• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2022

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an essential component of the cerebral cortex and is associated with cognitive function. In this systematic review, the effects of PS on cognitive function in the elderly population are examined. The literature search included PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. Subsequently, nine studies, including five randomized controlled trials and four pre-post studies, were selected. There were 961 participants in the selected studies; PS dosage varied from 100 to 300 mg/d, and the experimental period ranged from 6 weeks to 6 months. Five out of the nine selected studies were assessed to have a 'low' risk of bias, whereas the other four studies were assessed to have 'some concerns' regarding the risk of bias. The results of the meta-analysis concluded that PS had a positive effect on the memory of older adults with cognitive decline. Thus, PS appears to improve age-associated cognitive decline, especially memory, with no adverse effects.

• Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.120-129
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• 2018

Background and Purpose: Prospective memory (PM) has a known relationship with frontal function, and PM decline has been observed in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Cerebral small vessel disease, as evidenced by white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), is linked to frontal dysfunction. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between PM decline and WMHs in patients with aMCI. Methods: Of 74 enrollees with aMCI, 69 completed this prospective study. We compared total scores and sub-scores of the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) administered at baseline and 3 months later, stratifying patients by degree of WMHs. Results: A significant decline was seen in PRMQ total scores and PM scores at the 3-month mark in patients with moderate (vs. mild) degrees of WMHs ($-2.8{\pm}7.2$ vs. $0.2{\pm}7.1$; p=0.032). In addition, patients with moderate (vs. mild) degrees of deep WMHs (DWMHs) showed greater PM decline, whereas PM loss in patients with mild, moderate, or severe degrees of periventricular WMHs (PVWMHs) did not differ significantly. Conclusions: Findings of this study indicate that the burden of WMHs is consistently implicated in PM deterioration experienced by patients with aMCI, and signifies greater PM decline, especially in instances of extensive DWMHs. Greater attention to the change of PM is therefore needed in aMCI patients with WMHs.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to report the effect of oriental medical treatments with exercise therapy on the frail elderly patient with gait disturbance and cognitive decline. The frail elderly patient with gait disturbance and cognitive decline was treated by oriental medical treatments combined with exercise therapy during 3 months. The improvement of clinical symptom was evaluated by Manual Muscle Test (MMT), Passive Range Of Motion (PROM), Mini Mental State Examination-Korea (MMSE-K). After 3 months, all of both lower extremity Manual Muscle Test (MMT) improved to Grade 4. Both knee extension Passive Range Of Motion (PROM) and Mini Mental State Examination-Korea (MMSE-K) also increased from -30/-30 to 0/-5, from 7 to 25 respectively. It could be suggested that oriental medical treatments with exercise therapy were effective on the frail elderly patient with gait disturbance and cognitive decline. And further research is encouraged to confirm the effectiveness of this treatment with a larger number of patients.

• Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.147-161
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• 2022

Background and Purpose: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) refers to the self-perception of cognitive decline with normal performance on objective neuropsychological tests. SCD, which is the first help-seeking stage and the last stage before the clinical disease stage, can be considered to be the most appropriate time for prevention and treatment. This study aimed to compare characteristics between the amyloid positive and amyloid negative groups of SCD patients. Methods: A cohort study to identify predictors for the clinical progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia from subjective cognitive decline (CoSCo) study is a multicenter, prospective observational study conducted in the Republic of Korea. In total, 120 people aged 60 years or above who presented with a complaint of persistent cognitive decline were selected, and various risk factors were measured among these participants. Continuous variables were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and categorical variables were analyzed using the χ² test or Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression models were used to assess the predictors of amyloid positivity. Results: The multivariate logistic regression model indicated that amyloid positivity on PET was related to a lack of hypertension, atrophy of the left temporal lateral and entorhinal cortex, low body mass index, low waist circumference, less body and visceral fat, fast gait speed, and the presence of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele in amnestic SCD patients. Conclusions: The CoSCo study is still in progress, and the authors aim to identify the risk factors that are related to the progression of MCI or dementia in amnestic SCD patients through a two-year follow-up longitudinal study.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.358-372
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• 2020

This study examined the effect of cognitive reserve on the cognitive function in adults. In addition, this study investigated the direct and indirect effects of factors, such as subjective memory decline, depression, and quality of life on the cognitive function. The participants consisted of 253 adults who were 40 to 80 years of age. The assessment tools included the cognitive function scale, depression scale, quality of life scale, subjective memory decline, and cognitive reserve scale. The data results were analyzed using SPSS 25.0, and PROCESS macro for SPSS Version 3.3 and bootstrapping were used. The results of multiple mediating of the cognitive reserve and cognitive function in adults did not have a mediating effect in depression and subjective memory decline, and the quality of life showed a complete mediating effect in the relationship between the cognitive reserve and subjective cognitive function. Based on the results of this study, adults must accumulate cognitive reserve continuously through various activities and continuous training so that the cognitive function can lead to a positive direction. Nevertheless, more studies on cognitive reserve and cognitive function in healthy adults are needed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.59-66
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• 2020

Purpose : This study aimed to present normative data for older Korean adults completing the Yonsei dual task cognitive screening test (Y-DuCog) and identify changes in cognitive function on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment - Korean (MoCA-K) with age. Methods : From May 2019 to August 2019, 195 healthy adults aged ≥60 years participated in this study. All participants completed the Y-DuCog to assess their dual-task performance and the MoCA-K to assess their cognitive function. Participants were divided into three groups based on their age: 60~69 years, 70~79 years, and ≥80 years. Results : The results of the Y-DuCog showed that dual-task performance time, effect, and correct response rate decreased significantly with age (p<.001). Scores from the three groups showed differences on all items (p<.001). Cognitive function on the MoCA-K also decreased significantly with age (mean score ± standard deviation [SD]; 27.33 ± 2.61 in subjects aged 60~69 years; 24.82 ± 3.20 in subjects aged 70~79 years; and 22.10 ± 4.91 in subjects aged ≥80 years; p<.001). Conclusions : Occupational therapists should be aware of the decline in cognitive function and dual-task performance time, effect, and correct response rate in older adults and consider interventions to treat this decline. Further studies are needed with larger groups of participants to examine factors, such as sex and education, that may impact dual-task performance and cognitive function.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.238-246
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• 2019

Background: In South Korea, as an aged society, an understanding of dementia and its risk factors is important from clinical and healthcare policy perspectives. Relationship between cognitive impairment and body weight or weight changes have been reported, but these were contradictory. We have evaluated the association between weight changes and cognitive decline using national level longitudinal data. Methods: Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing from 2006 to 2012 were used. Association between weight changes and decline in cognitive function as measured by K-MMSE (the Korean version of the Mini-mental state examination) score was assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Weight changes were calculated from 1st wave and 3rd wave survey data, and classified into five groups as stable, increases, decreases of >10%, or 5%-10%. Results: About 37% of the total participants (n=4,512) were 65 years or older. These participants made up the largest proportion of the groups with weight change exceeding 10%. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that weight changes exceeding 10% (10% increase vs stable, adjusted OR [aOR] 1.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.95; 10% decrease vs stable, aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.11-1.88) were significant predictive factors for decline in cognitive function. In subgroup analyses, the association between weight changes and cognitive decline was significant in males aged over 65 years and in normal BMI groups. Conclusion: Weight changes, both increases and decreases exceeding 10% of baseline, were significantly associated with declines in cognitive function among older adults in South Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2019

Objectives: To identify the factors affecting the cognitive function according to the education level of people aged 65 or older. Methods: This study used the data from the 2014 survey of living conditions and welfare needs of Korean older adults. A total of 10,248 people were analyzed in the final analysis, not including those who responded by proxy and those who did not participate in cognitive function tests. Cognitive function was measured by Mini Mental State Examination -Dementia Screening(MMSE-DS), and logistic regression was performed using the SPSS/WIN 24.0 program. Results: There were differences in factors affecting cognitive function depending on the education level. Overall, regular exercise had a positive effect on maintaining cognitive function, and the higher the education level, the more important it was to maintain the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(IADL). In addition, for lower education levels, improving the life satisfaction was important to prevent the decline of cognitive function. Conclusions: Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that customized approaches shoud be taken according to education level when developing and implementing programs to prevent the decline of cognitive function.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.283-292
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• 2019

The loss of semantic knowledge and impairments in semantic associations by semantic category is gaining increasing attention, as indicators of early-stage cognitive decline. As such, we assigned semantic association task (SAT) to normal elderly (NE) and those with subjective memory impairment (SMI) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to examine their performance by semantic subcategories and the differences in error patterns. We found a significant difference in the number of correct response and reaction time under the SAT categories among the three groups, with the highest performance observed in 'function' and the lowest performance in 'superordinate' and 'part/whole'. Moreover, the error frequency was the lowest in NE, followed by those with SMI and MCI, with the latter two groups showing a significant increase in no-response. Our findings demonstrate the varying extent and process of impairments in the semantic network by category over different stages of cognitive decline. Thus, we proposed SAT performance as an indicator to detect and follow-up on cognitive decline in elderly with cognitive disorder.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.313-322
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• 2010

Purpose : This study was to evaluate the effects of cognitive rehabilitation training on the cognitive decline of dementia patients. Therefore the purpose of this study was to examine the influence of brain activation according to bio-feedback training in dementia. Methods : Ten dementia patients were recruited this study. Experiment was performed for 30min per session, five times a week through 4 week and two measurements before and after bio-feedback training. Brain activity was measured by Korea Electroencephalogram(EEG) system. Statistical analysis was used Wilcoxon signed rank test to know difference of EEG between pre and post-test in each group and Mann-Whitney U test was to know difference between experimental and control group. Results : Significant improvement of slow-alpha wave was observed following bio-feedback in experiment group. There was no significant change in experiment and control group. Conclusion : In this study, the bio-feedback training was effective in improving slow-alpha wave in dementia patients. It is suggested that bio-feedback training with dementia patients can be useful to ameliorate the cognitive decline. And it will be effective for prevention of cognitive function decline.