• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2013

A DBLP(Double blind light pipe) daylight system can be installed at a building exterior wall or roof to replace artificial light during the day time. This system was consisted of a double blind light collector, a mirror duct type light transformer and a prism light pipe distributor. The double blinds were used to track the sun's altitude and azimuth movements to collect the sunlight throughout the day. The sunlight collected by the light collector was reflected on the first mirror and the second mirror and sent to the light pipe through the light transformer. The transformer was designed to deliver the sunlight into the light pipe efficiently. The light distributor plays a role in diffusing the sunlight coming in through the light collector to be used for indoor lighting. In this paper, a DBLP system has been designed, installed and tested at a KIER daylighting twin test cell. The DBLP daylighting system was applied to the experimental test cell which has an indoor area of 2.0 m wide ${\times}$ 2.4 m height ${\times}$ 3.8 m length. The experiment was conducted from January 30 to February 27, 2012, under clear skies and partially cloudy skies. Data was collected from 10:00 am to 16:00 pm every 2 minute and the average was calculated for every 30 minute of the data collection to obtain the system efficiency. The results indicated that the DBLP system efficiency was evaluated as 11.67%. The DBLP system indoor illumination energy reduction was predicted as 0.822 kWh/day. This could replace 4 sets of a 32W fluorescent lamp operating 6.4 hours per a day.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Apartment balcony has been remodeled since the government permitted remodeling in January 2006.But extended balcony has great impact on building heat gain and loss. Therefore It has problems such as increase of heating and cooling energy. So $\underline{t}echnical$ solutions about window solar gain in summer is an urgent matter. The Purpose of this study is to evaluate energy performance of a blind in a double-skin facade in residential buildings by using EnergyPlus program. The results show that slat angles of $90^{\circ}$ is best in energy performance if we do not consider daylight. Poorly daylighted living room needs electric light and it also causes high cooling load. On the other hand, the results show that the application of blinds controlled automatically is best for energy performance when we consider daylight. Blind slat angles of $50\sim60^{\circ}$ have best performance when blinds are controlled in this angle throughout the day on a clear day in August. Blind slat angles of $0\sim30^{\circ}$ have best performance when blinds $\underline{are\;controlled}$ in this angle throughout the day on a cloudy day (more than 7 of total sky cover) in August.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyse the application of pollutant build-up model on various urban landuses and to characterize pollutant build-up on urban areas as a source of stormwater runoff pollution. The monitored data from impervious surfaces in urban areas such as commercial (8 sites), industrial (10 sites), road (8 sites), residential (10 sites), recreational (5 sites) from 2008 to 2016 were used for the analysis of pollutant build-up model. Based on the results, the average runoff coefficients vary from 0.35 to 0.61. In all landuses except recreational landuse, the runoff coefficient is 0.5 or more, which is the highest in the commercial area. Commercial landuse where pollutants occur at the highest EMC in all landuse, and it is considered that NPS management is necessary compared with other landuses. The maximum build-up load for organic matter (BOD) was highest in the commercial area ($4.59g/m^2$), and for particular matter (TSS) in the road area ($5.90g/m^2$) while for nutrient (TN and TP) in the residential area ($0.40g/m^2$, $0.14g/m^2$). The rate constants ranged from 0.1 to 1.3 1/day depending on landuse and pollutant parameters, which means that pollutant accumulation occurs between 1 and 10 days during dry day. It is clear that these build-up curves can generally be classified based on landuse. Antecedent dry day (ADD) is a suitable and reasonable variable for developing pollutant build-up functions. The pollutant build-up curves for different landuse shows that these build-up curves can be generally categorized based on landuse.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1077-1086
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• 2020

Objective: We examined the localization and expression of H⁺ pumping vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and cytokeratin 5 (KRT5) in the epididymis of pigs, expressed in clear and basal cells, respectively, during postnatal development. Methods: Epididymides were obtained from pigs at 1, 7, 21, 60, 120, and 180 days of age; we observed the localization and expression patterns of V-ATPase and KRT5 in the different regions of these organs, namely, the caput, corpus, and cauda. The differentiation of epididymal epithelial cells was determined by immunofluorescence labeling using cell-type-specific markers and observed using confocal microscopy. Results: At postnatal day 5 (PND5), the localization of clear cells commenced migration from the cauda toward the caput. Although at PND120, goblet-shaped clear cells were detected along the entire length of the epididymis, those labeled for V-ATPase had disappeared from the corpus to cauda and were maintained only in the caput epididymis in adult pigs. In contrast, whereas basal cells labeled for KRT5 were only present in the vas deferens at birth, they were detected in all regions of the epididymis at PND60. These cells were localized at the base of the epithelium; however, no basal cells characterized by luminally extending cell projections were observed in any of the adult epididymides examined. Conclusion: The differentiation of clear and basal cells progressively initiates in a retrograde manner from the cauda to the caput epididymis. The cell-type-specific distribution and localization of the epithelial cells play important roles in establishing a unique luminal environment for sperm maturation and storage in the pig epididymis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1285-1290
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• 2003

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of test day milk yield, test day evening milk yield, parity, stage of lactation and body weight on milk urea and milk protein concentration. A total of 319 milk samples was collected from buffaloes over four month's period and subjected to urea and protein analysis. Milk urea concentration (mg/dl) was significantly (p<0.01) increased with increasing test day milk yield. The lowest value ($57.03{\pm}1.13$) was observed in the milk yield group ${\leq}4.5kg/day$ and the highest value ($64.15{\pm}1.13$) in the group 7.7-10.7 kg/day. However, test day evening milk yield had no significant effect on milk urea concentration. Milk protein did not vary significantly with the test day milk yield as well as test day evening milk yield. A clear decreasing trend of milk urea concentration (mg/dl) was found with the increasing parity. The highest MU concentration ($64.03{\pm}1.14$) was found in the first parity and the lowest ($55.67{\pm}1.22$) was found in the sixth and above parity. Whereas, stage of lactation had no effect on milk urea concentration. Moreover, parity and stage of lactation did not have any significant effect on milk protein concentration. Body weight (kg) was also found negatively (p<0.05) related with urea content (mg/dl) in milk. The highest mean MU concentration ($64.34{\pm}0.88$) was found when body weight was between 532 and 598 kg and lower mean values ($59.24{\pm}0.94$ and $59.33{\pm}1.23$) were observed in 599 to 665 kg and ${\geq}666kg$ group. Body weight also had significant (p<0.05) effect on milk protein content. The highest milk protein content (%) was found in ${\geq}666kg$ group and the lowest in <531 kg group. In conclusion, for proper interpretation of milk urea values to monitor protein nutrition status of the buffaloes parity, milk yield and body weight should be considered.

• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.35-49
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• 2019

Currently in 2018, Korea has over 600 operating sewage disposal facilities. The law requires a sewage treatment plant to treat 500 tons or more of water per day, and a small-decentralized sewage treatment facility in a community to treat 50 tons or more to less than 500 tons of water per day. However, most facilities fulfill neither the quantity nor the quality requirements from the original design for such reasons as inflow of rainwater and ground water due to deterioration of pipelines and unauthorized input of wastewater in the pipelines. The research has selected 2 representative cases among the technical diagnosif sewage pipelines in many regions within the country to use it as the baseline of: hourly flowrate and BOD water quality analysis in both clear and rainy days, proper plant operation through inflow rate and ratio calculation, and diagnostic evaluation for deterioration of the pipelines and their accessary structures. This also suggests facilities that treats 500 tons or more of inflow per day to sample and analyze the water hourly for 24 hours once a week in both clear weather and rainy weather considering the influence of rainfall on a regular basis.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_1
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• pp.735-747
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• 2020

Recent advanced UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) technology supply new opportunities for estimating crop condition using high resolution imagery. We analyzed the diurnal change of reflectance and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in UAV imagery for crop monitoring in clear day condition. Multi-spectral images were obtained from a 5-band multi-spectral camera mounted on rotary wing UAV. Reflectance were derived by the direct method using down-welling irradiance measurement. Reflectance using UAV imagery on calibration tarp, concrete and crop experimental sites did not show stable by time and daily reproducible values. But the CV (Coefficient of Variation) of diurnal NDVI on crop experimental sites was less than 5%. As a result of comparing NDVI at the similar time for two day, the daily mean average ratio of error showed a difference of 0.62 to 3.97%. Therefore, it is considered that NDVI using UAV imagery can be used for time series crop monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.339-345
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• 2018

Sunrise and sunset times differ depending on location and date. Previous studies conveniently but monotonously applied day and night times set up. This research defined the daytime and nighttime while considering the time of twilight according to the date and the location of ship collision accidents. Classifying the frequency of ship collision accidents with this standard, we conducted a chi-squared test for the difference between daytime and nighttime. The frequencies of ship collision accidents according to daytime and nighttime was compared by season, month, and time, and all of them showed statistically significant differences. The highest number of daytime ship collisions was 11.6 %, in June, and nighttime collisions peaked at 13.7 %, in December. The most frequent hour for daytime ship collisions was 0700h-0800h, at 10.2 %, and nighttime collisions peaked between 0400h-0500h, at 16.9 %. It is clear that the criteria used in previous studies cited was applied without any theoretical basis and likely only for the convenience of the researchers. It was found that results depend on what criteria are applied to the same research data. This study shows that statistical analyses of marine accidents, traffic volume, and congestion density should be carried out quantitatively while considering daytime and nighttime hours for each particular location and date.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2011

All this while, 'Chimgugyeongheombang' has been rated as the level of Im Heo's personal writing. However, Huh, m, in his introduction of 'Chimgugyeongheombang' made it clear that his purpose of publishing this book was to criticize the doctors of the day who were tied down by one or two curative methods, and at the same time, ultimately to improve the quality of national medical service by enlightening them. It seems that such incompetent doctors' engagement in medical service at that time was attributable to insufficient medical education system unlike today as against much social demand for acupuncture & moxibustion therapy. Im Heo, in an effort to enlighten the medical practitioners of the day, put emphasis on an eclectic method, and contained the theories on internal organs and meridian on a systematic basis. In addition, he made his updated medical skills known to medical circles by integrating and wrapping up the Acupuncture & Moxibustion techniques at that time. Lastly, he tried to provide the optimized information for clinical trials in his own language by using a preposterous writing style and form. In such a context, 'Chimgugyeongheombang' is not a special medical book gripped with a sentence, or a simple medical formula with an emphasis on empiricism, but rather it might be proper to say that his 'Chimgugyeongheombang' was a serious attempt to embrace all the merits of both parties.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1179-1186
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• 2012

For better understanding of carbon cycle dynamics of an agro-ecosystem, an accurate assessment of seasonal and daily $CO_2$ flux is essential to understand the relationship between various environmental factors and crop productivity. We developed the automatic sliding canopy chamber (ASCC) system that measured continuous net ecosystem productivity (NEP) over whole growing season under the natural meteorological rhythm. The ASCC was composed of two main parts which were sliding part for measuring NEP, and automatic opening and closing chamber (AOCC) for measuring soil respiration (SR) on the soil surface. The ASCC was developed by using open flow method for measuring soil $CO_2$ efflux. The disturbance of natural meteorological condition was minimized by opening the base frames. In the field test with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), NEP was calculated at $140mg\;CO_2\;m^{-2}h^{-1}$ on a clear day using continuous data and eliminated the possibility of overestimate about 16% using one hour data during the day time. Unlike other small scale chamber system, installation on cropping-field made it possible to take any modifications which might be caused by natural environmental condition.