• Title/Summary/Keyword: Clay minerals

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Hydrogeochemical Research on the Characteristic of Chemical Weathering in a Granitic Gatchment (水文化學的 資料를 통한 花崗岩質 流域의 化學的 風化特性에 關한 硏究)

  • Park, Soo-Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 1993
  • This research aims to investigate some respects of chemical weathering processes, espcially the amount of solute leaching, formation of clay minerals, and the chemical weathering rate of granite rocks under present climatic conditions. For this purpose, I investigated geochemical mass balance in a small catchment and the mineralogical composition of weathered bedrocks including clay mineral assemblages at four res-pective sites along one slope. The geochemical mass blance for major elements of rock forming minerals was calculated from precipitation and streamwater data which are measured every week for one year. The study area is a climatically and litholo-gically homogeneous small catchment($3.62Km^2$)in Anyang-shi, Kyounggi-do, Korea. The be-drock of this area id Anyang Granite which is composed of coarse-giained, pink-colored miner-als. Main rock forming minerals are quartz, K-Feldspar, albite, and muscovite. One of the chracteristics of this granite rock is that its amount of Ca and Mg is much lower than other granite rock. The leaching pattern in the weathering profiles is in close reltion to the geochemical mass balance. Therefore the removal or accumulation of dissolved materials shows weathering patterns of granite in the Korean peninsula. Oversupplied ions into the drainage basin were $H^+$, $K^+$, Fe, and Mn, whereas $Na^2+$, $Mg^2+$, $Ca^2+$, Si, Al and $HCO-3^{-}$ were removed from the basin by the stream. The consumption of hydrogen ion in the catchment implies the hydrolysis of minerals. The surplus of $K^+$ reflects that vegetation is in the aggravation stage, and the nutrient cycle of the forest in study area did not reach a stable state. And it can be also presumed that the accumulation of $K^+$ in the top soil is related to the surplus of $K^+$. Oversupplied Fe and Mn were presumed to accumulate in soil by forming metallic oxide and hydroxide. In the opposite, the removal of $Na^+$, Si, Al resulted from the chemical weathering of albite and biotite, and the amount of removal of $Na^+$, Si, Al reflected the weathering rate of the bedrock. But $Ca^2+$ and $Mg^2+$ in stream water were contaminated by the scattered calcareous structures over the surface. Kaolinite is a stable clay mineral under the present environment by the thermodynamical analysis of the hydrogeochemical data and Tardy's Re value. But this result was quite different from the real assemblage of clay miner-als in soil and weathered bedrock. This differ-ence can be explained by the microenvironment in the weathering profile and the seasonal variation of climatic factors. There are different clay forming environments in the stydy area and these differences originate from the seasonal variation of climate, especially the flushing rate in the weathering profile. As it can be known from the results of the analysis of thermodynamic stability and characteristics of geochemical mas balance, the climate during winter and fall, when it is characterized by the low flushing rate and high solute influx, shows the environmental characteristics to from 2:1 clay minerals, such as illite, smectite, vermiculite and mixed layer clay minerals which are formed by neoformation or transformation from the primary or secondary minerals. During the summer and spring periods, kaoli-nite is a stable forming mineral. However it should consider that the other clay minerals can transformed into kaolinite or other clay minerals, because these periods have a high flushing rte and temperature. Materials which are directly regulated by chemical weathering in the weathered bedrock are $Na^+$, Si, and Al. The leaching of Al is, however, highly restricted and used to form a clay mineral, and that of Si falls under the same category. $Na^+$ is not taked up by growing veget ation, and fixed in the weathering profile by forming secondary minerals. Therefore the budget of $Na^+$ is a good indicator for the chemical weathering rate in the study area. The amount of chemical weathering of granite rocks was about 31.31g/$m^2+$/year based on $Na^+$ estimation.

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Effect of Cation and Ionic Strength on Dispersion and Coagulation of Hwangto and Clay Minerals (양이온의 종류와 농도에 따른 황토와 점토광물의 분산과 응집)

  • Park, Bo-Kyeong;Kim, Kyung-Min;Kim, Young-In;Yum, Seo-Yun;Lee, Jeong-Woo;Hyung, Seuug-Woo;Hwang, Jun-Ho;Kim, Yu-Mi;Kong, Mi-Hye;Kim, Cheong-Bin;Roh, Yul
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.249-259
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    • 2009
  • The objective of this research was to find out the physical properties, such as dispersion and coagulation, of soil minerals depending on the types and concentrations of the cations in aqueous solution. Hwangto samples were obtained from 90 to 130 cm from surface at Jangdong-ri, Donggang-Myon, Naju, Chonnam Province. The clay fraction (< $2\;{\mu}m$) was separated by sedimentation method from the bulk soils. Both Hwangto and clay fractions, and the same samples after removal of amorphous and crystalline iron oxides were used in this experiment. The effect of 4 cations ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) and their concentrations on settling speed and basal spacing of the minerals were observed to examine the physical properties of the soil and clay minerals. Hwangto mainly consisted of quartz, and the clay fractions consisted of kaolinite, illite, and vermiculite. The bulk soils contained 16.3 mg/kg of amorphous iron oxides and 436 mg/kg of crystalline iron oxides. Clay fractions were dispersed better than bulk soils due to their smaller particle size than that of the bulk samples in the aqueous solution. The bulk and clay samples were dispersed better when iron oxides were removed because of coating of minerals by the iron oxides. Clay minerals were settled faster as the charge and the concentration of cations added increased. The d-spacing of kaolinite and illite did not change when 4 types of cations were added. The d-spacing of vermiculite showed $14.04\;{\AA}$ when divalent cations were added while that of vermiculite showed $13.9\;{\AA}$ when monovalent cations were added. It may be attributed to the hydration radii of cations. This study indicated that both coating of iron oxides on minerals and types and concentrations of cations affect dispersion of minerals in solution and d-spacing of expanding clay minerals such as vermiculite.

Timing of the Hydrothermal Alteration Associated with the Fault Activities along the Ulsan Fault Bone, Southeast Korea (울산단층대의 단층활동에 수반된 열수변질작용시기)

  • 조규환;다카기히데오;이와무라아키라;아와지도타;장태우;손승완;이타야테츠마루;오카다도시노리
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.583-593
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    • 2001
  • Clay minerals are common component of fault gouge and have been used to determine the fault activity age using K-Ar dating technique. We carried out XRD and K-Ar analyses of the mica clay minerals from the fault gouge along the Ulsan Fault Zone, southeastern Korea to estimate the timing of the major fault activity. Mica clay minerals for four grain size fractions of 5-2 Um, 2-1 $\mu$m, 1-0.35$\mu$m, and 0.35-0.05 $\mu$m were separated from the gouge samples in the three locations by the hydraulic elutriation and contrifugal separator. Fault gouges are composed of smectite, mica clay minerals, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz, and feldspar. The illite crystallinity of mica clay minerals is the highest in the finest grained fraction with lM polytype, indicating that the aulhigenic mica clay minerals have been concentrated in the fraction. K-Ar ages give some variation from 46 to 35 Ma (330-2), 45 to 39 Ma (16Ww), and 32 to 15 Ma (102Ws) and are the youngest in the finest grained fraction. These results suggest that the hydrothermal alteration associated with the major fault activities along the Ulsan fault Zone took place twice at 39-35 Ma and 15 Ma.

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Effects of Clay Minerals Treatment on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Growth Inhibition of Microoganism of Some Foods (몇 가지 식품의 이화학적 특성 및 균증식 억제에 대한 점토광물 처리의 영향)

  • Jeong, Ok-Jin;Woo, Koan-Sik;Kim, Kwang-Yup;Lee, Hee-Bong;Jeong, Heon-Sang
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.23-29
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    • 2005
  • To investigate potential characteristics of clay minerals (illite, kaolin, zeolite, vermiculite, and bentonite) for food industry application, antioxidative properties of clay minerals, electron-donating ability (EDA), peroxide value (POV), and thiobabituric acid (TBA) were measured, and antimicrobial activity against several food spoilage microorganisms were evaluated by minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) method. Changes in components by cooking clay minerals added to stored rice were measured by GC-MS. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) analysis results revealed bentonite has strongest EDA at 20.6%. Antioxidant activities measured based on POV were similar to DPPH results. Induction period of linoleic acid with vermiculite was longest among. TBA results revealed zeolite hasstrongest antioxidant ability. Growth inhibition against E. coli and S. aureuswas observed in illite, vermiculite, and zeolite. Aroma components indicated decrease in hex anal, pent anal, non anal, linoleate, stearic acid, and oleic acid when clay minerals were added to stored rice. These results indicate that several clay minerals have antioxidative and antimicrobial abilities and improve flavor profiles in stored rice.

Behaviors of Desorption Agents During Removal of Cs From Clay Minerals and Actual Soil

  • Park, Chan Woo;Kim, Ilgook;Yoon, In-Ho;Yang, Hee-Man;Seo, Bum-Kyung
    • Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.39-49
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    • 2021
  • The behaviors of various desorption agents were investigated during the desorption of cesium (Cs) from samples of clay minerals and actual soil. Results showed that polymeric cation exchange agents (polyethyleneimine (PEI)) efficiently desorbed Cs from expandable montmorillonite, whereas acidic desorption solutions containing HCl or PEI removed considerable Cs from hydrobiotite. However, most desorption agents could desorb only 54% of Cs from illite because of Cs's specific adsorption to selective adsorption sites. Cs desorption from an actual soil sample containing Cs-selective clay mineral illite (< 200 ㎛) and extracted from near South Korea's Kori Nuclear Power Plant was also investigated. Considerable adsorbed 137Cs was expected to be located at Cs-selective sites when the 137Cs loading was much lower than the sample's cation exchange capacity. At this low 137Cs loading, the total Cs amount desorbed by repeated washing varied by desorption agent in the order HCl > PEI > NH4+, and the highest Cs desorption amount achieved using HCl was 83%. Unlike other desorption agents with only cation exchange capabilities, HCl can attack minerals and induce dissolution of metallic elements. HCl's ability to both alter minerals and induce H+/Cs+ ion exchange is expected to promote Cs desorption from actual soil samples.

A Study on the Pozolanic Reaction of Clay Minerals in Chung-buk Area (충북지역 점토광물의 포졸란 반응 가능성에 관한 연구)

  • Yim Do Sun;Choi Hee Yong;Chon Jong Dae;Ryu Hyoun Ki
    • Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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    • 2005.11a
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    • pp.695-698
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    • 2005
  • Ever since man learnt to build homes and cities around 10,000 years ago, clay materials has undoubtedly been one of the most widely-used construction materials in the world. However, the clay has poor strength, water resistance and durability, thus being limitedly used as calcined clay after being calcined. Pozzolan materials is to improve the strength and the durability of concrete as a result of the pozzolanic reaction. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyzes ingredient about clay mineral about Chung-buk area 10 places and to examine the application of clay minerals for the concrete admixtures.

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Composition and Genesis of Volcanic Ash Soils in Jeju Island, II. Mineralogy of Sand, Silt and Clay Fractions (제주도 화산회사인의 특성 및 생성에 관한 연구. II. 사, 미사, 점토의 광물학적 특성)

  • ;Rene Tavernier
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.40-47
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    • 1988
  • Mineralogy of sand, silt and clay fractions from the five chronosequence soils of Jeju Island is studied with the X-ray, TEM and SEM techniques. Soils of Songag and Donghong situated at lower elevations are generally developed on relatively of ash or alluvial deposits and contain mainly ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars, with some quartz, mica and volcanic glass. Crystalline minerals are dominant in the clay fraction; halloysite and vermiculite are abundant but small amounts of allophane are present. Clay migration results in well developed ferrigargillan, Soils of Pyeongdae and Heugag located at higher elevations are developed on relatively young volcanic ash with some contamination of continental aeolian dust probably containing quartz which may be come from acid ash shower. The absence of clay illuivation is due to the dominance of allophane. This clay mineral is associated with some gibbsite, imogolite and halloysite.

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Adsorption and Activity Changes of Trifluralin by Clay Minerals (점토광물(粘土鑛物)에 의한 Trifluralin의 흡착(吸着) 및 활성변화(活性変化))

  • Lee, Jyung Jae;Choi, Jyung
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • v.2
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    • pp.63-67
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    • 1984
  • This study was carried out to know the Trifluralin adsorption experiment was determined with slurry method and the bioassay was conducted with barley seedlings. The adsorption of Trifluralin on clay minerals nearly was reached to eqilibrium concentration by shaking for 18 hours. The more the amount of clay minerals, the more Trifluralin was adsorbed by clay minerals. However the amount of Trifluralin adsorption per gram of clay minerals was reduced. The amount of Trifluralin adsorbed was higher on Montmorillonite than Zeolite and Kaolinite. And Kd value of Trifluralin was the greatest on the Montmorillonite.

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Genesis and Mineralogical Characteristics of Acid Sulfate Soil in Gimhae Plain -II. Genesis and Distribution of the Soil Clay Minerals (김해평야(金海平野)에 분포(分布)한 특이산성토(特異酸性土)의 생성(生成)과 광물학적(鑛物學的) 특성(特性) -II. 점토광물(粘土鑛物)의 분포(分布) 및 생성(生成))

  • Jung, Pil-Kyun;Yoo, Sun-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.168-178
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    • 1994
  • Acid sulfate soils occur extensively in Gimhae area where they have been formed from the brackish alluvial sediments along the sea coast and river estuary. The strong acid environment enhances silicate weathering and thus affects the soil clay minerals. The minerals were identified through chemical, X-ray diffraction and thermal methods. The ratio of $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ in the clay fractions ranged from 3.14 to 3.77, indicating that the distribution of the clay minerals were 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 minerals. Cation exchange capacity in the clay fractions was low due to high contents of 1 : 1 minerals and hydroxy interlayered vermiculite(HIV). The B and C horizon rich in jarosite have large amounts of yellow streaks which reflect high content of $Fe_2O_3$ and $K_2O$. Vermiculite and illite were quantified from thermogravimetry(TG), kaolin minerals from both TG and differential thermal analysis(DTA), and HIV from X-ray diffraction analysis. The dominant clay minerals were kaolin minerals, vermiculite, illite and HIV. HIV considered to be formed, especially, in acid soil environments. The minor minerals were quarts, feldspar, jarosite, pyrite, hematite and goethite. Kaolin minerals were the most abundant clay minerals throughout the acid sulfate soil. Kaolin minerals, however, increased towards the top of horizons throughout the soils and HIV decreased towards the top of horizons in the soil of Gimhae series and Haecheog series. Alteration of HIV to kaolin minerals during weathering of low pH condition in deep soil horizons may explain the high quantities of kaolin minerals and the relatively low quantities of HIV in the soil at top horizons.

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Clay Mineralogical Study on Genetic Environment of the Solnhofen Limestone (졸른호펜 석회암의 퇴적성인에 대한 점토광물학적 연구)

  • 문지원;박명호;송윤구;문희수
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.243-254
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    • 2001
  • Variation in relative contents of clay minerals was used to genetically interpret depositional environment of the Upper Jurassic Solnhofen limestone. Mineralogical examination of whole rocks and clay fractions indicates that the faule and flinz beds are composed mainly of calcite and quartz with minor amount of clay minerals such as illite, kaolinite, and smectite. Smectite shows a trend of illitization: illite layers increase with increasing of burial depth. With increasing burial depth, relative abundance of kaolinite with quartz and illite increases. This implies that the Solnhofen basin was formed during the transgression based on reduce of terrigenous influx.

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