimental group participated in a 12 week intervention program. ADL, cognitive functions, depression, and QOL were measured before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed by t-test and regression analysis of the SPSS and AMOS programs. Results: ADL (t=2.468, p=.017), depression (t=-2.625, p=012), and QOL (t=2.428, p=.020) were more significantly improved in the experimental group than in the control group, but there were no statistical differences in cognitive function between the two groups. Cognitive functions had positive effects on ADL (CR=-2.263, p=.024) and depression affected QOL (CR=-7.248, p<.001). Conclusion: The intervention program had positive effects on ADL, depression, and QOL except cognition. Cognitive functions of elders dramatically decrease after age 85, and it takes too much time to improve it. Therefore the program for the improvement of cognitive functions should be provided as early as possible.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.167-187
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• 2020

College students experience more cyber bullying than youth and cyber bullying on college students may be more harmful than youth. But many studies of cyber bullying have been conducted in youth, but little has been studied for college students. Therefore, this study investigated the negative effects of college students' cyber bullying experience on cognitive processing ability and emotional states. The social support of friends has a buffering effect that prevents stress and reduces the influence on external damage in stressful situations. But the impact of parental social support is controversial. Traditionally, the social support of parents has been claimed to mitigate the negative effects of external damage. Recently, however, it has been argued that parental social support, without considering the independence and autonomy needs of college students, does not alleviate the negative effects. Therefore, this study examined how the social support of friends and parents moderate the negative impact of cyber bullying. The results show that the more college students experience cyber bullying, the lower their cognitive processing ability and emotional states. And, the higher the social support of friends, the lower the harmful impacts of cyber bullying on cognitive processing ability and emotional states. But, the higher the social support of parents, the higher the harmful impacts of cyber bullying on cognitive processing ability and emotional states.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.71-85
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• 2002

This study examined the effects of different interaction styles, that is, interaction with an object and interaction with an adult, on young children's cognitive level. Subjects were 150 5-year-old children. The task required children to predict the working of a mathematical balance beam. Seven cognitive levels were identified based on the logic of prediction. Data were analyzed by t-test, F-test, Duncan Test and Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Test. Results showed that both interaction styles caused improvement in children's cognitive level, but when interaction with an adult was divided into two categories, i.e., interaction with the higher group and interaction with the lower group, the latter experienced decline in cognitive level. Regardless of sex, interactions within the Zone of Proximal Development and with the object were found to be effective methods for children's cognitive improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.153-168
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• 2001

The objects of this study were to find out the effects of peer relations and perceived cognitive self-competence according to 1) grade, sex, and self-care, 2) parental social status and monitoring. 429 3rd- and 6th-graders (238 boys and 191 girls) were included as subjects. For measuring variables, RCP, Harter's Perceived Cognitive Self-Competence Rating Scale, and Parental Monitoring Questionnaire based on Crouter et al.(1990) were used. The data were analysed by MANOVA, t-test, and univariate ANOVA. The results were as follows.‘Social-Leadership’of peer relations was influenced by children's grade, grade $\times$ sex effects. 3-way interaction of children's variables and parental monitoring made significant differences in ‘Shy-Isolation’. Children's perceived cognitive self-competence was influenced by their grade and parent's social status. These results confirmed the significant roles of self-care and parental monitoring in children's development.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2020

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a cognitive-exercise program using step on the cognitive function, gait, and depression of elderly with mild cognitive impairment. Methods : The subjects comprised 30 elderly people with mild cognitive impairment who used elderly welfare centers in the provinces A, B, and C between March 21 and June 7, 2019. They were divided into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15) before undergoing an experiment based on a pretest-posttest control group design. The lowenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment-geriatric population was used to assess the subjects' cognitive function, while the 4-stage balance test, 30-second chair-stand test, timed up & go test, and functional reach test were employed to evaluate their gait. In addition, the beck depression inventory was used to measure their levels of depression. Results : The cognitive-exercise program using step enhanced the subjects' cognitive function and gait and reduced their levels of depression. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusion : The cognitive-exercise program using step promoted the process of sensorimotor and cognition through the learning process of various steps taking left and right steps and cognitive activities. It improves gait by activating the coordination of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems of the body and positively affecting posture control, balance, flexibility, and lower extremity muscles. It also relieved depression by performing successful step learning and cognitive activities with forward-looking (doing) that leads to pleasure and achievement. The present study confirmed the value of a cognitive-exercise program using step to treat multiple domains of functional decline in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. This is therefore proposed as an intervention program for this patient group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in a victimized community district and to determine if the program is an effective nursing intervention to reduce posttraumatic stress disorder symptom, depression and state anxiety. Methods: A nonequivalent control group design was used for the study. The participants, 32 elementary school students, were selected from grades 4, 5, 6 and each student was assigned to either the experimental (16) or control (16) group. Cognitive behavioral therapy was used as the experimental treatment from April 9 to May 28, 2009. The experimental group received cognitive behavior therapy intervention 8 times. Data analysis was done using ANCOVA with SPSS 17.0. Results: After the intervention, the experimental group showed significantly lower levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms than the control group. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy is an effective nursing intervention to decrease the level of mental health problems of children in victimized district. Further research is required in order to identify the continuous effects of cognitive behavioral therapy.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.297-309
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• 2016

Around the world, fermentation of foods has been adopted over many generations, primarily due to their commercial significance with enriched flavors and high-profile nutrients. The increasing application of fermented foods is further promoted by recent evidence on their health benefits, beyond the traditionally recognized effects on the digestive system. With recent advances in the understanding of gut-brain interactions, there have also been reports suggesting the fermented food's efficacy, particularly for cognitive function improvements. These results are strengthened by the proposed biological effects of fermented foods, including neuroprotection against neurotoxicity and reactive oxygen species. This paper reviews the beneficial health effects of fermented foods with particular emphasis on cognitive enhancement and neuroprotective effects. With an extensive review of fermented foods and their potential cognitive benefits, this paper may promote commercially feasible applications of fermented foods as natural remedies to cognitive problems.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.1-22
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between parents' control, affectionate parenting behavior, preschooler's effortful control, prosocial behavior, and cognitive problem-solving ability. The subjects for this study comprised 221 preschoolers (104 boys, 117 girls) and their parents. The major results of this study were as follows. First, parents' effortful control revealed direct effects upon preschooler's effortful control, and affectionate parenting behavior mediated the effects of parents' effortful control upon preschooler's effortful control. Second, preschooler's effortful control mediated the effects of affectionate parenting behavior upon preschooler's prosocial behavior. Third, preschooler's effortful control had direct effects upon prosocial behavior, and prosocial behavior mediated the effects of preschooler's effortful control upon cognitive problem-solving ability. In conclusion, parents' effortful control and affectionate parenting behavior impacted upon preschooler's effortful control. And preschooler's effortful control had an important role upon prosocial behavior and cognitive problem-solving ability.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2017

Shift workers experience a disruption in the circadian sleep-wake rhythm, which brings upon adverse health effects such as fatigue, insomnia and decreased sleep quality. Moreover, shift work has deleterious effects on both work productivity and safety. In this review, we present a brief overview of the current literature on the consequences of shift work, especially focusing on attention-associated cognitive decline and related behavioral changes. We searched two electronic databases, PubMed and RISS, using key search terms related to cognitive domains, deleterious effects, and shift work. Twenty studies were eligible for the final review. The consequences of shift work can be classified into the following three categories extracted from the literature review : 1) work accidents ; 2) commuting accidents such as car accidents that occur on the way to and from work ; and 3) attendance management at work (i.e., absenteeism, tardiness, and unscheduled early departure). These cognitive and behavioral consequences of shift work were also found to be associated with sleep disorders in shift workers. Thus, improvements in the shift work system are necessary in order to enhance workers' health conditions, work productivity, and safety.