• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to provide reference data about propagation, restoration, and preparation of policy of endangered Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai by investigating growth response and variation of ecological niche breadth according to moisture and nutrient under the condition of elevated $CO_2$ concentration and elevated temperature. We divided the investigation into the controlled group and treated group (elevated $CO_2$ concentration and elevated temperature) and then varied the moisture and nutrient treatment for testing. The results showed that the ecological niche breadth was wide at moisture and nutrient gradients of 0.899 and 0.844, respectively, under control. Also, the ecological niche breadth regarding the moisture and nutrient gradients under treatment simulating global warming was wider as 6.60% and 2.09%, respectively. Therefore, moisture and nutrient will not be the restriction factors concerning the growth of Sarcandra glabra under continued global warming. However, it will be advisable to specify the nutrient content condition in the soil to be 10% for population restoration when growing Sarcandra glabra in the green house which is not affected by external environment since the studies of rearing reaction reported that Sarcandra glabra prefer 10% of nutrient content than 0-5%. Furthermore, it is necessary to protect evergreen broad-leaved forest where is the natural habitat of Sarcandra glabra that has relatively high nutrient content.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.14
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• pp.1-30
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• 2001

To prevent the VAT evasion and to form a sound VAT paying culture, we can draw the policy directions for government as follows: First, it is necessary to strengthen the tax supervision of small business and the administration of tax sources of cash-income industry. Second, the tax-deductible rate of the received tax invoices should be increased in a short-term base, and a simplified taxation system should be abolished in a long-term base. Third, in cases a trader has not received a tax invoice, an additional tax should be applied. Forth, to issue the tax invoice faster and conveniently, it is requested to introduce a new system which issues electronic card of registration when a businessman applies for his/her business registration. Fifth, to make tax standard transparent, it is desirable to punish the violator, relating to credit card regulations, stricter than present and to enforce the electronic bookkeeping. Sixth, for the reduction of noncompliance rate and creating a climate for autonomous, faithful tax return, it is necessary to expand and intensify tax investigation. And also it is necessary to make the level of penalty tax higher up and the level of criminal punishment less down, to keep up tax audit coverage. Seventh, a trader who is eligible for simplified taxation, whose tax base is under 12,000 thousand won, should not be required to pay the value added tax. But it is desirable to cut down them for the fairness of tax burden. Eighth, the effective date of the revised tax law should be fixed. Ninth, it is necessary to reinforce publicity and to educate on tax system and administration, for reducing tax evasion or tax avoidance and encouraging faithful tax return. Tenth, as the tendency of VAT evasion of distribution industry turns out to be the highest, it is requested not only to intensify tax administration on them but also to establish system and incentives, for introducing information system in distribution industry(introducing POS system, computerization of transaction record, establishing EDI between traders).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40
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• pp.1-13
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• 1989

The brightness temperature from NOAA AVHRR CH 4 images was examined for the metropolitan Seoul area, the capital city of Korea, to detect the characteristics of the urban heat island for this study. Surface data from 21 meteorological stations were compared with the brightness temperatures Through computer enhancement techniques, more than 20 heat islands could be recognized in South Korea, with 1 km spatii resolution at a scale of 1: 200, 00O(Fig. 3, 4 and 6). The result of the analysis of AVHRR CH 4 images over the metropolitan Seoul area can be summerized as follows (1) The pattern of brightness temperature distribution in the metropolitan Seoul area shows a relatively strong temperature contrast between urban and rural areas. There is some indication of the warm brightness temperature zone characterrizing built-up area including CBD, densely populated residential district and industrial zone. The cool brightness temperature is asociaed with the major hills such as Bukhan-san, Nam-san and Kwanak-san or with the major water bodies such as Han-gang, and reservoirs. Although the influence of the river and reservoirs is obvious in the brightness temperauture, that of small-scaled land use features such as parks in the cities is not features such as parks in the cities is not apperent. (2) One can find a linerar relationshop between the brightenss temperature and air temperature for 10 major cities, where the difference between two variables is larger in big cities. Though the coefficient value is 0.82, one can estimate that factors of the heat islands can not be explained only by the size of the cities. The magnitude of the horizontal brightness temperature differences between urban and rural area is found to be greater than that of horizontal air temperature difference in Korea. (3) Also one can find the high heat island intensity in some smaller cities such as Changwon(won(Tu-r=9.0$^{\circ}$C) and Po-hang(Tu-r==7.1$^{\circ}$~)T. he industrial location quotient of Chang-won is the second in the country and Po-hang the third. (4) A comparision of the enhanced thermal infrared imageries in 1986 and 1989, with the map at a scale of 1:200, 000 for the meotropolitan Seoul area showes the extent of possible urbanization changes. In the last three years, the heat islands have been extended in area. zone characterrizing built-up area including (5) Although the overall data base is small, the data in Fig. 3 suggest that brightness tempeautre could ge utilized for the study on the heat island characteristics. Satellite observations are required to study and monitor the impact of urban heat island on the climate and environment on global scale. This type of remote sensing provides a meams of monitoring the growth of urban and suburban aeas and its impact on the environment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.762-768
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the soil $CO_2$ efflux and micro-climate of a preserved forest area located in a Mt. bulam urban nature park Quercus acutissima stand from June 2013 to May 2014. The research showed that the soil and heterotrophic $CO_2$ efflux were $28.14{\pm}7.99$ to $582.47{\pm}318.51$ and $12.32{\pm}8.04$ to $415.71{\pm}159.92mg\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}h^{-1}$, respectively. In addition the seasonal soil $CO_2$ efflux of summer, autumn, winter, spring were 1169.1, 454.81, 72.08 and $494.23g\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}month^{-1}$, respectively. On the other hand, the seasonal heterotrophic $CO_2$ efflux were 526.20, 340.09, 45.13 and $374.9g\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}month^{-1}$, respectively. Moreover, the annual soil and heterotrophic $CO_2$ efflux was found to be 2190.22 and $1286.33g\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The exponential function was also utilized for the regression analysis in order to correlate the environmental factors with the soil and heterotrophic $CO_2$ efflux. It was found out that both air and soil temperatures were positively correlated with the soil and heterotrophic $CO_2$ efflux. However, the amount of solar radiation and soil moisture has showed low correlation for both types of $CO_2$ efflux. Contribution of root $CO_2$ efflux to total soil $CO_2$ efflux in this Quercus acutissima stand was 33.60%.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.230-251
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• 2017

According to the survey on higher fungi from 2009 to 2011 and also in 2015 in Byeonsanbando National Park, a total of 2 division, 6 class, 18 orders, 61 families, 157 genera and 323 species were observed. In case of Agaricales, there were 23 families, 67 genera and 153 species; Boletales, there were 6 families, 27 genera and 45 species; Russulales, there were 3 family, 4 genera and 40 species; Polyporales, there were 6 family, 21 genera, 28 species. Thus, most of them belonged to the following 4 orders: Agaricales, Russulales, Boletales and Polyporales. Dominant species belonged to Boletaceae (37 species), Russulaceae (36 species), Agaricaceae (28 species) and Amamtaceae (25 species). For the habitat environment, the ectomycorrhizal mushrooms were 40.2% (poisonous mushrooms, 46 species; edible & medicinal mushrooms, 51 species; unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms, 26 species), litter decomposing and wood rotting fungi 35.3%(poisonous mushrooms, 10 species; edible & medicinal mushrooms, 52 species; unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms, 46species), grounding Fungi 22.3%(poisonous mushrooms, 8 species; edible & medicinal mushrooms, 31 species; unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms, 29 species). Monthly, most of poisonous mushrooms, edible & medicinal mushrooms and unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms were found in July and August. In terms of altitude, the most species were observed at 1~99m and the populations dropped by a significant level at an altitude of 200m or higher. It seemed that the most diversified poisonous mushrooms, edible & medicinal mushrooms and unknown edible & poisonous mushrooms occurred at climate conditions with a mean air temperature at $24.0{\sim}25.9^{\circ}C$, the highest air temperature at $28.0{\sim}29.9^{\circ}C$, the lowest air temperature at $20.0{\sim}21.9^{\circ}C$, a relative humidity at 77.0~79.9% and a rainfall of 300.0~499.9mm.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

In the late Joseon Dynasty, a bulky volume of books, which had rarely been seen, poured out including "Imwongyeongjeji", "Japdongsani", "Songnamjapsik" and "Ohjuyeonmunjaangjeonsango". such sorts of books have a characteristic that an author collected various pieces of information, which were scatter away at that time, in one's own way and compiled them into a book rather than an author's own remarks or ideas. Most authors of such books were known to have made not a few book beside bulky books. Such a trend of the times doubled its revitalization with the influx of that books in a series that were popular especially in the period of Ming State & Ching State in China. The research work on such a trend once showed not a little progress by a few faithful researchers even under the circumstances where they were overwhelmed by the bulkiness of a book in a series itself and its target volume. However, in spite of not a little fruition of such studies, there has been no comments at all on the new factors of change faced by Oriental medicine in the climate of the intellect history in the late Joseon Dynasty. Thus, this study aimed at looking at the significance of medical-history-based studies on this matter on the basis of Park, Jiwon's "Keumryosocho", and Lee, Deokmu's "Iemokgushimseo", and suggesting the further task. The conclusions obtained from the analysis of "Keumryosocho" and "Iemokgusimseo" are as follows: 1.The prescriptions cited from the sorts of writings excluded entirely the medical theories on the principles of prescription, and they are composed of a single-medicine prescription or so, which made it easier even for those who lacked a special knowledge of medicine to use it; in addition, it was easy to get medicinal ingredients in most cases. It's presumed that such a composition of medicinal ingredients had a close relation with the difficulty in the supply of medicinal ingredients, which issue became a serious issue in the late Joseon Dynasty. 2. The prescriptions originating from the sorts of writings sometimes are mixed with the ones whose medical efficiency are doubted. This means the inherence of obstacles to delivering accurate medical knowledge couldn't be avoided because the initial purpose of such sorts of writings lay in popularity than practicality. 3. In spite of such problems, the prescriptions originating from writings seems to have not a few influences on the intellectuals in the late Joseon Dynasty, and it's possible for us to take a glance on the traces of their use of these prescriptions in an actual daily life. This fact is fully confirmed by the contents in the preface of "Keumryosocho" that Park-jiwon personally tried to write a prescription. Moreover, such facts can be also confirmed from the fact that the writings of China or our country are seen quite often among the writings which were incited by Seo, Yugu's "Injeji." Like this, the fact that the information of orthodox medicine and the one originating from general books other than medicine books were integrated at one place is plainly showing a phase of the intellect history in the late Joseon Dynasty deluged with information; because of such a characteristic, we can say that Oriental medicine became plentiful in the aspect of diversity with its expansion of denotation, but Oriental medicine could not but additionally assume the problem of having to distinguish good from bad in the midst of such a situation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2014

In order to estimate the effect of additional nutrients on phytoplankton growth and horizontal phytoplankton community distribution during the autumn season in 2010 and 2011, we investigated the abiotic and biotic factors of surface and bottom waters at 20 stations of inner and offshore areas in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Also, nutrient additional experiments were conducted to assess additional nutrient effects on phytoplankton assemblage using the surface water. In both years, the total nutrients were high at the enclosed inner bay and the mouth of Seomjin River, whereas it was low at the St.15~20 where in influenced by the surface warm water current from offshore of the bay. On the other hand, nano- and pico-sized Chl. a were gradually increased towards the outer bay and their trends were significant in 2011 than in 2010. The cryptophyta species occupied more than 85% of total phytoplankton assembleges in 2010, whereas their abundance in 2011 remainds to be 1/10 levels of 2010. Following the cryptophata species, the diatom Chaetoceros spp. and Skeletonema-like spp. were found to be dominant species. Further the biosaasy experimental results shows that the phytoplankton biomass in the +N and +NP treatments was higher compared to control and +P treatments and its trend was significant at St.8 and St.20 where nutrient concentration were low. Based on the bioassay and field survey, providing the high nutrients may have stimulated to phytoplankton growth such as S. costatum-like spp.. In particular, opportunistic micro-algae such as Cryptomonas spp. were able to achieve the high biomass under the relatively mid nutrient condition from bottom after break down of seasonal stratification in the Gwangyang Bay.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.76-83
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze people who applied for and passed engineer landscape architecture examination that had been conducted from 2007 to 2016, the test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape structure construction and management area, and the test tendencies and features by question types, and thereby to find the test trends for landscape structure construction and management in engineer landscape architecture examination. the analysis results are presented as follows: The people who applied for and passed engineer landscape architecture examinations that had been conducted from 2007 to 2016 were analyzed. as a result, the numbers of applicants and those who passed the examination have been on the decrease from 2011 and from 2012, respectively. the 10-year average rate of successful applicants for engineer landscape architecture examination was 11.2%. The test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape structure construction area, and the test tendencies and features were analyzed. as a result, based on the key words in the seven categories (construction plan & process management, landscape materials, landscape planting foundation, work classification based construction, landscape estimation, basic structural mechanics, and survey), the questions about work classification based construction accounted for the largest, or 25.2%, and the questions about landscape planting foundation accounted for 3.3%. therefore, landscape planting foundation had lower test frequency and was less important than other categories. The test frequency and trends by the question types in the landscape management area, and the test tendencies and features were analyzed. as a result, based on the key words in the nine categories (operation and use & maintenance, pruning management, fertilization management, weed management, irrigation and drainage management, wintering management, pest management, and lawn management, and landscape facility management), the questions about operation and use & maintenance accounted for the largest, or 37.2%, and the numbers of the questions about fertilization management and irrigation & drainage management and of the questions about waterscape facility of landscape facility management have been on the increase from 2011 and from 2015, respectively. According to the analysis on the test tendencies for landscape structure construction and management areas in the examination there have been questions in a wide range and variety of categories. in terms of the landscape structure construction area, the frequency of questions in work classification based construction, landscape materials, and excellent quality in terms of the landscape management area, the frequency of questions in fertilization management, irrigation & drainage management, and waterscape facility of landscape facility management tends to increase because of environmental factors like climate change.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2015

Forest vegetation of Geumsusan (1,016.0 m) and Doraksan (964.4 m) in Woraksan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, mountain valley forest, coniferous forest, riparian forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 77 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 5 communities of other vegetation, the total of 82 communities were researched; mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 37 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 16 communities of mountain valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 1 community of riparian forest, 15 afforestation and 5 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica communities account for 33.031 percent of deciduous broadleaved forest, Cornus controversa community takes up 29.142 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 64.477 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Cornus controversa are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Woraksan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Cornus controversa and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.296-307
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• 2016

Ecological restoration is an eco-technology, which heals the nature damaged by human activity by imitating organization and function of the integrate nature and thereby provide an inhabitable space for diverse organisms. Such an ecological restoration has to be carried out by applying restoration plan prepared based on the results of diagnostic evaluation discussed in the diversified respects. This study aims to prepare an ecological restoration plan of the damaged forest ecosystem in Mt. Moodeung National Park. To arrive at the goal, first of all, we diagnosed quality of forest landscape established in Mt. Moodeung National Park based on natural (topography, climate, and distribution of vegetation) and artificial (land use, linear landscape element) factors. In addition, we evaluated the integrity of each zone divided by linear landscape element quantitatively based on geometric property and land use intensity. As the result of analysis, topography of Mt. Moodeung National Park tended to be depended on weathering property of parent rock and vegetation zones were divided to three vegetation zones. Based on land use pattern, deciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen needle-leaved forest, and mixed forest occupied about 90% of Mt. Moodeung National Park. Mean score of forest landscape quality was shown in $69.86{\pm}11.41$. As a result, forest landscape elements in Mt. Moodeung National Park were influenced greatly by human activity and the degree was depended on topographic condition. This study suggested the synthetic restoration plan to improve ecological quality of Mt. Moodeung National Park based on the results of diagnostic evaluation.