• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.542-546
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• 2005

This study was investigated to establish the optimum conditions of dyeing silk fabric with Brassica campestris. This experiment was done under different dyeing conditions of dye concentration, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, dyeing repeating times, and mordants which were treated pre, syn, and post methods. The effects of dyeing conditions and mordanting were evaluated in terms of dyeaffinity(K/S value) and CIE-Lab color factors. Also, the effect of mordanting on color fastnesses was assessed. The dyeaffinity increased remarkably as dye concentration increased up to 200% owf. The dyeaffinity increased continuously with dyed temperature and reached dyeing equilibrium at $80^{\circ}C$. The maximum dyeaffinity was observed at 30minutes of dyeing time. In the relationship between the K/S value and dyeing repeating times, the K/S value became higher as repeating time was increased. The changes of surface color and colorfatness of dyes were not increased greatly on all mordanting states. The extracts of Brassica campestris produced mainly yellow color in silk fabric. The antimicrobial activity existed slightly as the ratio of 22.7%.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.515-524
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal properties of ceramics coated nylon fabrics by determining far infra-red emissive properties, heat storage/release and thermal insulation. Far IR emissivity and emissive power were measured for 7~ 140n at 50'C . Three types of ceramics such as cordierite with $\alpha$-alumina, a-alumina with titanium oxide and a-alumina were chosen as specimens. Cordierite with $\alpha$-alumina was chosen to treat on the fabrics due to the good emissive properties on the fabrics. Add-ons and contents of ceramics were analyzed for ceramics and/or polyurethane coated fabrics. For the physical properties, thickness and air permeability were measured. Results showed a difference in the emissive property between ceramics themselves and ceramics coated fabrics. In the ambient temperature, there was no diffenence in emissivity among the different ceramics contents. Thermography showed that when the fabric was heated with the light, surface mean temperatures of fabrics were increased as the contents of ceramics increased, and the heat storage property was confirmed. In case of same thickness and air permeability, the thermal insulation value increased as the contents of ceramics increased because of increasing heat storage and Far IR reflectivity. So there were absorption and heat storage of ceramics for Far IR from human and reflection to human between ceramics coated fabrics and human.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.335-344
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• 1992

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of addition of cetyl trimethyl ammo­nium bromide (CTAB), and amine [ethylamine (EA) or ethylene diamine (EDA)] to aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution on polyester alkaline hydrolysis, The experimental vari­ables such as CTAB concentration, EA or EDA concentration, NaOH concentration, tempera­ture and time were compared, and the changes in physical and chemical properties of alkaline­hydrolyzed PET fabrics depending on their treated conditions were measured, The results are as follows: 1. By adding CTAB and amine in aqueous NaOH solution, increasing effect on weight loss of PET fabrics was obtained in simultaneous addition of CTAB and EDA, but not in CTAB and EA. 2. By adding CTAB & EDA simultaneously, increasing effect on weight loss was obtained regardless of EDA concentration, time and temperature, and it was more effective at lower NaOH concentration. :l. The increase of void space (or irregularly grooved surface), of softness, of wickability, of dyeability on PET fabric, and the decrease of tensile strength, of molecular weight were observed according to the weight loss on the PET fabrics. These changes were equal to all alkaline-hydrolyzed PET fabrics regardless of addition of CTAB and amine. l. There was little changes on crystallinity, thermal behavior when PET fiber was treated with ,aqueous NaOH solution with CTAB and EDA. These results supported that increasing effect on weight loss take place without inducing of fine structural change of PET fibers.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.77-87
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• 1991

The purpose of this study were to investigate the bed climate and the physiological responses in sleep on the traditional Korean floor heating system called Ondol. Ondol has been the most widely used heating system in Korea, yet there has been a no systematic studies examined its environmental effects on human body. Experimental room was constructed to match the typical thermal environment of Ondol. (floor surface temperature; $32\~33^{\circ}C$, air temperature; $22.5{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, relative humidity; $64.0{\pm}4.0\%$RH, air velocity; 0.25 m/sec.) Three different combinations of bedclothes were chosen for the experiment based on the study results showing that they were the most widely used types in Korea. Type 1 was the combination of a cotton-padded mattress with a cotton-padded Korean style blanket. Type 2 was a cotton-padded mattress with a cotton-guilted Korean style blanket. Type 3 was a cotton-padded matless with a polyacryl blanket. Thermal resistance of each of these combina-tions in the bedclothes was measured using thermal manikin. Two adult female was chosen for the seven hour sleeping experiment which was known to be the average sleeping hours of Korean adult female. The bed climate was measured with the temperature under the mattress, the surface temper-ature of the mattress, and the air temperature and the relative humidity of the space between the mattress and blanket. The skin temperature, rectal temperature of the subjects and the bed climate were measured eight times, one hour before the experiment and every hour during the experiment. The weight loss and the subjective sensation were measured for the each subjects before and after the experiment. The procedure was repeated twice with two subjects and three types of bedclothes, yielding twelve combinations of results. The results were as follows; 1. With the surface temperature of $32\~33^{\circ}C$ of Ondol, air temperature was $22.5{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ with $64.0{\pm}4.0\%$ RH. The bed climates were $39.2{\pm}40.8^{\circ}C$ under the mattress, $35.3\~36.2^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, and $26.9\~32.0^{\circ}C$ with $56.0\~71.3\%$ RH between the mattress and the blanket. 2. Mean skim temperature during sleep was 34.2"C with local skin temperature of $34.0\~35.5^{\circ}C$. The skin temperatures of abdomen, thigh, foot were higher than the other parts of the body. 3. The skin temperature of chest, thigh, leg and back varied significantly according to the combinations of bedclothes. With the cotton-padded blanket, the skin temperature was the highest, while with the cotton-guilted blanket showed lowest. 4. Examining the relationship between the mean skin temperature and the local skin temper-ature, the chest temperature showed the highest correlation with the former. Therefore, the chest temperature can be recommended to represent the skin temperature in measuring the bed climate. 5. The subjective bed climates were $39.0\~40.4^{\circ}C$ under the mattress, $35.2\~35.9^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, $29.8\~31.6^{\circ}C$ with $56.8\~68.4\%$ RH between the mattress and blanket. In sum, from this experiment we not only obtained the reliable value of bed climates on Ondol, but also showed that the bed climates and the physiological responses were affected differently according to the materials of bed clothes.

• 센서학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.24-33
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• 2003

This research is about a comfort sensing system for human environmental monitoring using a one-bodied humidity and temperature sensor and an air flow sensor. The thermal comfort that a human being feels in indoor environment has been known to be influenced mostly by six parameters, i.e. air temperature, radiation, air flow, humidity, activity level and clothing thermal resistance. Considering an environmental monitoring, we have designed and fabricated a one-bodied humidity and temperature sensor and an air flow sensor that detect air relative humidity, temperature and air flow in human environment using surface micromachining technologies. Micro-controller calculates a PMV (predicted mean vote) and CSV (comfort sensing vote) with sensing signals and display a PMV on LCD (liquid crystal display) for human comfort on indoor climate. Our work has demonstrated that a comfort sensing system can provide an effective means of measuring and monitoring the indoor comfort sensing index of a human being. Experimental results with simulated environment clearly suggest that our comfort sensing system can be used in many applications such as air conditioning system, feedback controlling in automobile, home and hospital etc..

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to define optimal conditions for wool blend fabric dyeing using Rhus verniciflua extract. K/S value, surface color change, the fastness to light, fastness to dry-cleaning, metal mordanting effects and antimicrobial activities were investigated. The results were summarized as follows; As the storage time of Rhus verniciflua stokes dyeing solution was longer, K/S was improved. K/S value showed the highest one when dyeing temperature and time were at 100oC and 60 minutes respectively. As for the changes of pH values of the dyeing solution, fabric was dyed well with the pH value of acid or neutral. K/S value recorded the highest at pH6 and the lowest at pH10. Fastness to light showed the unmordanted fabric is 2.84, and Fe is 1.69 on color difference. Antibacterial activities of Rhus verniciflua dyeing solution recorded high figures in both dyed fabric with unmordanted and dyed fabric with mordanting.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.517-523
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• 2003

We studied the physical properties of silk fabrics after degumming, the dyeability and the color fastness of silk fabrics after degumming and sericin fixing. As the sericin was removed from silk fabrics, the rate of weight loss increased and both the abrasion resistance and the drape coefficient decreased. This means that the amount of the sericin remained in silk fabrics significantly affects the physical properties of silk fabrics. On the surface and the cross-section of silk fabrics, the silk fibers enclosed by the sericin seemed to be in a lump shape. Each fibroin strand, however, got scattered, as the process of degumming went through. The dyeability of silk fabrics degummed decreased at between 20$^{\circ}C$∼80$^{\circ}C$ the dyeing temperature, on the other hand, it significantly increased over 80$^{\circ}C$. The dyeability of the sericin-fixed silk fabrics was lower than that of the non-serin-fixed silk fabrics, to a little extent. The colorfastness of crocking in the dyed-silk fabrics was a little low and that of the sweat was much lower in a basic sweat. Especially, the colorfastness of the partially degummed silk fabrics was low, because the sericin was not stable in the condition of sweat. Therefore, the process of sericin fixing is essentially required, for the partially degummed silk fabrics and the process of degumming itself.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2006년도 추계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.421-424
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• 2006

This study, in order for perceiving the mechanical attribute followed by the explosive spalling of high strength concrete material under high temperature and evaluating capacity of endurance of material, targets understanding capacity of endurance of material such as explosive spalling in high temperature, temperature by thickness of clothing, transformation extent, transformation speed and displacement, stocking the maximum load based on the Allowable Stress Design Method. As a result of experimenting the explosive spalling attribute of high strength concrete material, the one possibly causing serious damage is the 50 MPa concrete. In all aspects of 60 MPa concrete, explosive spalling happens. Especially, it is hazardous enough to reveal all the iron bar. All explosive spalling is intensively concentrated on the surface of concrete for the first $5{\sim}25$ minutes, which urges for the explosive spalling protection action. As a result of evaluating the structural safety by the transformation of high strength concrete, while beam assures the fire safety meeting regulation, 60 MPa shows the dramatic increase of transformation, which only counts 84% of safety. In a column, both the concrete exclusion and excessive explosive spalling are concentrated upper part of column, which brings about the dramatic transformation, so it only meets the 50% of safety regulation. Likewise, in 80, 100 MPa concrete which was never experimented considering the condition of domestic structural endurance stocking devices, the faster collapse is expected.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.132-139
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• 2003

PTT[Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)] fibers was annealed by passing on the plate heater to illuminate the effects of annealing on the alkaline hydrolysis behavior properties with varying the treatment temperature for 0.5 second. The L010 and crystallinity were increased with increases in temperature. With the increases of the temperature, the dynamic viscoelastic behaviors were analyzed to be reduction in $T_{max}(tan\;\delta)$. The weight loss in alkaline solution was two times more rapid for the PTT annealed at $200^\circ{C}$ than the control samples. The kinetics of hydrolysis was confirmed that the hydrolysis of the PTT fibers in the alkaline solution was started from the surface of the fibers and selective to the amorphous region in continuation, on the basis of the results of the increase in crystallinity and the decrease in dye uptake at the initial stage of the hydrolysis.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제26권3_4호
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• pp.464-472
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to elucidate dyeability and antimicrobial activity of cotton fabrics dyed with Sophora Radix extracts according to various mordants. Dyes were extracted from Sophora Radix using ethanol. Then, cotton fabrics were dyed with extracts two times by post-mordanting method in which the extract was 60% (owf, the mordant was 3% (owf), L.R was 1:20, the temperature was 60~7$0^{\circ}C$, the time of dyeing was 60min., and the time of mordanting was 60min.. The dyeability was evaluated by surface color and color fastness. The skin microorganism was evaluated on S. sureus, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, P. acnes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, A. niger, C. albicans and T. mentagrophytes. The results are as follows; 1. When mordants were treated, surface color was 3.3Y to 0.1 GY in H (hue) value which indicated greenish yellow to yellow 2. The color fastness to perspiration, dry-cleaning, rubbing, and washing stain fabric showed 4~5 degree. The color fastness to light was improved to 4 degree by treatment of mordants. The color fastness to washing was 2 degree which was somewhat poor. 3. Cotton dyed with ethanol extracts was excellent on S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis and p. antis. But that showed poor antibacterial activities on P. aeruginosa and E. coli such as gram negative baterials 4. Antibacterial activity of cotton fabrics dyed didn't be improved by treatment of mordant 5. Antifungal activity of cotton dyed with ethanol extracts was excellent on T. mentagrophytes. Especially, on T. mentagrophytes there was no growth of fungus during 72 hours in cotton dyed mordanting with SnCl$_2$.$_2$$H_2O$.