• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.1-19
• /
• 2018

The purpose of educational assessments such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is to compare groups such as countries. When the unit of measurement is above the student level, group-level diagnostic assessment based on multilevel item response theory (ML-IRT) can be considered just as cognitive diagnosis models are developed from item response theory. This study suggests an ML-IRT-based group-level diagnostic assessment model by modifying an item feature model by Park and bolt (2008). The model is illustrated on the recently released TIMSS 2015 Grade 8 mathematics assessment. The results provide skill profiles for the studied countries and the nine cognitive attributes; that is, the attribute effects can be compared across the countries and also across the attributes. By controlling unexplained variance, the suggested model may provide more reliable and more informative group-level comparisons. The results are interpreted using an example. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed.

• School Mathematics
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.289-314
• /
• 2013

Achievement profile by attribute in Korean students' mathematics was analyzed by applying cognitive diagnostic model, which is the newest measurement theory, to 2011 NAEA(National Assessment of Educational Assessment) results. The results are as follows. As the level of school is higher from 6th grade, 9th grade to 11th grade, the percentage of students mastering cognitive attribute 9(expressions using picture, table, graph, formula, symbol, writing, etc) drastically declined from 78%, 35% to 26%. It is necessary to have learning strategies to reinforce their abilities of expressing table, graph, etc. that higher graders in mathematics are more vulnerable to. Next, the property of mastering cognitive attributes according to gender, multi-cultural family was analyzed. In terms of mathematics, the percentage of girls mastering most of the attribute generally is higher than that of boys from 6th grade to 9th grade, however, boys show higher mastery in almost attributes than girls in the 11th grade. Compared to boys, the part where girls have the most trouble is attribute 9 in mathematics(expressions using picture, table, graph, formula, symbol, writing, etc). As international marriage, influx of foreign workers, etc. increase, the number of students from Korea's multi-cultural families is expected to be higher, therefore, identifying the characteristics of their educational achievement is significant in reinforcing Korea's basic achievement. In mathematics, gap of mastery level of attributes between multi-cultural group and ordinary group is more severe in higher grade and the type of multi-cultural group that needs supports for improving achievement most urgently changed in 6th grade, 9th grade and 11th grade respectively. In the 6th and 11th grade, migrant students from North Korea show the lowest level of mastering attributes, however, in the 9th grade, the mastery rate of immigrant students is lowest. Therefore, there is an implication that supporting plans for improving achievement of students from multi-cultural family should establish other strategies based on the characteristics of school level.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.150-158
• /
• 2021

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) refers to acute bleeding inside the intracranial vault. Not only does this devastating disease record a very high mortality rate, but it can also cause serious chronic impairment of sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. Therefore, a prompt and professional diagnosis of the disease is highly critical. Noninvasive brain imaging data are essential for clinicians to efficiently diagnose the locus of brain lesion, volume of bleeding, and subsequent cortical damage, and to take clinical interventions. In particular, computed tomography (CT) images are used most often for the diagnosis of ICH. In order to diagnose ICH through CT images, not only medical specialists with a sufficient number of diagnosis experiences are required, but even when this condition is met, there are many cases where bleeding cannot be successfully detected due to factors such as low signal ratio and artifacts of the image itself. In addition, discrepancies between interpretations or even misinterpretations might exist causing critical clinical consequences. To resolve these clinical problems, we developed a diagnostic model predicting intracranial bleeding and its subtypes (intraparenchymal, intraventricular, subarachnoid, subdural, and epidural) by applying deep learning algorithms to CT images. We also constructed a visualization tool highlighting important regions in a CT image for predicting ICH. Specifically, 1) 27,758 CT brain images from RSNA were pre-processed to minimize the computational load. 2) Three different CNN-based models (ResNet, EfficientNet-B2, and EfficientNet-B7) were trained based on a training image data set. 3) Diagnosis performance of each of the three models was evaluated based on an independent test image data set: As a result of the model comparison, EfficientNet-B7's performance (classification accuracy = 91%) was a way greater than the other models. 4) Finally, based on the result of EfficientNet-B7, we visualized the lesions of internal bleeding using the Grad-CAM. Our research suggests that artificial intelligence-based diagnostic systems can help diagnose and treat brain diseases resolving various problems in clinical situations.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.29 no.8
• /
• pp.812-823
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to search effective assessments methods by using the Fusion model of Cognitive diagnosis theory. Attributes are skills or cognitive processes that are required to perform correctly on a particular item. After test items were developed, item's attributes were decided and Q-matrix about item's attributes was made. After testing, the result was analyzed according to gender and achievement level. The results of the analysis showed that students mastered 'Interpreting data' best, and 'synthesizing' worst among the five attributes. Female students showed higher ability than male students in 'recalling.' Students of high achievement level mastered more scientific attributes than students of low achievement level. Conventional assessments only provided a single summary score but Cognitive diagnosis modeling provided useful information by estimating individual knowledge states by assessing whether an examinee has mastered specific attributes measured by the science test. The skill profiles can offer a skill level of strong, weak, or mixed for each student for each skill. Therefore, the skill profiles will provide useful diagnostic information in addition to single overall scores.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.94-100
• /
• 2020

Objectives Amyloid β positron emission tomography (Aβ PET) is widely used as a diagnostic tool in patients who have symptoms of cognitive impairment, however, this diagnostic examination is too expensive. Thus, predicting the positivity of Aβ PET before patients undergo the examination is essential. We aimed to analyze clinical predictors of patients who underwent Aβ PET retrospectively, and to develop a predicting model of Aβ PET positivity. Methods 468 patients who underwent Aβ PET with cognitive impairment were recruited and their clinical indicators were analyzed retrospectively. We specified the primary outcome as Aβ PET positivity, and included variables such as age, sex, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, education, dementia family history, Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Box (CDR-SB), hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM) and presence of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) E4 as potential predictors. We developed three final models of amyloid positivity prediction for total subjects, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia using a multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed and the area under curve (AUC) value was calculated for the ROC curve. Results Aβ PET negative patients were 49.6% (n = 232), and Aβ PET positive patients were 50.4% (n = 236). In the final model of all subjects, older age, female sex, presence of ApoE E4 and lower MMSE are associated with Aβ PET positivity. The AUC value was 0.296. In the final model of MCI subjects (n = 244), older age and presence of ApoE E4 are associated with Aβ PET positivity. The AUC value was 0.725. In the final model of AD subjects (n = 173), lower MMSE scores, the presence of ApoE E4 and history of HTN are associated with Aβ PET positivity. The AUC value was 0.681. Conclusions The cerebral amyloid positivity model, which was based on commonly available clinical indicators, can be useful for prediction of amyloid PET positivity in MCI or AD patients.

• School Mathematics
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.387-407
• /
• 2014

Gender differences have been given major attention in mathematics education in the context of pursuing gender equity in instructional and learning environment. It had been traditional belief that male students would outperform female students in mathematics, especially in the areas as geometry. This belief has been given doubts by cumulated empirical evidences that gender differences are gradually diminishing or even reversing its direction as time goes on. In this study, gender differences in geometry were explored using TIMSS 8th grade mathematics data administered in TIMSS 2003, 2007, and 2011, based on a cognitive diagnostic modeling(CDM) approach. Among various CDM models, the Fusion model was employed. The Fusion model has advantages over other CDM models in that it provides more detailed information about gender differences at the attribute level as well as item level and more mathematically tractable. The findings of this study show that Attribute 3(Three-dimensional Geometric Shapes) revealed statistically significant gender differences favoring male students in TIMSS 2003 and 2007, but did not show significant differences in TIMSS 2011, which provides an additional empirical evidence supporting the recent observation that gender gap is narrowing. In addition to the general trends in gender differences in geometry, this study also provided affluent information such as gender differences in attribute mastery profiles and gender differences in relative contributions of each attribute in solving a particular item. Based on the findings of the CDM approach exploring gender differences, instructional implications in geometry education are discussed.

• School Mathematics
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.259-277
• /
• 2008

Conventional assessments only provide a single summary score that indicates the overall performance level or achievement level of a student in a single learning area. For assessments to be more effective, test should provide useful diagnostic information in addition to single overall scores. Cognitive diagnosis modeling provides useful information by estimating individual knowledge states by assessing whether an examinee has mastered specific attributes measured by the test(Embretson, 1990; DiBello, Stout, & Rousses, 1995; Tatsuoka, 1995). Attributes are skills or cognitive processes that are required to perform correctly on a particular item. By the results of this study, students, parents, and teachers would be able to see where a student stands with respect to mastering the attributes. Such information could be used to guide the learner and teacher toward areas requiring more study. By being able to assess where they stand in regard to the attributes that compose an item, students can plan a more effective learning path to be desired proficiency levels. It would be very helpful to the examinee if score reports can provide the scale scores as well as the skill profiles. While the scale scores are believed to provide students' math ability by reporting only one score point, the skill profiles can offer a skill level of strong, weak or mixed for each student for each skill.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
• /
• 1996.04a
• /
• pp.505-510
• /
• 1996

Many diseases cause other diseases with strength of influences and time intervals. Prognostic and therapeutic assessments are the important part of clinical medicine as well as diagnostic assessments. In cases where a patient already has manufestations of multiple disorders (complications), progress forecasting and therapy decision by physicians without support tools are very dificult: physicians often say that "Once complications set in, the patient may die". Treating complications are difficult tasks for physicians, because they have to consider all of the complexities, possibilities and interactions between the diseases. The prediction of multiple disorders has many bundles that arise from such time-dependent interrelationships between diseases and nonlinear progress. This paper proposes a model based on time-dependent influences, which appropriately describes the progress of mulitple disorders, and gives some modificaitons for applying this model to medical domains: time-dependent influence matrix manifestation vector, therapy efficacy matrix, S-shaped curve approximation, definitions of which are provided. This research proposes an algorithm for forecasting the state of each disease on the time horizon and for evaluation of therapy alternatives with not toy example, but real patient history of multiple disorders.disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
• /
• v.52 no.2
• /
• pp.191-220
• /
• 2018

Using Bloom's taxonomy model of thinking ability for learning (RBTT) and new ACRL information literacy framework (2016), this study demonstrates the meta-literacy competencies for library specialists and analyses current LIS curriculum of higher education. Some guidelines for reformation of LIS curriculum, emphasizing meta-literacy competencies which are required from Web3.0 information environment, are provided.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.579-586
• /
• 2013

Purpose: This article provides an update and overview of a nursing research program focused on understanding the pathophysiology and management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods: This review includes English language papers from the United States, Europe, and Asia (e.g., South Korea) from 1999 to 2013. We addressed IBS as a health problem, emerging etiologies, diagnostic and treatment approaches and the importance of a biopsychosocial model. Results: IBS is a chronic, functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and alterations in bowel habit (diarrhea, constipation, mixed). It is a condition for which adults, particularly women ages 20-45, seek health care services in both the United States and South Korea. Clinically, nurses play key roles in symptom prevention and management including designing and implementing approaches to enhance the patients' self-management strategies. Multiple mechanisms are believed to participate in the development and maintenance of IBS symptoms including autonomic nervous system dysregulation, intestinal inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis, dietary intolerances, alterations in emotion regulation, heightened visceral pain sensitivity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation, and dysmotility. Because IBS tends to occur in families, genetic factors may also contribute to the pathophysiology. Patients with IBS often report a number of co-morbid disorders and/or symptoms including poor sleep. Conclusion: The key to planning effective management strategies is to understand the heterogeneity of this disorder. Interventions for IBS include non-pharmacological strategies such as cognitive behavior therapy, relaxation strategies, and exclusion diets.