• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.69-81
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop a Yonsei dual task cognitive screening test (Y-DuCog) for the elderly. Methods : The reliability and validity test of Y-DuCog (Yonsei Dual Task Cognitive Screening Test) was developed by 229 elderly people aged over 60 years from community organizations at Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do from May 2019 to August 2019. In addition, the criteria for classifying elderly with cognitive impairment were presented. Results : The correlation analysis between MMSE-K, MoCA-K and Y-DuCog were a correlation between the DTE and CRR of Y-DuCog. As a result of internal consistency, Cronbach's-α values of DTE and CRR showed .848 (p<.01) and .916 (p<.01), respectively. The test-retest reliability was high. The screening point showed 88.7% sensitivity and 83.5% specificity at 31.76 seconds in total DTE, and 84.5% sensitivity and 76.6% specificity at 0.38 in total dual-task CRR. Conclusion : This study verified the reliability and validity of Y-DuCog. It was found that the level of education was not a barrier to the undertaking of this test. Furthermore, the test could be performed easily and quickly. It is also expected to be used to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive function assessment and intervention methods in the elderly.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.292-298
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of dual tasks on balance and postural control during standing in patients with cerebellar ataxia (CA). It was hypothesized that CA patients would exhibit different sway characteristics of the center of mass (COM) depending on the complexity of the secondary cognitive tasks compared with normal control subjects. Methods: A total of 8 patients with CA and age-matched healthy control subjects participated in this study. They were instructed to perform two balance tasks (non-dual and dual movement) with 3 different complexity of dual tasks. Range, variability, and velocity of COMs were measured. Results: According to the results CA patients showed deficits in balance and postural control with increased dual-task complexity during the static balance task in saggital sway movements. However, there was no significant difference in static balance in frontal sway. With higher difficulty in the cognitive task, CA patients took longer to stabilize their body center, while normal control subjects showed no change between conditions. In addition, CA patients had a greater COM resultant velocity during recovery in the dual-task condition compared with the single-task condition. These findings indicate that CA patients had defendable compensatory strategies in performing dual tasks. Conclusion: In conclusion, CA patients appeared to manage the priority to balance and postural control. Particularly in a situation with a postural threat such as when potential consequences of the loss of stability increase, they appeared to prioritize the control of balance and posture over the performance of the secondary task.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.1-5
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the changes of postural sway and muscle activation while standing upright and performing a dual task. Methods: Nine healthy adults were recruited and provided their written informed consent. They performed a balance task with and without a cognitive task on a force flatform (Good balance, Metitur Ltd., Filand). Postural sway was measured as medio-lateral and anterior-posterior distance and the velocity of the center of pressure and muscle activations of the ankle dorsi- and plantar-muscle was measured. The recruits completed three trials and the data was analyzed by a paired t-test. Results: There were significant differences in the medio-lateral and anterior-posterior distance and the velocity of the center of pressure, and significant increases in the muscle activities of the tibialis anterior. Conclusion: These findings revealed that performing a dual task increases postural sway and muscle activation of the ankle when simultaneously maintaining balance and performing another cognitive task. Future studies should focus on balance training with a dual task for patients.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.405-408
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• 2012

Purpose: We examined the effect of dual-task and single-task training on serial reaction time (SRT) task performance to determine whether SRT is based more on motor or perception in a dual-task. Methods: Forty healthy adults were divided into two groups: the dual-task group (mean age, $21.8{\pm}1.6$ years) and the single-task group (mean age, $21.7{\pm}1.6$ years). SRT task was conducted total 480 trial. The four figures were presented randomly 16 times. A unit was set as 1 block that would repeat 10 times. Thus, there were a total of 160 trials for each of the three color conditions. The dual-task group performed an SRT task while detecting the color of a specific shape. The end of the task, subjects answered the specific shape number; the single-task group only performed the SRT task. The study consisted of three parts: pre-measurement, task performance, and post-measurement. Results: Differences of pre and post reaction time between two group was higher for the dual-task group as compared to the single task group and there was a significant interaction between time and group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that. short term period SRT is not quiet effective under dual-task conditions, individuals need additional cognitive processes to successfully navigate a task This suggests that dual-task training might not be appropriate for motor learning enhancement, at least when the training is over a short period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.93-108
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• 2022

PURPOSE: This review sought to confirm the correlation between dual-task gait and cognitive function in cognitively impaired and healthy older adults. METHOD: We used four databases (DBs), Pubmed, Cochrane library, Kmbase, and Koreamed. Searches were carried out according to the PICOS method, P (participants) were the elderly (above 65 years) with cognitive decline, I (intervention) was walking with dual tasks, C (control group) comprised the elderly without cognitive decline, O (outcome) was the correlation between gait and cognitive function and S (study) was the cross-sectional study. For the methodological quality assessment of each study, we used the Quality Assessment Tool for Observation Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). RESULTS: A total of 10 articles were included in this systematic review. For the components of gait, we used pace, rhythm, and variability and we observed that mild cognitive impairment mostly causes low gait performance while performing dual tasks. Among the 10 articles, 9 articles studied pace, of which 7 showed significant results. However, 2 were not significant. Also, 1 article that studied rhythm and 3 articles that studied variability showed significant results. The methodological quality of the 10 studies was fair. CONCLUSION: Gait pace was found to have a high correlation between memory, which is a cognitive ability, and overall cognitive function. It was observed that older adults with mild cognitive impairment have reduced gait pace in single-task walking, and further decrease in dual-task gait pace shows the correlation between memory and gait pace during walking.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.34-39
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of three cognitive tasks on gait at a preferred walking speed, and at a fast speed, using dual-task methodology. A total of 29 stroke patients participated in the study. All 29 subjects performed 2 motor tasks (10-meter walk task and timed up and go task each at a preferred and a fast speed) and three cognitive tasks [Stroop, word list generation (WLG), serial subtraction (SS)] under dual-task conditions [cognitive-motor interference (CMI)] in a randomized order. Gait speeds were measured in six different conditions. A repeated-measure analysis of variance was employed to compare the results of the Stroop training, WLG, and SS tasks during preferred and fast walking. A Bonferroni adjustment use for post hoc analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. A CMI effect occurred for performance of a 10-meter walking task at two different speed and a cognitive task (p<.05). Stroop had a significantly greater effect than SS and WLG (p<.05). The timed up and go task was affected when performed with fast walking speed during Stroop cognitive task (p<.05), but was not affected if performed with preferred walking speed during a cognitive task (p>.05). This study showed that CMI of Stroop can be used as a rehabilitation program for stroke patients.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.145-166
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate why advance organizers (AO) are effective in promoting comprehension and mental model formation in terms of cognitive load. Two experimental groups: a concept-map AO group and a key-word AO group and one control group were used. This study considered cognitive load in view of Baddeley's working memory model: central executive (CE), phonological loop (PL), and visuo-spatial sketch pad (VSSP). The present experiment directly examined cognitive load using dual task methodology. The results were as follows: central executive (CE) suppression task achievement for the concept map AO group was higher than the key word AO group and control group. Comprehension and mental model construction for the concept map AO group were higher than the other groups. These results indicated that the superiority of concept map AO owing to CE load decrement occurred with comprehension and mental model construction in learning. Thus, the available resources produced by CE load reduction may have been invested for comprehension and mental model construction of learning contents.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 2021

Objective: Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are more likely to progress to dementia. Motor-cognitive training is applied as a dual-task to improve the cognitive and physical functions of older adults with MCI. The purpose of the study was to know the recent trends in motor training types and outcome measures used for motor-cognitive training in older adults with MCI. Design: Aliterature review Methods: This literature review was conducted in Pubmed, MEDLINE® and Google Scholar with the following key words: older adults, mild cognitive impairment, motor-cognitive training, cognition, and dual-task. The 7 studies were found with the search tool and all studies were randomized controlled trials. Results: In motor-cognitive training in older adults with MCI, 6 studies applied aerobic exercise. And 3 out of 6 studies also applied strengthening exercises. One study applied dual tasks without aerobic exercise. In the 6 studies, overall cognitive and executive function were used as outcome measures, and physical function was evaluated as gait performance. Memory and physical frailty were also used as measurement tools. As a result of all studies, when motor-cognitive training was applied, cognition and physical performance showed significant results. Conclusions: A recent five-year study applied mainly aerobic exercise and strength training to older adults with MCI and found it to improve cognitive and physical performance.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.303-306
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• 2017

Purpose: Gait variability is defined as the intrinsic fluctuations which occur during continuous gait cycles. Increased gait variability is closely associated with increased fall risk in older adults. This study investigated the influence of attention-demanding tasks on gait variability in elderly healthy adults. Methods: We recruited 15 healthy elderly adults in this study. All participants performed two cognitive tasks: a subtraction dual-task (SDT) and working memory dual-task (WMDT) during gait plus one normal gait. Using the $LEGSys^+$ system, we measured the coefficient of variation (CV %=$100{\times}$[standard deviation/mean]) for participants' stride time, stride length, and stride velocity. Results: SDT gait showed significant increment of stride time variability compared with usual gait (p<0.05), however, stride length and velocity variability did not difference between SDT gait and usual gait (p>0.05). WMDT gait showed significant increment of stride time and velocity variability compared with usual gait (p<0.05). In addition, stride time variability during WMDT gait also significantly increased compared with SDT gait (p<0.05). Conclusion: We reported that SDT and WMDT gait can induce the increment of the gait variability in elderly adults. We assume that attention demanding task based on working memory has the most influence on the interference between cognitive and gait function. Understanding the changes during dual task gait in older ages would be helpful for physical intervention strategies and improved risk assessment.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of treadmill training and cognitive task with in the course of treadmill training at the same time with chronic stroke patients. Methods : Fourteen chronic stroke patients participated. Participants were randomly assigned to the control and experimental group(7 experimental, 7 control). All of participants were in-patients at local hospital and had been receiving a traditional rehabilitation program, five days a week. The both groups have undergone 4weeks. The experimental group trained in treadmill and cognitive task at the same time, but control group trained only treadmill. 10m walking test, Timed Up & Go (TUG) test and 6 Minutes walking(6M walking) test to measure the walking speed, dynamic balance and waling endurance ability were carried out before and after the training. Results : The result of the study were as follow:10m walking test were significantly increased both groups(p<.01), but not significant between groups(p>.05). TUG test were significantly increased both groups(p<.001) and between groups(p<.01). 6M walking test were significantly increased both groups(p<.001), but not significant between groups(p>.05). Conclusion : Ahead of return to the community to patients with stroke, cognitive task with in the course of treadmill training at the same time was effective in improving the dynamic balance ability.