• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.241-243
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• 2007

Antifungal activities of clove essential oil and its volatile vapour against dermatophytic fungi including Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum. Microsporum audouinii, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Trichophyton rubrum were investigated. Both clove essential oil and its volatile vapour strongly inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth of the dermatophytic fungi tested. The volatile vapour of clove essential oil showed fungistatic activity whereas direct application of clove essential oil showed fungicidal activity.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.483-488
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• 2007

To determine the effects of anesthesia to clove oil on the secondary stress indices, changes in haematological and blood chemistry were monitored in healthy crucian carps (Carassius auratus). 24 fishes were divided into three groups, and blood was collected before anaesthesia (control group), immediately after anaesthesia at a concentration of 30 mg/l clove oil (anesthetized group), and 24 h after anaesthesia (recovered group). The anesthesia to clove oil significantly increased glucose in anaesthetized group, and constantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase in anaesthetized group and recovered group. However, clove oil had not effect on other biochemical indices. These results suggests that the anesthetic use of clove oil at a concentration of 30 mg/l does not cause irreversible damage in carp.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the physiological response and the applicable concentration ranges of anesthetic clove oil and anesthetic lidocaine-HCl, and to investigate the synergistic effect of a mixture of these two anesthetics on the in grass puffer (Takifugu niphobles). The anesthesia times decreased and the recovery times increased with increasing concentrations of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl. Applicable concentration ranges for long-term transportation requiring more than 1 hour were 2 ppm for clove oil and 50 ppm for lidocaine-HCl. With mixtures of the two anesthetics, the anesthesia time decreased as the admixture concentration of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl increased. Anesthesia times of experimental groups with the combined anesthetics were shorter than those with the same concentrations of clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone. Plasma cortisol concentrations were highest at 6 hours in all experimental groups anesthetized with the mixture of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl, while all groups with clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone had the highest plasma cortisol concentrations at 12 hours. Plasma glucose concentrations were highest at 12 hours in experimental groups anesthetized with the mixture of clove oil and lidocaine-HCl, while groups with clove oil or lidocaine-HCl alone had the highest plasma glucose at 24 hours. The results of this study provide basic information about anesthetics and the synergistic effect of mixtures of anesthetics in this fish species. This information should be useful for aquaculturists who require methods for safe and easy fish handling, and for transporters who require that minimal stress is imposed on fish during transport.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.197-206
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• 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity against Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enteritidis as well as the sensory attributes of milk products supplemented with various concentrations (control, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) of clove oil. In this study, clove oil was shown to have strong antibacterial activities. In addition, all the samples were assessed by ten researchers trained in five sensory attributes, namely, taste, flavor, color, texture, and overall acceptability. Compared to the control, 5% clove oil supplemented was the best in market milk, while in yogurt and kefir, 1.0% supplementation was the best. In terms of sensory attributes, the low score of color and flavor of market milk, yogurt, and kefir is attributed to the characteristics of the supplemented clove oil. Consequently, this study presents the possibility of producing bio-functional milk products supplemented with clove oil, and for controlling the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in milk products using clove oil.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.255-266
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• 2016

The optimum concentrations of clove oil as an anesthetic for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and the stress response of the fish to clove oil anesthesia were determined over a range of water temperatures, and investigated in a simulated transport experiment using analysis of various water and physiological parameters. While the time for induction of anesthesia decreased significantly as both the concentration of clove oil and water temperature increased, the recovery time increased significantly (P<0.05). The plasma cortisol concentration in fish at each temperature increased significantly up to 12 h following exposure (P<0.05), then decreased to 48 h (P<0.05). The DO dissolved oxygen concentrations, pH values, and the fish respiratory frequencies decreased over 6 h following exposure to clove oil in all experimental groups (P<0.05), whereas the $NH_4{^+}$ and $CO_2$ concentrations in all experimental groups increased up to 6 h (P<0.05). The pH values and DO concentrations increased with increasing clove oil concentration (P<0.05) in the 6 h following exposure, and the $CO_2$ and $NH_4{^+}$ concentrations and the respiratory frequencies decreased with increasing clove oil concentration (P<0.05). The results of this experiment suggest that clove oil reduced the metabolic activity of olive flounder, thus reducing $NH_4{^+}$ excretion and $O_2$ consumption. In conclusion, clove oil appears to be a cost-effective and efficient anesthetic that is safe for use and non-toxic to the fish and users. Its use provides the potential for improved transportation of olive flounder.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.272-279
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• 2005

The efficacy of lidocaine hydrochloride and Clove oil as anaesthetics was evaluated in the Korean rose bitterling, Rhodeus uyekii (Mori, 1935) and oily bitterling, Acheilognathus koreensis (Kim and Kim, 1990) at four different temperatures of $10^{\circ}C,\;15^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. When complete anaesthesia was acquired less than 3 min and recovery was acquired less than 10 min, the optimal dose range of lidocain hydrochloride at $20^{\circ}C$ was 250${\~}$550 ppm in Korean rose bitterling, and 150${\~}$550 ppm in oily bitterling, respectively. In case of Clove oil, the optimal dose range at $20^{\circ}C$ was 40${\~}$200 ppm in Korean rose bitterling and 80${\~}$240 ppm in oily bitterling, respectively. Both of lidocaine hydrochloride and Clove oil resulted in a negatively dose-dependent manner for anaesthesia induction time in these two species. Recovery times were more variable in relation to anaesthetic doses, but in general higher anaesthetic doses resulted in similar or longer recovery time. As expected, the lower temperature resulted in longer anaesthesia induction and recovery time. The study demonstrated that lidocaine hydrochloride and Clove oil can be used as effective anaesthetics in these two species. The results from this study could be useful for aquaculturists industry and other related husbandry practices that require anaesthesia of Korean rose bitterling and oily bitterling.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.653-657
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• 2011

The efficiency of clove oil, MS-222, and 2-phenoxyethanol was evaluated as anesthetics in juvenile Scomber japonicus. Stage A5 of anesthesia was assumed to be sufficient for conducting routine aquaculture procedures in less than 3 min, with recovery (stage R5) in less than 5 min. The lowest effective doses of the three anesthetics were 50 mg $L^{-1}$ clove oil (anesthetic time of 71.3 s and recovery time of 167.0 s), 100 mg $L^{-1}$ MS-222 (anesthetic time of 70.7 s and recovery time of 115.7 s), and 400 mg $L^{-1}$ 2-phenoxyethanol (anesthetic time of 86.7 s and recovery time of 95.0 s). Anesthetic times decreased with increasing doses for all three anesthetic agents, and fish anesthetized with clove oil exhibited the longest recovery times. After 30 min, the highest plasma cortisol and lactate levels were detected with the use of clove oil, whereas the lowest values were observed with 2-phenoxyethanol. In addition, high glucose levels were maintained during recovery with clove oil, but the treatments did not significantly differ. The most effective of the three anesthetic agents was 2-phenoxyethanol, although all were considered acceptable for use in cultures of juvenile Scomber japonicus.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2019

The effects of the anaesthetic agents, clove oil and mixture of clove oil with lidocaine-HCl were evaluated on river puffer, Takifugu obscurus and tiger puffer, T. rubripes. Anaesthesia times of clove oil were affected by water temperature ($20^{\circ}C$, $24^{\circ}C$, and $28^{\circ}C$) and salinity (10, 20, and 30 ppt). Anaesthesia times of mixed samples were significantly similar with regard to exposure and recovery times, and all samples satisfied anaesthesia criteria (exposure time within 3 min and recovery time within 5 min) under the various temperatures and salinities, and the lowest to highest concentration of anaesthetics (p<0.05). Both species river puffer and tiger puffer had short exposure time with a high anaesthesia dose, high temperature ($28^{\circ}C$) and intermediate salinity (20 ppt), and were highly affected by temperature and salinity (p<0.05). The mixed anaesthetics had rapid exposure times and long recovery times in contrast to the effects of clove oil. Cortisol concentrations under the conditions of various clove oil dosages, salinity, and temperature for both species increased until 12 hrs after recovery from anaesthesia (p<0.05). After 12 hrs, cortisol concentrations decreased until after 48 hrs (p<0.05). During the simulated transportation of both species, control and sedated clove oil groups (5 ppm) were measured for water parameters, dissolved oxygen (DO), $CO_2$, respiratory frequency, $NH_4{^+}$, and pH for 6 hrs in 1 hr intervals. Water parameters of sedated groups and controls were significantly different after 2 hrs (p<0.05).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2023

Eugenol, which can be extracted from clove oil, is a phenolic aromatic compound and has been found to have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant functions. Consequently, clove oil has long been used in several fields (food, medicine, skincare). Hence, in this study, the sensory profile of clove oil contained in milk analogs (almond, oat, and soy milks) was evaluated at different amounts (added at 0.25%-0.5% increments from 0% to 1.5%). Because of the strong scent of clove oil, the value of the evaluation for sensory profile determined in this study tended to be low. However, compared with the control group, good values in the evaluation for the sensory profile were found in all samples containing 0.25% of clove oil. We evaluated clove oil contained in milk analogs to help increase their sales through products with improved functionality.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.25.1-25.6
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• 2018

The main objective of this study was to provide anesthetic criteria of clove oil for an effective manipulation and transportation of red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara. When anesthesia temperature (20, 24, and $28^{\circ}C$) and concentration of clove oil (25, 50, and 75 ppm) were increased, the anesthesia and recovery time decreased and tended to be similar to each other between juvenile and adult. Also, as the temperature and concentration increased, the ratio of exposure time and recovery time between juvenile and adult were decreased. When plasma cortisol concentrations were compared for 48 h after anesthesia with 50 ppm of clove oil, both the juvenile and adult fish grew up to 12 h; however, thereafter decreased and there was no significant difference from control at 48 h.