• 대한간호학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.119-132
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• 1973

This study observed on habitual methods of toilet training for infants and toddlers in Korea thru 300 mothers at four medical institutions Ewha Woman′s University Hospital, Ewha Maternal and Child Health Center, Severance Hospital and Seoul National University Hospital) with a design to analyze beginning time, duration of period, methods employed, motives, equipments used, special terminology used for the subject training. The main purpose of this study was to generalize the proper methods of toilet training, and also to contribute a better psychological education for the mother and child. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Majority of (67.3%) observed were in the age category between 30 and 40 years, and dominant numbers (64.7%) were housewives with high level of education and from middle class family background. 2. In the most cases (85%), toilet training was carried out by mothers(including wives who had a job) while more than half of mothers (53.7%) maintained their important motive for the training was "due to having high regard for cleanliness" 3. As for the time of beginning toilet training: finding indicated that starting period was decided (70%) at inconsiderate desertion of each mother. whereas, only minority group (30%) represents the cases where mother started the training when they consider tile child was physically and psychologically randy. Also greater number (77.7%) started bladder training prior to that of bowel. 4. It is noticeable that in course of training a large number of mothers (48.3%) applied strict training method when the child proper talenting, and the more rigid and strict in tile training. the more malformation of personality of the infant and toddler were seen after the training period (P<0.01). 5. Over the half of the total cases denoted (bowel 54.3%, bladder 67.7%) starting period before one year and in most cases (bowel 79.3%, bladder 729)the training was accomplished within 12 month, and therefore it was noted that earlier start(before 1 year) shortened the training period (with 12 month) . There was no significant difference between male and female infants in both starting period and duration of period in bladder training, however, in bowel training there was a tendency that female started earlier(7-12 months needed, 51.4%) than tile male (13-18 months needed, largest number 41.4%), and also in cases of female the period for needed for training were shorter than the cases of male. 6. Many a number (bowel 50.3%, bladder 97.7%) employed the method of continuous talenting at regular interval in accordance with that of child′s habit formed before training. Equipment used were various kinds, however, pieces of paper for male (45.5%) and piss pot or bedpost (42.3%) for female were common, on the other hand, "Eung-ga" for defecation (52.3%) and "Shii" for the urination (95.3%) were most standard expression that used during the training period.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.97-107
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• 1999

The purpose of the study was to ascertain the trends of future circumstances in primary education along with population change. These trends, which are subject to change in population and structure, have a great impact on the size and characteristics of primary school-aged children. Accordingly, it is imperative for the government to plan for future conditions involving primary education. The major findings of the study were as follows: 1. In the long-term primary school children aged 6-11, which accounted for 17.7% of the total population in 1970, will decline to 8.6% by the year 2000, 6.9% in 2020 and 6.4% in 2030. This drastic reduction in fertility rate is a direct result of pressure by the government to control population. 2. In 1996, the total number of classes in primary schools rose to 106,594. In the future, these numbers will actually decline. By 2003 the total number of classes will peak at 142,605, but until then drop off to 112,288 by 2030-a decrease of over 6,000. 3. The actual number of primary schools in 1997 totaled 5,721. This figure will reach its highest peak, 5,942, in 2003, but it is expected decrease later after declining by 1,263, it will bottom out at 4,679 in 2003. 4. The number of teachers at primary schools increased from 101,095 in 1970, 119, 064 in 1980, 136,800 in 1990 to 138,369 in 1995. Accordingly this means that the ratio of students to teaching staff changed for the better. By the year 2005, if teachers of specialty subjects (music, art, English, physical education) are assigned to every primary school with over 18 classrooms and the number of students per class is 30, it should improve educational surroundings. This is because it is expected that the population of primary school children will continue to grow until 2003 and then decrease. Thus, there is a need to maintain the number of primary school teachers between the years 2003 and 2030 so that the ratio of students to teachers will be reduced to 1/20.25. In considering factors related to migration which influence conditions of education, it is evident that changes have already begun. In the suburbs of Seoul, population shifts are causing overcrowding in classrooms. The government believes it would be inefficient to invest in education because fluctuating migration figures make it impossible. Accordingly, we have to be concerned about stabilizing the population throughout the entire country.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2004

삼첨판막대치술의 장기 결과에 대한 연구결과는 보고된 바가 많지 않다. 이에 저자들은 삼첨판막대치술의 위험인자를 분석해 보고, 삼첨판막대치술의 장기 결과를 알고자 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 대상 환자들은 1978년 10월부터 1996년 12월까지 삼첨판막대치술을 시행 받은 환자 70명을 대상으로 후향적인 연구를 진행하였는데, 7명의 환자들은 2차례의 삼첨판막대치술을 시행 받아 총 77예의 삼첨판막대치슬을 시행하였다. 환자들의 평균 나이는 38.8$\pm$15.9세였으며, 26예에서는 조직판막을, 51예에서는 기계판막을 이식하였다. 결과: 수술 사망률은 15.6%였고, 만기 사망률은 12.3%였다. 5년, 10년 그리고 13년에서의 생존율은 조직판막과 기계판막이 각각 81.3% vs. 100%, 66.1% vs. 100%, 60.6% vs. 100%였다(p=0.0175).판막과 관련된 재수술이 없을 확률은 5년, 10년 그리고 13년에서 조직판막과 기계판막이 각각 100% vs. 93.9, 100% vs. 93.9% 그리고 58.3% vs. 93.9%였다(p=0,3274). 판막과 관련된 재수술을 시행할 확률은 조직판막이 2.27%/환자-년이었고, 기계판막이 1.10%/환자-년이었다. 수술 사망과 관련된 위험인자 분석상, 수술 전 복수, 간비대, NYHA class가 나쁠수록, 그리고 삼첨판막대치술을 여러 번 받는 경우가 유의한 위험인자로 분석되었고, 조직판막의 사용과 심장수술을 여러 번 받는 경우가 만기 사망과 관련된 유의한 위험인자로 분석되었다. 걸론: 기계판막을 이용하여 삼첨판막대치술을 시행한 환자들의 장기간 생존율이 조직판막을 이용한 환자들보다 우수하였다. 따라서 수술 후에 적절한 추적관찰이 가능하다면, 기계판막을 이용하여 삼첨판막대치술을 시행하는 것이 필요하리라 생각한다.

• 한국축산식품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국축산식품학회 2001년도 임시총회 및 제28차 추계학술발표회
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• pp.43-56
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• 2001

Colostrum contains various kinds of cytokines including TGF-${\beta}$ which is known to be multifunctional in immune response and act as an anti-inflammatory agent. First, we measured the amount of TGF-${\beta}$ in bovine and human colostrum. Expression pattern of TGF-${\beta}$ isotypes was dramatically different between human and bovine colostrial samples. Bovine colostrum collected on day 1 post-delivery retained $41.79{\pm}16.96ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and $108.4{\pm}78.65ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 2 while in human, $284{\pm}124.75ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and $29.75{\pm}6.73ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 2. Thus, TGF-${\beta}$ is the predominant TGF-${\beta}$ isotype in bovine colostrum and vice versa in human colostrum. Both TGF-${\beta}$ isotypes diminished significantly in human and bovine colostrum with time. Next, biological activity of colostrial samples was examined in vitro. Both human and bovine colostrum increased IgA synthesis by LPS-activated mouse spleen B cells, which is a typical effect of TGF-${\beta}$ on the mouse B cell differentiation. Futhermore, we found that anti-proliferative activity in MV1LU cells by colostrum samples disappeared by addition of anti-TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and anti-TGF-${\beta}$ 2 antibody. In conclusion, there are substantial amounts of biologically active TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and TGF-${\beta}$ 2 in bovine and human colostrum. The results that the colostrum can increase IgA expression has important implications since IgA is the major Ig class produced in the gastrointestinal tract. We have previously shown that the stimulatory effect of Bifidobacteria bifidum on spllen B cells was quite similar to that of LPS which is a well-known polyclonal activator for murine B cells. In the present study, we further asked whether B. bifidum regulate the synthesis of IgA by mucosal lymphoid cells present in Peyers patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). B. bifidum alone, but not C. perfringens, significantly induced overall IgA and IgM synthesis by both MLN and PP cells. This observation indicates that B. bifidum possesses a modulatory effect on the mucosal antibody production in vivo. We, therefore, investigated the mucosal antibody prodduction following peroral administration of B. bifidum to mice. Ingested B. bifidum significantly increased the numbers of Ig (IgM, IgG, and IgA) secreting cells in the culture of both MLN and spleen cells, indicating that peroally introduced B. bifidum enhances mucosal and systemic antibody response. Importantly, however, B. bifidum itself does not induce the own specific antibody responses, implying that B. bifidum do not incite any unwanted immune reaction. Subsequently, it was found that excapsulation of B. bifidum further augments the total IgA production by increasing the number of IgA-secreting cells in the culture of both MLN and spleen cells. Finally, we found that the immuno-stimulating activity of B. bifidum is due to its cell wall components but not due to any actively secreting component(s) from bacteria. Thus our data reveal that peroral administration of B. bifidum can enhance intestinal IgA production and that encapsulation of B. bifidum further reinforces the IgA production.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.217-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to find out problems in obesity management through survey and analysis of the actual conditions from the view of a elementary schools school-nurses and to establish fundamental data for efficient obesity management. The subjects for this study were 313 numbers of elementary school-nurses in Kyung-Sang-Pook-Do. The data were collected through mail questionaries from November 1 to November 30, 1997. The major findings in this survey were as follows: 49.8% of the school-nurses who responded in the survey were in their 30s. The average career was 7.3years. The average service duration in their present school was 2.3 years, 55.6% of them were serving at schools which have less than ten classes total 77.2% of them were serving rural areas, 79.6% of them were serving at schools with fewer than 100 obese students. The total obesity prevalence rate was 11.4%, 13.3% were girls, 9.3% were boys. The measurement of height and weight is performed once a year for all surveyed students (91.7%), but obese students were measured as much five times (51.1%). The rate of obesity management planning was 74.1%, however the rates of evaluation and role assignment were 41. 2%, and 24.3%. 79.6% of the surveyed schools have health education classes for obesity, the rate compared (8.0 periods per year) to the whole of health education (79.1 periods per year) is 10.1%. 99.9% of the schools had counseling rooms for obesity (combined with nursing rooms) but they were used. The roote of individual counseling was 84.3%. The frequency counseling was six times a year for about 15 minutes. Obesity counseling records were kept 93.6% of the time and individual information cards were kept 98.7% of the time. The frequency of parents counseling was 42.8% and the survey shows that the main problem here was insufficient counseling facilities. The frequency of dietary guidance and exercise therapy was 84.3% and the dietary instructor was usually the school nurse at 51.7%. The frequency of obesity student exercise was 1-2 times a week and more-than-10-minutes at a time. They skip rope during the morning self-study class. The number on problem of exercise guidance at 56.2% was students' non-cooperativeness. School-nurses, 87.9%, answered that obesity management at school is necessary and 86.9% mentioned the shortage of obesity related information in present physical exercise books. From the plural responses of executing the obesity management, there are many similar problems: lack of knowledge and non-cooperation in parents at 41.9%, is predominant followed by of knowledge and non-cooperation in the children. The third problem is the lack of funds and facilities.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2001

영광원전 주변 해역의 조간대에 서식하는 중형저서생물의 군집 조성은 여름 (6월)과 가을 (10월)의 두 시기, 각 조사 지선의 각 조사정점에서 모두 총 18개의 분류군이 출현하였다. 두 계절 모두 각 조사 지선에서 개체수나 서식 비율에 있어 선충류가 가장 높게 나타났지만 영광원전의 배출구 주변에 위치한 조사 지선 A, B의 경우는 일반적인 해역에서의 값보다는 현저하게 낮은 값을 보였다. 또한, 우점하는 분류군의 하나이며 환경의 변화에 민감한 저서성 요각류의 경우도 조사 지선 A, B의 경우 현저하게 낮게 나타났고, 그 다음 우점하는 분류군도 갯지렁이나 패충류 등이 차지하여 다른 일반 해역과의 상이점을 보였다. 조사 지선 C의 경우만 개체수나 출현 분류군에 있어서 일반적인 천해계의 값을 보였다. 수평 분포에 있어서도 조사 지선 A, B의 경우는 전반적으로 조간 대 상 중부 지역에서 서식밀도가 높게 나티났고, 원전의 배수구와 가장 멀리 떨어진 조사지선 C의 경우에서는 상부에서 하부로 갈수록 개체수가 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 크기별 개체수에 있어서는 체 크기 0.125 mm에 들어가는 크기의 생물들이 높게 나타났다. 두 계절에 있어서 중형저서동물이 퇴적물 내에서 수직 분포를 보면, 전반적으로 표층 0${\sim}$1cm에 가장 높은 서식밀도를 보이고 퇴적물내의 깊이가 깊어감에 따라 서서히 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 각 분류군에 있어서는 분류군별로 수직 분포의 차이를 나타냈다. 유사한 환경을 나타내는 다른 조간대 갯벌과의 비교에선 조사 지선 A, B의 경우는 극히 불안정한 서식 환경임을 보여주었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.126-142
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• 1997

For last four or five years, the number of Korean students have gone on increasing awfully. After the year 1997 when they will flow in, our field and government will be undergone a big shock and social problems. Therefore, thorough grasping and the method of provision is expeced to need. 1. The situation, According to the data published from the year 1993 to 1997, their results are great different. But recent Korean embassy in China examined the situation of the Korean students, whose result was investigated as follows: about 1500 persons, their average age is 24 to 44, the ratio of male and female students is 3 to 1, that of their academic background which is a graduate of university : that of college : that of highschool is 1.6 : 1 : 4.7, and that of their class attitude which is direct : common : indirect appears the percents 30.4 : 52.8 : 16.8. 2. The controversial points (1) A lowering of standards on Chinese medical treatment is expected by the imprudent studying abroad without qualification. And because of excessive production of herb doctors, the amount of treatment may be above people's demand. Besides owing to the impossibility of prediction on the number the counterplans of our government may fall into utler confusion. (2) The curriculum, the teaching schedule and contents are so different that the graduates seem not to be given real education of chinese medicine from the point of Korean view. (3) In the wrong national examination, the important thought of china, and the system of WTO in Korea, when China will become mighty rival above problems contain the negative sides. 3. The counterplans - what should be performed soon. (1) Illegal contents about studying abroadl in China ought to inform sidely that students might not go on increasing. Before they form nam-power, the government and the field of chinese medicine should cope with such a situation together. (2) The law of regulation about agents should be legislated and they should be surpervised. (3) The exact numbers of students, their situation, and the present condition of each university should be examined. (4) After investigating the problems of the present system of national test, its enforcement and many counterplans is requisite. (5) The cooperating confrontation with the conference of dentistry is in need. (6) Since the problems are possibility to be developed to diplomatic questions, the effort of both nations is needful. - what need middle of long time. (1) The effort that suppress the more establishment of the college of oriental medicine is necessary. (2) After comparing with the system of foreign test, the government should make the system of test in accord with the mutualism and the principle of indiscrimination among nations and cope with such a many issues thoroughly.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.220-232
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• 2016

2009년부터 2011년, 2015년까지 변산반도 국립공원의 외생균근성 버섯을 조사한 결과, 총 1문 1강 5목 13과 33속 131종 3,624개체가 조사되었으며, 주름버섯목(Agaricales)이 6과 9속 49종 1,343개체, 무당버섯목(Russulales) 1과 2속 35종 854개체, 그물버섯목(Boletales) 4과 19속 40종 805개체, 꾀꼬리버섯목(Cantharellales) 1과 2속 5종 609개체 및 사마귀버섯목(Thelephorales) 1과 1속 2종 13개체의 순으로 발생되어 대부분의 외생균근성 버섯은 주름버섯목, 무당버섯목 및 그물버섯목 등 3목에 속하는 것으로 나타났다. 가장 많이 조사된 외생균근성 버섯은 무당버섯과로 35종이었으며, 그물버섯과(34종) 및 광대버섯과(25종)순으로 나타났다. 개체수는 무당버섯과가 854개체로 가장 많았고 광대버섯과(754개체) 및 그물버섯과(652개체) 순으로 조사되었다. 월별 발생에서는 대부분의 외생균근성 버섯 및 우점 외생균근성 버섯의 종수 및 개체수는 7월에 집중하는 것으로 나타났다. 고도별에서는 100 m 이하에서 가장 많은 종수 및 개체수가 조사되었고 300 m 이상에서는 현저히 적어지는 것으로 나타났다. 대부분의 외생균근성 버섯 및 우점 외생균근성 버섯은 평균온도 $23.0{\sim}25.9^{\circ}C$, 최고온도 $28.0{\sim}29.9^{\circ}C$, 최저온도 $21.0{\sim}22.9^{\circ}C$, 상대습도 77.0~79.9%, 강수량 300.0 mm 이상인 시기에 다양한 종 및 개체수 발생이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.292-298
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• 2000

팔당호에서 fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH) 방법을 이용하여 aggregates에 부착한 세균군집의 변화를 조사하였다. 조사대상은 Eubacteria에 속하는 세균과 Class Proteobacteria에 속하는 세균중 $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, $\gamma$ -group과 Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group이었고, 환경요인의 변화를 파악하고자 영양염류와 엽록소 a를 측정하였다. Aggregate와 물시료의 조사항목을 비교하면, TN의 경우 5~15배, TP는 81~140배, 엽록소 a는 49~66배로 aggregate가 높게 나타났으며, 총 세균수 역시 물시료에서 전체적으로 1.0~$2.0{\times}10^6$cells.$ml^{-1}$이었고, aggregates 부착세균에서 0.2~~$3.6{\times}10^8$cells.$ml^{-1}$의 범위로 물시료보다는 aggregates에 부착한 세균의 밀도가 200배 높았다. 또 수심별로는 5m trap 보다 20m trap에서 더 많은 수가 측정되었다. 총 세균수에 대한 세균군집구조의 비율은 부유세균의 경우 $\alpha$-group이 4.5~8.3%, $\beta$-group이 2.2~8.0%, ${\gamma}$-group이 2.1~7.4%, Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group이 2.1~6.1% 'Other'group은 0.1~2.5로 매우 낮았으나 aggregate에 부착한 세균의 군집구조는 $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, $\gamma$-group과 Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group이 아닌 'Other'group이 약 10.2~32.1%로 우점하는 경향을 보였다. 이처럼 팔당호에서 aggregates에 부착한 세균의 군집구조는 부유세균과 비교해볼 때 독특한 군집구조를 나타내었다.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.103-124
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• 2005

본 연구는 영아특성 및 보육환경(보육시설과 교사)변인이 영아의 놀이실 행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 직접 관찰을 통해 조사 분석하였다. 울산광역시에 위치한 8개 보육시설(국 공립 보육시설: 4개, 민간 보육시설: 4개)에서 27-35개월 된 영아(toddlers) 40명을 자유놀이 시간에 교실에서 관찰하였다. 각 영아는 20초 관찰, 10초 기록의 시간표집방법에 의해 총 42회 관찰하였으며, 영아의 사회적 행동은 또래와의 상호작용과 교사와의 상호작용으로 나뉘어졌다. 수집된 자료를 분석하기 위해 SPSSWIN 통계프로그램을 이용하여 Person의 적률상관계수, t-검증, 일원분산분석과 Duncan 검정, 단계적 회귀분석 등을 실시하였다. 그 결과 영아특성(toddlers' characteristics), 보육시설의 모든 변인과 교사변인 중 전체경력, 영아반경력, 결혼여부, 소지자격유형에서만 영아의 놀이실 행동(toddlers' behavior in a child care center)에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 영아특성 및 보육환경(child care environment)(보육시설과 교사)변인 중 영아의 놀이실 행동에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 변인은 영아특성, 보육시설변인, 보육교사변인 순으로 나타났다.