• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2006

Background : The promotion and advertisement of pharmaceuticals should be based on evidence from clinical trials. We conducted this study to assess whether the pharmaceutical advertisement claims in Korean medical journals had relevant references, and whether the claims were supported by the references. Methods : We reviewed pharmaceutical advertisements in five Korean medical journals issued during the first half of 1999 and during the first half of 2004. Three investigators independently reviewed the advertisements to see whether the studies quoted to endorse the advertising messages supported the corresponding claims. Using multiple logistic regression analyses, we investigated which factors were associated with the quality of the advertisement claims. Results : From the 550 advertisements in the five journals, we identified 157 different advertisements and 475 different promotional claims. Only 149 claims had at least one reference, and 105 claims had references of published article. We could find supporting evidences in the 90 claims. The factors which were associated with the quality of advertisement claims were category of drugs, category of claims, and the manufacturer characteristics. Claims for cardiovascular and endocrine drugs, and claims on efficacy, and claims of multinational company were more evidence-based. Conclusion : Majority of the pharmaceutical advertisement claims in Korea did not have appropriate references. Drug category, claim category, and the manufacturer characteristics were associated with the quality of advertisement claims, and the manufacturer characteristics was the most important determinants.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.389-400
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Argument-based Inquiry activities on the claims and evidence in elementary students' science writing. Participants were thirty three fifth grade elementary school students and argument-based inquiry activities on five topics were implemented. We analyzed the Summary Writing samples written by students to investigate the effect of the Argument-based inquiry activities on elementary students' claims and evidence in their science writing, and also analyzed the writing samples of the experimental group to which the Argument-based inquiry activities were implemented, to examine the change of claims and evidence. The results of this study showed that the mean of experimental group was significantly higher than that of the comparison group. As a result of analyzing claims and evidence in Summary Writing of experimental group, the level of claim and evidence has tended to increase gradually as the number of classes progresses.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.323-336
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate students' written arguments embedded in scientific inquiry investigations using the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) approach. Argument components defined in this study are questions, claims, questions-claims relationship, evidence, claims-evidence relationship, multiple modal representations, and reflection. A set of criteria for evaluating each argument component was developed to evaluate writing samples of students from college freshman general chemistry laboratory classes. Results indicate that students produced, on average, moderate to powerful questions, claims, and evidence. They also constructed reasonable questions-claims relationship and claims-evidence relationship. Compared to other component scores, the average score for reflection was relatively low. Overall, the average Total Argument score was 21.4 out of a possible 36, that is, the quality of the written arguments using the SWH approach during a series of inquiry-based chemistry laboratory investigations was moderate to powerful. The findings of this study suggest that students, on average, developed reasonable scientific arguments generated as part of scientific inquiry. In other words, students are capable of putting together reasonable arguments as they participate in inquiry-based laboratory classrooms.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.359-368
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine levels of claims and evidence produced by 53 secondary science teachers. Levels of claim and evidence produced by the teachers in this study are various depending on themes. For a problem integrated several science concepts, there were many teachers who produced claims and evidence in a level of 1 or 2. The participant teachers presented claims and evidence in a level of 3 or 4 for a problem related to chemistry concepts presented in chemistry textbooks. Professional development programs should be provided for science teachers to help them develop understanding of argument structure and construct high quality of claims and evidence.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.428-432
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated that consumers could differentiate between levels of claims and clarify how a visual aid influences consumer understanding of the different claim levels. We interviewed 2,000 consumers in 13 shopping malls on their perception of and confidence in different levels of health claims using seven point scales. The average confidence scores given by participants were 4.17 for the probable level and 4.07 for the possible level; the score for the probable level was significantly higher than that for the possible level (P < 0.05). Scores for confidence in claims after reading labels with and without a visual aid were 5.27 and 4.43, respectively; the score for labeling with a visual aid was significantly higher than for labeling without a visual aid (P < 0.01). Our results provide compelling evidence that providing health claims with qualifying language differentiating levels of scientific evidence can help consumers understand the strength of scientific evidence behind those claims. Moreover, when a visual aid was included, consumers perceived the scientific levels more clearly and had greater confidence in their meanings than when a visual aid was not included. Although this result suggests that consumers react differently to different claim levels, it is not yet clear whether consumers understand the variations in the degree of scientific support.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.28 no.1_2
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• pp.31-35
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• 2009

Background : Many of internists have been working for insurance industry. Insurance medicine is use of medical knowledge for insurance industry. There is social role of insurance medicine in terms of soundness of insurance administration. Recently social role of internists also have been being watched. Although theme of insurance medicine is medical risk selection, insurance claims administration also needs medical experts'opinion. There are not any corroborative study of medical consulting for insurance claims. Among insurance industry, someone called this medical review of insurance claims as 'medical claims review'. Aim : To investigate usefulness of medical review of insurance claims. Design : Questionnaire survey with claim staffs in one of insurance claim adjustment company in Korea. Methods : 265 claim staffs were divided into 4 groups and conducted survey using a questionnaire of 20 questions. Utility score, job satisfaction score, and difficult factors of claims administration were measured. Results : Utility score and job satisfaction score are highest in medical claims review group. The most difficult in claim administration to claim staffs was demonstrated to medical knowledge. Conclusion : Medical review of insurance claims is proved to be worthy. Document-based consulting method, namely medical claims review, is more useful than telephone-based simple query among claim staffs...Subjects of the medical claims review are medical record and it's principle is independent medical examination with evidence-based approach, it also has role of protecting fraud of insurance claims. Two main question types of medical claims review are verification and advice.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.1171-1176
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• 2005

Dispute related to construction projects involving numerous persons is one of the biggest challenges faced by contractors today. It costs a substantial amount of money and time in resolving these kinds of claims. Recently, with the changes in the construction environment and thought of relation with owner, the number of construction claims has increased. But, a majority of these claims do not prevail, and in fact, frequently get dismissed in its entirety. The reasons for such dismissals include the ignorance about the claims, lack of clear and convincing evidence, and so on. But most of reasons are the claims are not managed well on construction process. This paper analyzes the failure causes by relying on past claim failure cases, and then drew works that have connection with failure causes through interview. It also presented importance degree of construction management works.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.620-636
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze one science teacher's understanding of student argumentation and his explicit teaching strategies for implementing it in the classroom. One middle school science teacher, Mr. Field, and his students of 54 participated in this study. Data were collected through three semi-structured interviews, 60 hours of classroom observations, and two times of students' lab reports for eight weeks. Coding categories were developed describing the teacher's understanding of scientific argumentation and a description of the main teaching strategy, the Claim-Evidence Approach, was introduced. Toulmin's approach was employed to analyze student discourse as responses to see how much of this discourse was argumentative. The results indicated that Mr. Field defined scientific inquiry as the abilities of procedural skills through experimentation and of reasoning skills through argumentation. The Claim-Evidence Approach provided students with opportunities to develop their own claims based on their readings, design the investigation for evidence, and differentiate pieces of evidence from data to support their claims and refute others. During this approach, the teacher's role of scaffolding was critical to shift students' less extensive argumentation to more extensive argumentation through his prompts and questions. The different level of teacher's involvement, his explicit teaching strategy, and the students' scientific knowledge influenced the students' ability to develop and improve argumentation.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.414-426
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• 2010

For this study, inquiry-based learning program was developed for promoting elementary students' scientific justification activities based on their uses of scientific evidences. The program was applied to the 5th grade science class to examine the types of evidences and major features of scientific justification activities. Analysis of the data showed that the evidences used by students were classified into knowledge-based evidence, experience-based evidence and authority-based evidence. As for students' justification features, this study reports three major cases: a case evolving evidence and justification to become more valid and logical, as inquiry activities progressed, other case maintaining less valid and illogical evidence and justification, and final case revealing passive and reluctant participation in the inquiry activities. Overall, students' participation in scientific justification process became more valid and relevant, while there were some students who were unable to make the relevant relations between evidences and claims they made. The educational implications were discussed to consider more effective ways to improve the scientific classroom environment through social knowledge construction.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.87-105
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• 2001

More than a decade after their development and first wave of deployment, Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing have recently returned on the corporate agendas of a larger number of corporations across industries and supply chains. In the wake of their re-surge, this commentary addresses the evolution, context, content and deployment patterns of the two distinct management concepts. It also analyses claims in the business press that a merger is taking place between Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing. Here, it is found that there is not enough evidence to broadly support such claims, and it is only concluded that there is some evidence of an early tend towards a merger and that a possible merger would have many synergies and advantages. Finally, an example from a Scandinavian manufacturing company is provided that explains how Six Sigma and Lean Manufacturing can be used in a beneficial way for companies to reach world-class performance.