• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-47
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the driving rehabilitation for on-road driving through a systematic review. Methods: We systematically examined papers published in journals from December 2014 to January 2015, using CINAH, Embase, Pubmed, PsycINFO, and The Cochrane Library. Eventually, 15 studies were included in the analyses. Results: The evidence of 15 studies was from levels I, III, and V. The subjects included in the analyses were patients with stroke(40.0%), older driver(20.0%), traumatic brain injury(20.0%), acquired brain injury(13.3%) and spinal cord injury(6.7%). The intervention types were driving simulator training(53.3%), cognitive skills training(26.6%), off-road educational training(6.7%), adaptation of assistive device(6.7%), and behind-the-wheel training(6.7%). The effects of driving rehabilitation were different depending on the types of intervention. However, driving simulator training showed significant improvement of on-road assessments in all studies included this study. Conclusions: Driving rehabilitation for on-road driving has been used in various types. Specially, the effect of the driving simulator training has been proved by many studies. Future studies are to be required with client from a range of diagnostic groups to establish evidence-based interventions and determine their effectiveness in improving on-road driving.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease that can be described by the occurrence of dementia due to a decline in cognitive function. The disease is characterized by the formation of extracellular and intracellular amyloid plaques. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a hallmark of AD, and microglia can be activated in the presence of Aβ. Activated microglia secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, S100A9 is an important innate immunity pro-inflammatory contributor in inflammation and a potential contributor to AD. This study examined the effects of metformin and α-LA on the inflammatory response and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in Aβ- and S100A9-induced BV-2 microglial cells. Metformin and α-LA attenuated inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In addition, metformin and α-LA inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38. They activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Moreover, metformin and α-LA reduced the marker levels of the M1 phenotype, ICAM1, whereas the M2 phenotype, ARG1, was increased. These findings suggest that metformin and α-LA are therapeutic agents against the Aβ- and S100A9-induced neuroinflammatory responses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.360-366
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• 2014

Kimchi is a Korean traditional fermented food with various health functionalities. However, the protective effects of kimchi against Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not been studied yet. In this study, the protective activities of kimchi extract against oxidative stress and AD were investigated in an amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$)-induced AD model using ICR mice. Kimchi extract exerted strong scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydroxyl radical. In addition, T-maze, object cognition, and water maze tests were carried out using the AD model. The $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-injected groups showed impairment of cognition and memory. However, the abilities of novel object recognition and new route awareness were improved by administration of kimchi extract (100 and 200 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks. Furthermore, the results on water maze test indicated that kimchi extract exerted protective activity against cognitive impairment induced by $A{\beta}_{25-35}$. The present study suggested that kimchi protected against $A{\beta}$-induced impairment of memory and cognition as well as attenuated oxidative stress.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.99-109
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• 2017

University learning for innovation places great importance on maximizing the creation of new opportunities. In other words, universities are carrying out a new meaning that entrepreneurship education should enable students to discover potential opportunities and play an important role in the development of new society and industry. However, current entrepreneurship education programs are being developed and are being developed from diverse perspectives on rapidly changing environments. However, there is a growing awareness of the necessity of developing more professional and systematic entrepreneurship education programs, and it is argued that the emphasis on necessity is not enough have. This study empirically analyzed the cognitive abilities that influence innovative behavior to create and realize innovative ideas and the usefulness of team-based learning that influences these factors. The results of empirical research showed that self-directed learning ability and problem solving ability had a positive effect on innovation behavior and problem solving ability had a positive effect on innovation behavior as a part of self-directed learning ability. Team-based learning in entrepreneurship education has been shown to be beneficial as a moderating effect on the relationship between problem-solving ability and self-directed learning ability and innovation behavior. In the case of four factors of team-based learning, Respectively. This study suggests the effectiveness and application of team-based learning method in entrepreneurship education.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2014

${\alpha}$-Asarone exhibits a number of pharmacological actions including neuroprotective, anti-oxidative, anticonvulsive, and cognitive enhancing action. The present study investigated the effects of ${\alpha}$-asarone on pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA, microglial activation, and neuronal damage in the hippocampus and on learning and memory deficits in systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated C57BL/6 mice. Varying doses of ${\alpha}$-asarone was orally administered (7.5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) once a day for 3 days before the LPS (3 mg/kg) injection. ${\alpha}$-Asarone significantly reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ mRNA at 4 and 24 hours after the LPS injection at dose of 30 mg/kg. At 24 hours after the LPS injection, the loss of CA1 neurons, the increase of TUNEL-labeled cells, and the up-regulation of BACE1 expression in the hippocampus were attenuated by 30 mg/kg of ${\alpha}$-asarone treatment. ${\alpha}$-Asarone significantly reduced Iba1 protein expression in the hippocampal tissue at a dose of 30 mg/kg. ${\alpha}$-Asarone did not reduce the number of Iba1-expressing microglia on immunohistochemistry but the average cell size and percentage areas of Iba1-expressing microglia in the hippocampus were significantly decreased by 30 mg/kg of ${\alpha}$-asarone treatment. In the Morris water maze test, ${\alpha}$-asarone significantly prolonged the swimming time spent in the target and peri-target zones. ${\alpha}$-Asarone also significantly increased the number of target heading and memory score in the Morris water maze. The results suggest that inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation in the hippocampus by ${\alpha}$-asarone may be one of the mechanisms for the ${\alpha}$-asarone-mediated ameliorating effect on memory deficits.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-26
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• 2008

Rapid progress of information technology and widespread use of the personal computers have brought various conveniences in our life. But this also provoked a series of problems such as hacking, malicious programs, illegal exposure of personal information etc. Information security threats are becoming more and more serious due to enhanced connectivity of information systems. Nevertheless, users are not much aware of the severity of the problems. Using appropriate password is supposed to bring out security effects such as preventing misuses and banning illegal users. The purpose of this research is to empirically analyze a research model which includes a series of factors influencing the effectiveness of passwords. The research model incorporates the concept of risk based on information systems risk analysis framework as the core element affecting the selection of passwords by users. The perceived risk is a main factor that influences user's attitude on password security, security awareness, and intention of security behavior. To validate the research model this study relied on questionnaire survey targeted on evening class MBA students. The data was analyzed by AMOS 7.0 which is one of popular tools based on covariance-based structural equation modeling. According to the results of this study, while threat is not related to the risk, information assets and vulnerability are related to the user's awareness of risk. The relationships between the risk, users security awareness, password selection and security effectiveness are all significant. Password exposure may lead to intrusion by hackers, data exposure and destruction. The insignificant relationship between security threat and perceived risk can be explained by user's indetermination of risk exposed due to weak passwords. In other words, information systems users do not consider password exposure as a severe security threat as well as indirect loss caused by inappropriate password. Another plausible explanation is that severity of threat perceived by users may be influenced by individual difference of risk propensity. This study confirms that security vulnerability is positively related to security risk which in turn increases risk of information loss. As the security risk increases so does user's security awareness. Security policies also have positive impact on security awareness. Higher security awareness leads to selection of safer passwords. If users are aware of responsibility of security problems and how to respond to password exposure and to solve security problems of computers, users choose better passwords. All these antecedents influence the effectiveness of passwords. Several implications can be derived from this study. First, this study empirically investigated the effect of user's security awareness on security effectiveness from a point of view based on good password selection practice. Second, information security risk analysis framework is used as a core element of the research model in this study. Risk analysis framework has been used very widely in practice, but very few studies incorporated the framework in the research model and empirically investigated. Third, the research model proposed in this study also focuses on impact of security awareness of information systems users on effectiveness of password from cognitive aspect of information systems users.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1041-1049
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• 2013

The root of Polygala radix has been widely known as an oriental traditional medicinal stuff that improves memory. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, the effect of Polygala radix hot water extracts (PRHWE) on cognitive function related to the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) derived from neural cells (PC12) in addition to antioxidant activity was examined both in a cell-free system and live cells. First, in the study on cell viability using an MTT assay, PRHWE did not exhibit any cell toxicity at 0.1% (w/v) or below. It also was observed that PRHWE increased the scavenging activity of DPPH radical, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, PRHWE had a protective effect on DNA oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals. Additionally, it inhibited the production of inducible nitric oxide in neuronal cells. Furthermore, the AchE activity decreased with increasing concentrations. In addition, PRHWE increased the expression level of SOD-1 and NOS-2 in PC12 cells. Moreover, the transcriptional activities of p53 and NF-${\kappa}B$ were reduced in the presence of PRHWE in an experiment using a reporter gene assay. Therefore, these results prove that PRHE has antioxidative and protective effects on neuronal cells, suggesting that it may have great potential as a therapeutic agent for human health.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-120
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• 2012

Objectives : The oriental medicine Jangwonhwan, a boiled extract of 12 medicinal herbs/mushrooms, has been prescribed to patients with cognitive dysfunction, as originally described in the Korean medical text, DonguiBogam(amnesia chapter). Recently, a modified formula of Jangwonhwan (LMK02-Jangwonhwan) consisting of seven medicinal plants/mushrooms, was shown to reduce the ${\beta}$-amyloid deposition in the brain of Tg-APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. The toxicity of LMK02-Jangwonhwan was investigated in SD rats, by a daily oral administration for 13 weeks and NOAEL(No observed adverse effect dose), a definite toxic dose and target organ, as well. Methods : Quality control of the tablet form of LMK02-Jangwonhwan was established by estimating the indicative components, Ginsenoside Rg3 of Red Ginseng and Decursin of Angelicagigas Nakai. The toxicity of LMK02-Jangwonhwan was investigated in 6 week old, specific pathogen free (SPF), Sprageu-Dawley rats by oral administration. Each test group consisted of 10 male and 10 female rats. The groups received doses of 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg/day of test substance for 13 weeks. The clinical signs, death rate, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematological and serum biochemistry, organ weight and pathological changes were examined and compared with those of the control group. Results : The 13-week repeated oral treatment doses didn't result in any specific symptoms or death. There were no significant changes in the rat's weight and food consumption. Further, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematological, serum biochemistry test and organ weight revealed no significant differences. Conclusions : The no-observed-adverse-effect level(NOAEL) of LMK02 for male and female Sprague-Dawley rats was determined as 2,000mg/kg/day and the target organ wasn't confirmed. Because no significant adverse effects were observed, the target organ could not be determined.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.701-707
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• 2010

To analyze the effectiveness of horticultural therapy reported in research papers, a meta-analysis was carried out with 108 of 377 Korean and overseas research papers on horticultural therapy from 1985 to February 2009 (196 Korean dissertations, 113 Korean journal articles, 5 overseas dissertations, and 63 overseas journal articles). The results revealed a large effect size of 0.71. The effectiveness according to the type, age and number of participants were also analyzed. The therapy was most effective in children, and it was more beneficial for children with special needs and elderly people affected by dementia than for the typical population. The greatest effect was found with group sizes of five people or less, and when carried out by researchers from departments related to horticultural therapy than by researchers from unrelated fields of study. The most effective horticultural therapy programs involved floral decorations; and participants who took part in 21 to 30 sessions or at least 31 sessions benefited the most. Among the main effects of short-term horticultural therapy are cognitive, social, physical and emotional; the greatest effect was observed in the physical domain.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate clinical effects on cognition, visual perception, depression, anxiety, and activities of daily living by applying the N-BACK program, a brain stimulated training program, which is used for the clinical purpose. To prove this, subjects suspected of cognitive impairment with 18-23 points in a Korean version of mental status examination (MMSE-K) were recruited among the population who had been diagnosed with stroke duration and suffered from it for six months of duration, and 10 of the subjects were selected into the experimental group and the control group, respectively. A total of 20 sessions were carried out for 30 minutes per day 5 times for 4 weeks. As a result, the experimental group who has been applied the N-BACK program showed positive results in the improvement of cognition, visual perception, depression, anxiety, and daily living skills. The results obtained from this study expect us that applying the N-BACK program for the improvement of cognition, visual perception, depression, and anxiety to stroke patients has a positive effect on the rehabilitation of patients and will lead them to improve daily living activities more independently.