• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.88-96
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• 1999

This research was planned to propose some suggestions on the management of stream water quality in the closed valley areas of the Puk'ansan National Park during July 1998 to June 1999. A closed valley area should designate whole valley area. Stream water quality monitoring should include investigation on cations ($Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^+$, $Na^+$), anions ($Cl^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$) and suspended solids. A counterplan for stream water preservation and its practical application should be considered before closing a valley area. Also, the results of stream water quality in the closed valley areas in the National Park should be informed to the public. Discharged water from private areas such as a Buddhist temple, shelter, resting place, shopping center, etc. in the National Park should be checked and cleaned. We need to establish regulations on the utilization of stream side area in the park, and trails near the closed valley should also be included in the areas.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2008

After researching 40 rural areas named 'valley' in Goesan County, Chungbuk Province, they are classified by 2 two classes. Firstly, villages located on the crossways valley are 22 of 40, they are located on the valley which is at right angles with a direction of light of a mountain range. A closed valley location is placed in the deep valley against a background mountain range. It is divided with closed large valley and small valley. Secondly, an open valley location style is 14 of 40. It means the villages are paralleled with a direction of mountain and located with same direction of entrance. This study is carried out to understand the characteristic of location in vernacular agricultural villages by judging from natural environment around the village. For this purpose, there were selected 3 villages of the valley categirized villages in Geosan Area which lean against valley. After classifying these sample by the morphorogical approach, according to compare them with pre-researched villages, the methodology of spatial structure was investigated in agriculture villages.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2007

After researching 154 rural areas named 'valley' in Goesan County, Chungbuk Province, they are classified by 2 two classes. Firstly, villages located on the crossways valley are 109 of 154, they are located on the valley which is at right angles with a direction of light of a mountain range. A closed valley location is placed in the deep valley against a background mountain range. It is divided with closed large valley and small valley. Secondly, an open valley location style is 45 of 154. It means the villages are paralleled with a direction of mountain and located with same direction of entrance.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.289-303
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• 2009

The chemical and meteorological effects on the concentration variations of ozone ($O_3$) were evaluated based on the intensive air quality measurement (5 pollutants and aromatic volatile organic compounds (AVOCs)) in and out-side an urban valley during spring and summer of 2006. The 5 pollutants measured in the study area include $O_3$, $NO_2$, NO, $PM_{10}$, and CO; the AVOCs include benzene (BEN), toluene (TOL), ethylbenzene (EB), m,p-xylene (MPX), and o-xylene (OX). For the purpose of this study, study areas were classified into two categories: valley area (VA) with a semi-closed topography covering a number of industrial complex, public building, and mountains and non-valley area (NVA) surrounding the suburban and residential areas. In general, the mean concentration levels of most pollutants (except for $PM_{10}$) in the VA were higher than those in the NVA. It was found that the average $O_3$ increase in the VA during spring might result from the combined effects such as the photochemical production from diverse anthropogenic sources and the $O_3$ accumulation due to geographical features (e.g., the semi-closed topography) and wind conditions (e.g., a low wind speed). In addition, the nocturnal $O_3$ increase in the VA during spring was primarily caused by local wind conditions (e.g., mountain and valley winds) with the low wind speed (approximately $1{\sim}2\;m\;s^{-1}$). On the other hand, the $O_3$ difference between the two areas during summer might be because of the photo-chemical production with the $O_3$ precursors (especially the AVOCs) rather than the contribution of wind conditions.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.255-263
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• 2006

In this paper, we introduce the concepts of ${\gamma}$-fuzzy feebly open and ${\gamma}$-fuzzy feebly closed sets in Sostak's fuzzy topological spaces and by using them, we explain the notions of ${\gamma}$-fuzzy F-closed spaces. Also, we give some characterization of ${\gamma}$-fuzzy F-closedness in terms of fuzzy filterbasis and ${\gamma}$-fuzzy feebly-${\theta}$-cluster points.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to clarify locational characteristics and the road systems of existing 22 old settlements in Cheongju downtown of Korea. These old settlements are classified largely into two types by geographical feature; Hill type located in ridge and Valley type in the valley from the ridge. The Hill type is further categorized into San-rock located on ridge and Gogae located on hillside, and the Valley type into closed large and small valley, that is, Daegok and Sogok by the shape and size of the valley. The road systems are classified into outer road, approaching road, inner road, and side road. In San-rock type villages, Inner road is changed side roads by new arterial road, and new ones become inner road. The outer road are almost cut off, but side roads maintain. In the case of the Gogae type, main road becomes inner road, maintain old hierarchical road, and in other cases, villages are formed around side roads derived from main road, and outer road and inner road are cut off. Among the Valley type, Daegok type maintains old hierarchical road, while for Sogok type, outer roads are cut off, and new roads are outer road.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2015

This paper is to research the geographical language and location characteristics of 126 rural settlements focused on Miwon Myeon in the Integrated Cheongju City. The main results are as follows : Firstly, the geographical languages of 126 settlements are classified and categorized in the order of nature (91units, 72.22%), manmade and location related(35 Units, 27.78%). The geographical languages of nature, quite much in comparison with the others, are also classified into 39 'mountain', 46 'valley', and 6 'stream' units in location characteristics. Secondly, the geographical languages of nature have 46 'valley' units, much in comparison with the others. The open circular valleys are extended from Miwon Ri of town center to Gubang Ri along route 19. The closed valleys are placed in the west and north band of town center with a background of mountain range. The 46 'valley' units are distributed widely throughout these places. Thirdly, The geographical languages of 39 'valley' units except original 7 'valley' units are categorized with the secondary 'mountain'(rock and topography related), 'stream', 'manmade', and 'location related'. And so in considering the location characteristics of rural settlements, we will have to grasp the another meaning of the geographical language.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.153-163
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• 2012

The seasonal variations of ozone ($O_3$) concentrations were investigated with regard to the relationship between $O_3$ and wind distributions at two different sites (Jung Ang (JA): a semi-closed topography and Seo Chang (SC): a closed topography) within a valley city (Yangsan) and their comparison between these sites (JA and SC) and two non-valley sites (Dae Jeo (DJ) and Sang Nam (SN)) located downwind from coastal cities (Busan and Ulsan). This analysis was performed using the data sets of hourly $O_3$ concentrations, meteorological factors (especially, wind speed and direction), and those on high $O_3$ days exceeding the 8-h standard (60 ppb) during 2008-2009. In summer and fall (especially in June and October), the monthly mean values of the daily maximum $O_3$ concentrations and the number of high $O_3$ days at JA (and SC) were relatively higher than those at DJ (and SN). The increase in daytime $O_3$ concentrations at JA in June was likely to be primarily impacted by the transport of $O_3$ and its precursors from the coastal emission sources in Busan along the dominant southwesterly winds (about 5 m/s) under the penetration of sea breeze condition, compared to other months and sites. Such a phenomenon at SC in October was likely to be mainly caused by the accumulation of $O_3$ and its precursors due to the relatively weak winds under the localized stagnant weather condition rather than the contribution of regional transport from the emission sources in Busan and Ulsan.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.176-184
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 폐쇄집수역의 냉기호 현상을 기존의 냉기집적효과와 연계하여 일 최저기온 분포를 모의할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 집수역 내 찬 공기가 담길 '그릇'의 용적을 계산하고 '그릇'안에 집적되는 냉기량을 고도에 따라 표현하였다. 기존의 계곡지형 냉기류에 냉기호를 합산하여 냉기집적으로 인한 기온하강분을 계산하였다. 이때 냉기호의 '수면'은 일교차 조건에 따라 변화시켰다. 이 방법을 검증하기 위해 경남 하동군 악양계곡의 200m 이하 냉기호 형성지역에 기상관측기 10대에서 1분 단위로 기온을 측정하였다. 5월 17일 새벽에는 형제봉 정상에서 적외선 영상 복사계로 지면온도분포를 획득하였다. 개선된 소기후 모형을 적용하여 0530 LST의 기온 분포를 30m 해상도로 추정한 결과 그 양상이 적외선 열영상 분포와 유사하였다. 10개 기상관측지점에 해당하는 격자의 기온추정값을 추출하여 실측값과 비교한 결과, MAE는 1.01에서 0.60으로, RMSE 1.30에서 0.71으로 감소하여 집수역 출구에 가까운 저지대 평야부분에서 발생하는 기존 방법에 의한 오차가 개선되었다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2010

2007년 2월 22일 설악산국립공원 천불동계곡 병풍교 부근에서 대규모 낙석이 발생하였고, 탐방로가 한동안 폐쇄되었었다. 설악산국립공원내에서는 기후변화로 인한 암반의 절리, 풍화와 지표수 등의 급격한 변화로 유사한 낙석사고 빈도가 잦아지고 있다. 이 연구에서는 계곡바닥에서 높이 80m 부근에서 발생한 대규모 낙석의 정밀조사에 근거하여 낙석의 거동을 분석하였고, 낙석에너지를 산정하였다. 분석결과로부터 설악산국립공원내의 자연환경을 훼손하지 않고, 위험요소를 최소화할 수 있는 효과적인 낙석관리방법을 제안하였다.