• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.33 no.9
• /
• pp.699-708
• /
• 2009

To understand hydrogen jet liftoff height, the stabilization mechanism of turbulent lifted jet flames under non-premixed conditions was studied. The objectives were to determine flame stability mechanisms, to analyze coexistence of two different flame structure, and to characterize the lifted jet at the flame stabilization point. Hydrogen flow velocity varied from 100 to 300 m/s. Coaxial air velocity was changed from 12 to 20 m/s. Simultaneous velocity field and reaction zone measurements used, PIV/OH PLIF techniques with Nd:YAG lasers and CCD/ICCD cameras. Liftoff height decreased with the increase of fuel velocity. The flame stabilized in a lower velocity region next to the faster fuel jet due to the mixing effects of the coaxial air flow. The flame stabilization was related to turbulent intensity and strain rate assuming that combustion occurs where local flow velocity and turbulent flame propagation velocity are balanced. At the flame base, two different flame structures were found that was the partial premixed flames and premixed flame.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
• /
• 2009.11a
• /
• pp.242-245
• /
• 2009

The effect of fuel composition on flame length was studied in a non-premixed turbulent diluted hydrogen jet with coaxial air. The observed flame length was expressed as a function of the ratio of coaxial air to fuel jet velocity and compared with a theoretical prediction based on the velocity ratio. Four cases of fuel mixed by volume were determined. In the present study, we derived a scaling correlation for predicting the flame length in a simple jet with coaxial air using the effective jet diameter in the near-field concept. The experimental results showed that visible flame length had a good relation with the theoretical prediction. The scaling analysis is also valid for diluted hydrogen jet flames with varied fuel composition.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2012.04a
• /
• pp.259-261
• /
• 2012

The effect of fuel composition and coaxial air on the nitrogen oxide emission index was studied in a non-premixed turbulent jet flame. Validity of experimental setup and methodology is checked. The NOx emission trend is similar with previous works in hydrogen flame, but it's not well in $H_2/CO$ flame. Normalized EINOx scaling with modified $S_G$ applying near-field concept was conducted. Experimental data don't collapse single correlation curve, but partially same trend is observed in all cases.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2006.04a
• /
• pp.105-110
• /
• 2006

Many previous works have been performed to provide correlations of flame length, theoretically and experimentally. Most of these results studied were conducted in vertical turbulent flame with no coaxial air condition. The present study analyzes the flame length scaling with coaxial air. In turbulent hydrogen non-premixed jet flames with coaxial air, flame length scaling theoretically proposed so far has been related with the concept of a far-field equivalent source. At high coaxial air to fuel velocity ratio, $U_A/U_F$, however, this scaling theory has some difference with experimental flame length data. This difference is understood to be due to the fact that the theory is based on far-field notion, while the effect of coaxial air on jet flame occurs in the region near the nozzle exit. Therefore, we define effective jet density $P_{eff}$ involving the concept of near-field so that effective jet diameter can be extended to the near-field region. In this condition, we modify the correlation and compare with experimental data.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2007.05a
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2007

To reveal the newly found liftoff height behavior of hydrogen jet, we have experimentally studied the stabilization mechanism of turbulent, lifted jet flames in a non-premixed condition. The objectives of the present research are to report the phenomenon of a liftoff height decreasing as increasing fuel velocity, to analyse the flame structure and behavior of the lifted jet, and to explain the mechanisms of flame stability in hydrogen turbulent non-premixed jet flames. The velocity of hydrogen was varied from 100 to 300m/s and a coaxial air velocity was fixed at 16m/s with a coflow air less than 0.1m/s. For the simultaneous measurement of velocity field and reaction zone. PIV and OH PLIF technique was used with two Nd:Yag lasers and CCD cameras. As results, it has been found that the stabilization of lifted hydrogen diffusion flames is related with a turbulent intensity, which means that combustion occurs where the local flow velocity is valanced with the turbulent flame propagation velocity.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.223-229
• /
• 2004

Combustion using oxygen enriched air is known as a technology which can increase thermal efficiency due to increase of the flame temperature. Flame shapes, schlieren photos, OH radical chemiluminescence and local flame temperature were examined as a function of OEC(Oxygen Enriched Concentration) in a coaxial non-premixed jet. With increase of OEC, flame length and width decreased, but its brightness increased significantly, and the size of vortices in the flame also increased. Especially, the reaction around the flame surface became active. The strong OH intensity appeared to be made and moved from middle stream to upper one with increase of OEC, which shows combustion reaction in the upper stream becomes more dominant In addition, the temperature distributions of the flames showed similar tendency with OH radical intensities. A flame with high temperature and strong stability was obtained with increasing OEC of the coflow.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.190-197
• /
• 2008

It was experimentally studied that the stabilization mechanism of turbulent, lifted jet flames in a non-premixed condition to reveal the newly found liftoff height behavior of hydrogen jet. The objectives are to report the phenomenon of a liftoff height decreasing as increasing fuel velocity, to analyse the flame structure and behavior of the lifted jet, and to explain the mechanisms of flame stability in hydrogen turbulent non-premixed jet flames. The hydrogen jet velocity was changed from 100 to 300m/s and a coaxial air velocity was fixed at 16m/s with a coflow air less than 0.1m/s. For the simultaneous measurement of velocity field and reaction zone, PIV and OH PLIF technique was used with two Nd:Yag lasers and CCD cameras. As a result, it was found that the stabilization of lifted hydrogen diffusion flames is correlated with a turbulent intensity and Karlovitz number.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.477-485
• /
• 2009

The study of nitrogen dilution effect on the flame stability was experimentally investigated in a non-premixed turbulent lifted hydrogen jet with coaxial air. Hydrogen gas was used as a fuel and coaxial air was used to make flame liftoff. Each of hydrogen and air were injected through axisymetric inner and outer nozzles ($d_F=3.65\;mm$ and $d_A=14.1\;mm$). And both fuel jet and coaxial air velocity were fixed as $u_F=200\;m/s$ and $u_A=16\;m/s$, while the mole fraction of nitrogen diluents gas was varied from 0.0 to 0.2 with 0.1 step. For the analysis of flame structure and the flame stabilization mechanism, the simultaneous measurement of PIV/OH PLIF laser diagnostics had been performed. The stabilization point was selected in the most upstream region of the flame base and defined as the point where the turbulent flame propagation velocity was equal to the axial component of local flow velocity. We found that the turbulent flame propagation velocity increased with the decrease of nitrogen mole fraction. We concluded that the turbulent flame propagation velocity was expressed as a function of turbulent intensity and axial strain rate, even though nitrogen diluents mole fraction was changed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.22-29
• /
• 2012

The detachment stability characteristics of syngas $H_2$/CO jet attached flames were studied. The flame stability was observed while varying the syngas fuel composition, coaxial nozzle diameter and fuel nozzle rim thickness. The detachment stability limit of the syngas single jet flame was found to decrease with increasing mole fraction of carbon monoxide in the fuel. In hydrogen jet flames with coaxial air, the flame detachment stability was found to be independent of the coaxial nozzle diameter. However, velocities of appearance of liftoff and blowout velocities of lifted flames have dependence. At lower fuel velocity range, the critical coaxial air velocity leading to flame detachment increases with increasing fuel jet velocity, whereas at higher fuel velocity range, it decreases. This increasing-decreasing non-monotonic trend appears for all $H_2$/CO syngas compositions (50/50~100/0% $H_2$/CO). To qualitatively understand the flame behavior near the nozzle rim, $OH^*$ chemiluminescence imaging was performed near the detachment limit conditions. For all fuel compositions, local extinction on the rim is observed at lower fuel velocities(increasing stability region), while local flame extinction downstream of the rim is observed at higher fuel velocities(decreasing stability region). Maximum values of the non-monotonic trends appear to be identical when the fuel jet velocity is normalized by the critical fuel velocity obtained in the single jet cases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.160-166
• /
• 2004

Combustion using oxygen enriched air is known as a technology which can increase flame stability as well as thermal efficiency due to improving the burning rate. Lift-off, blowout limit and flame length were examined as a function of jet velocity, coflow velocity and OEC(Oxygen Enriched Concentration). Blowout limit of the flame below OEC 25% decreased with increase of coflow velocity, but the limit above OEC 25% increased inversely. Lift-off height decreased with increase of OEC. In particular, lift-off hardly occurred in the condition above OEC 40%. Flame length of the flames above OEC 40% was increased until the blowout occurred. Great flame stability was obtained since lift-off and blowout limit significantly increased with increase of OEC.