• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-117
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the cognitive function in the elderly and to identify the influencing factors. Methods: The design of this study was descriptive research design. A total of 139 elderly people (aged 65 years and over) visiting the electroencephalogram (EEG) center in Seoul, Korea were evaluated. Data were assessed by self-administered questionnaires and CNS Vital Signs (CNSVS). Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows. Results: There were significant differences in the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), executive functions and reasoning according to education level. K-MMSE, visual memory and executive functions were different depending on the jobs. Age was highly correlated with cognitive function. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the factor significantly associated with reaction time and visual memory was depression. Depression and Trait-Anxiety had significant impacts on executive functions and K-MMSE. Conclusion: CNSVS enabled the accurate and objective measurement of cognitive function. Therefore, this study provides useful data to improve cognitive function of the community-dwelling elderly. The results suggested that there is need for comprehensive interventional programs that manage cognitive impairment.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.355-363
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• 2016

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of a 12-week virtual reality exercise program using the Nintendo Wii console (Wii) in improving balance, emotion, and quality of life among patients with cognitive decline. Methods: The study included 30 patients with cognitive decline (12 female, 18 male) who were randomly assigned to an experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). All subjects performed a traditional cognitive rehabilitation program and the experimental group performed additional three 40-minute virtual reality based video game (Wii) sessions per week for 12 weeks. The berg balance scale (BBS) was used to assess balance abilities. The short form geriatric depression scale-Korean (GDS-K) and the Korean version of quality of life-Alzheimer's disease (KQOL-AD) scale were both used to assess life quality in patients. Statistical significance was tested within and between groups before and after treatment, using Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney u-tests. Results: After 36 training sessions, there were significant beneficial effects of the virtual reality game exercise on balance (BBS), GDS-K, and KQOL-AD in the experimental group when compared to the control group. No significant difference was observed within the control group. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that a virtual reality-training program could improve the outcomes in terms of balance, depression, and quality of life in patients with cognitive decline. Long-term follow-ups and further studies of more efficient virtual reality training programs are needed.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.140-154
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• 2024

A physician's empathy plays a crucial role in patient-centered care, and in modern medicine, patients, their caregivers, and society demand a high level of empathy from healthcare providers. The conceptualization of clinical empathy, which has emphasized cognitive empathy since the mid-20th century, has been widely accepted in medical schools and the healthcare industry without much critical ref lection. This study provides an overview of the ongoing debates on empathy versus sympathy and cognitive empathy versus affective empathy to clarify the concept of empathy. Based on recent research findings, clinical empathy is proposed to encompass three components: cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and empathic motivation. It is suggested that fully demonstrating these components requires empathic communication skills. Additionally, the cognitive characteristics of medical students and the features of the academic environment demonstrate the need for education to strengthen their empathy skills. Considering this, proposed intervention methods that medical schools can consider include utilizing tutoring programs and debriefing processes for team activities, which can facilitate problem-solving as a coping strategy for stress. Learning communities can create an environment where students can receive social support and recover from stress. Medical schools can contribute to the development of students' professional identities as practicing clinicians who embody empathy and respect by cultivating professors as positive role models. Additionally, utilizing scales to assess the empathic nature of doctor-patient communication or incorporating patients and caregivers as evaluators can actively improve empathic communication skills.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.375-385
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and test a structural model for chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment of breast cancer patients based on a literature review and Hess and Insel's chemotherapy-related cognitive change model. Methods: The Participants consisted of 250 patients who were ${\geq}19$ years of age. The assessment tools included the Menopause Rating Scale, Symptom Experience Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Everyday Cognition, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 programs. Results: The modified model was a good fit for the data. The model fit indices were ${\chi}^2=423.18$ (p<.001), ${\chi}^2/df=3.38$, CFI=.91, NFI=.91, TLI=.89, SRMR=.05, RMSEA=.09, and AIC=515.18. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment was directly influenced by menopausal symptoms (${\beta}=.38$, p=.002), depression and anxiety (${\beta}=.25$, p=.002), and symptom experiences (${\beta}=.19$, p=.012). These predictors explained 47.7% of the variance in chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Depression and anxiety mediated the relations among menopausal symptoms, symptom experiences, and with chemotherapy related cognitive impairment. Depression and anxiety (${\beta}=-.51$, p=.001), symptom experiences (${\beta}=-.27$, p=.001), menopausal symptoms (${\beta}=-.22$, p=.008), and chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (${\beta}=-.15$, p=.024) had direct effects on the quality of life and these variables explained 91.3%. Conclusion: These results suggest that chemotherapy-related toxicity is highly associated with cognitive decline and quality of life in women with breast cancer. Depression and anxiety increased vulnerability to cognitive impairment after chemotherapy. Nursing intervention is needed to relieve chemotherapy-related toxicity and psychological factor as well as cognitive decline for quality of life in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

The study conducted a meta analysis to identify the effects of physical activity programs for the elderly with disabilities. The 14 out of 177 studies, fulfilled the process and requirement, were selected for the Hedges'g, funnel plot, forest plot, Egger's regression test, trim-and-fill, fail-safe N. There were three conclusions based on the results. First, the physical activity was effective for the elderly with disabilities and showed good effects on the psychomotor, cognitive, and affective domains. Second, the physical activity programs of fundamental exercise skill, game and sport, and fitness exercise showed positive effects on the psychomotor, cognitive, and affective domains in the elderly with disabilities. Third, the fundamental exercise skill for the psychomotor domain, the game and sport for the cognitive domain, and the fitness exercise for the affective domain were the most effective for the elderly with disabilities.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.43-61
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was focus on development of educational objectives by using oral health education in the elementary school from now on. Based on the results of analysis compared with a model of educational objectives and contents by reflecting the programs for analysis were the oral health education programs of the Ministry of health and social Affairs in Korea, and the programs of two states in u.s. in order to construct goals and contents of oral health education in school. The results in this study can be arranged as follows: First, an analysis on the educational objectives of dental health education program resulted that, from a viewpoint of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives, in case of domestic, most learning objectives expressed in the handbook of Ministry of Health and social Welfare were given too much emphasis to the cognitive domain of 37 an items in all. Affective domain were appeared the lack of balance of the development domain. Second, the result of analysis for the programs of two states of America, the cognitive domain were the most abundant of 48 an items in all, and were not significantly different to those of Korea in the form of objectives domain or statement. However a big different was shown that they organized the same objectives domain as a pattern of repeating and deepening at every grade. Third, in this study, 10 educational objectives of dental health education were established, based on the result of analyzing those existing educational programs as central figure. Those are oral cavity, brushing, nutrition of teeth, fluoride, flossing, teeth injury, dental decay, periodontal disease, malocclusion, routine dental visits. And general objectives and specific objectives of each learning area were stated and arranged grade by grade.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.89-98
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• 2018

Due to the increasing global prevalence of dementia, such as Alzheimer disease, there is a growing public health concern about its prevention. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review for a narrative synthesis and critical appraisal of current published research related to dementia prevention programs among Koreans. To conduct a systematic review, the data bases KoreaMed, Riss4u and 9 Nursing Journals were searched using the key words dementia prevention and cognitive function. Articles published between 2000~2014 and related to dementia prevention programs were reviewed. Two hundred-fifty references were searched but only 29 studies met our inclusion criteria to review. We found that dementia prevention programs focused on: exercise, 11 studies (37.9%); multi-therapy, 9 studies (31.0%); and cognitive enhancement activity, 4 studies(13.8%). The majority of studies (n=19, 65.5%) included adults over 65 while two studies targeted adults over 75. The current literature indicates that future research is needed to develop and provide appropriate and effective dementia prevention programs among Korean older adults.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.489-503
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• 2019

This study aimed to analyze the preference of subfertile women for forest therapy programs depending on their emotional characteristics, and to provide basic data for the development of forest therapy programs in order to promote the mental health of subfertile women. Among the surveyed emotional characteristics of subfertile women, the level of emotions including pressure to become pregnant, impatience and frustration were high, while that of emotions including anxiety and fear; depression, hopelessness, helplessness, loneliness and sadness tended to be medium. The level of emotions including shame and guilt tended to be low. The top six forest therapy programs preferred by subfertile women include a deep breath of air /phytoncide, forest bathing/wind bathing/sun bathing, self-esteem recovery program, eating organic foods, low body bathing/foot bathing/hot spring bathing, and breathing/breathing exercises. Subfertile women highly pressured to become pregnant showed significant differences in the preference of the self-esteem recovery program, Domar 's relaxation therapy, NLP therapy, and sleeping in the woods, while women with anxiety and fear showed significant differences in the preference of walking barefoot in forests, mountain walking in silence, listening to water sounds/ hand and foot soak, self-esteem recovery program, NLP therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, aroma therapy, integrated art therapy in forests, forest bathing/wind bathing/sunbathing, a deep breath of air/phytoncide, and observing stars. Women with depression, hopelessness, helplessness, loneliness, and sadness showed significant differences in eating organic foods, self-esteem recovery program, counseling/coaching, and cognitive behavior therapy. The significance of this study was to analyze the preference of subfertile women, as subjects, for forest therapy program. The results of this study are expected to be used as basis data for developing forest therapy programs for subfertile women.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.275-286
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand and analyze the current status of dementia management and rehabilitation services in Busan, South Korea, in response to the rapid increase of people with dementia due to the aging of the population. Methods: To investigate the current status of dementia rehabilitation in Busan, a survey was disseminated to dementia safety centers and day- and night-care centers in 16 districts/counties in Busan. Of the 209 day- and night-care centers, 23 institutes were registered in the National Health Insurance Service and received the highest grade (Grade A) in the institute evaluation that was implemented in each district. A telephone interview was conducted, and survey questions were related to the existence of an ongoing dementia rehabilitation program, program presenter, number of participants, progress method, program time, program duration, program contents, and participation path. Results: Dementia safety centers were implementing dementia prevention program, cognitive enhancing program, dementia program, self-help meeting and education program for family of dementia patient. The majority of the presenters of all four dementia-related programs were occupational therapists. The highest number of participants in the dementia prevention program was 15, and the highest number of participants in the cognitive enhancing program, dementia program, self-help meeting and education program for family of dementia patient was 10. All institutes' programs delivered group therapy. As for the time and frequency of the program, most dementia program included three-hour sessions five times a week. Most dementia prevention program, cognitive enhancing program, self-help meeting and education program for family of dementia patient included 60-minute sessions once a week. The most frequently observed program duration for the dementia prevention program and cognitive enhancing program was six months, and the most frequently observed duration for the dementia program was three months. Lastly, study participants most often reported that self-help meeting and education program for family of dementia patient lasted for two months. Among day- and night-care centers in Busan, programs related to cognition were implemented in 18 institutes, and the majority of the program presenters were social workers. Conclusion: In response to the rapidly growing number of dementia patients due to the aging of the population, this study examined the current status of dementia rehabilitation in Busan. The study results underscore the need to develop systems that consider the circumstances in Busan and continuously and systematically support dementia programs.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2014

In this study we focus on the effect of the interaction between humans and reactive television when emotion recognition through facial expression mechanism is used. Most of today's user interfaces in electronic products are passive and are not properly fitted into users' needs. In terms of the user centered device, we propose that the emotion based reactive television is the most effective in interaction compared to other passive input products. We have developed and researched next generation cognitive TV models in user centered. In this paper we present a result of the experiment that had been taken with Fraunhofer IIS $SHORE^{TM}$ demo software version to measure emotion recognition. This new approach was based on the real time cognitive TV models and through this approach we studied the relationship between humans and cognitive TV. This study follows following steps: 1) Cognitive TV systems can be on automatic ON/OFF mode responding to motions of people 2) Cognitive TV can directly select channels as face changes (ex, Neutral Mode and Happy Mode, Sad Mode, Angry Mode) 3) Cognitive TV can detect emotion recognition from facial expression of people within the fixed time and then if Happy mode is detected the programs of TV would be shifted into funny or interesting shows and if Angry mode is detected it would be changed to moving or touching shows. In addition, we focus on improving the emotion recognition through facial expression. Furthermore, the improvement of cognition TV based on personal characteristics is needed for the different personality of users in human to computer interaction. In this manner, the study on how people feel and how cognitive TV responds accordingly, plus the effects of media as cognitive mechanism will be thoroughly discussed.