• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.231-234
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• 2015

Elsinoe fawcettii and E. australis are two currently recognized scab pathogens of citrus. E. fawcettii has at least six pathotypes while E. australis has at least two pathotypes. Colonies of E. fawcettii and E. australis do not sporulate in artificial media including potato dextrose agar (PDA). Whiteside's method has been widely used for preparing conidial inoculum in vitro. This study was carried out to develop efficient method for conidia production from artificial media. We developed a shaking method which included the following steps: 1) Colony grown on PDA was mashed with a steel spatula; 2) Mycelia fragments were cultured in 50 ml sterilized rain water in a rotary shaker-incubator (180 rpm) at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 h: 3) The conidia suspension was filtered through two layers of cheesecloth. Average conidia production of all isolates tested using this shaking method was approximately 13.1 times higher than that from Whiteside's method in this study.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.10.1-10.7
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• 2014

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with citrus pulp, fish by-product, and Bacillus subtilis fermentation biomass on the growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs. A total of 180 weaned piglets (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc) were randomly allotted to three treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). There were six replicate pens in each treatment with 10 piglets per pen. Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 2.5, and 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass. The isocaloric and isoproteineous experimental diets were fed in mash form in two phases (d 0 ~ 14, phase I and d 15 ~ 28, phase II). Dietary treatments had significant linear effects on gain to feed ratio (G:F) in all periods, whereas significant linear effects on ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and ash were only observed in phase I. Piglets fed diet supplemented with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass showed greater (p < 0.05) G:F (phase I, phase II, and overall) as well as ATTD of DM, GE, and ash (phase I) than pigs fed control diet. Dietary treatments also had significant linear effects on total anaerobic bacteria populations by d 14 and 28. In addition, piglets fed diet supplemented with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product and B. subtilis fermentation biomass showed greater (p < 0.05) fecal total anaerobic bacteria populations (d 14 and 28) than pigs fed control diet. Dietary treatments had no significant effects (linear or quadratic) on average daily gain (ADG), average dial feed intake (ADFI; phase I, phase II, and overall), or fecal populations of Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp., and coliforms (d 14 and 28). These results indicate that dietary supplementation with 5.0% citrus pulp, fish by-product, and B. subtilis fermentation biomass has the potential to improve the feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microflora of weanling pigs.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 1997

The present study has been undertaken to characterize availability of citrus as a medicinal plant with antineoplastic property. The crude extracts from 40 species of fruits with 12 species of the local Citrus in Cheju island were evaluated on their potential activities against mouse P388 lymphocytic leukaemia in vitro. The percent cytotoxicity varied from 25.40 to 97.94% at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. Among 40 spp., 8 species showed high toxicity more than 90% against P388 cells and Cheongkyool(C. nippokoreana) exhibited the most cytotoxicity as 97.94%($IC_{50}=20.2{\mu}g/mL$). Nine varieties of C. junos were showed insiginicant cytotoxicity. In trifoliate orange, immature fruit was stronger than mature and peel extract showed higher cytotoxicity($IC_{50}=18{\mu}g/mL$) than the other tissues. Hexane fraction from methanol(MeOH) extract of trifoliate orange showed highly significant inhibition of cell growth($IC_{50}=3.9{\mu}g/mL$). In addition, its cytotoxicity increased remarkably from 3.95 to $0.40{\mu}g/mL$ as exposure time legthened. Cytotoxic activities of crude extracts were decreased considerably during a six months storage period. It was apparent that there is considerable variation in cytotoxicity, depending upon species, maturity and storage time of extracts. There was no meaningful cytotoxic difference between archicitrus and metacitrus in the genus Citrus.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.644-649
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• 2009

We investigated quality changes in Setoka ([Citrus unshiu$\times$Citrus sinensis]$\times$Citrus reticulate]$\times$[Citrus reticulata$\times$Citrus sinensis]) wrapped in 30-m pore size low-density polyethylene film (LDPE) and stored at different temperatures. LDPE wrapping effectively inhibited weight loss, and fruits seemed fresh even after room temperature storage. The decay rate was higher at room temperature and with LDPE wrapping. The respiration rate of LDPE- wrapped fruits was somewhat higher than that of control samples. Thus, no modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) effect was observed when 'Setoka' citrus was studied. Acidity decreased at a constant but different rate with each storage method used, and these rates were correlated with respiration rates. Soluble solid content (SSC), however, increased during 45 days of storage a subsequent rapid decrease was then observed.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.129-129
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• 2018

중국(中國) 장홍화(藏紅花)는 크로신과 카르티노이드,안토시아닌등의 성분함량으로 혈관질환 예방과 항암작용, 두뇌의 신경안정, 호르몬분비 및 학습증진에 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 장홍화는 중국의 고원지대에서 자생하는 것으로 생산량이 적어서 고가에 판매되고 있다. 비타민 C가 레몬보다 10배나 많이 함유되어 있는 중국유(中國柚)는 과피가 일반 감귤류 보다 10배 이상 두꺼워 비타민P가 다량으로 함유되어 있다. 즉, 유기산, 비타민P와 비타민C가 매우 많이 함유되어 있어서 예로부터 중국에서는 감기와, 피부노화, 피로를 방지하는데 사용되어져 왔다. 그밖에 비타민B군과 당질, 단백질등이 다른 감귤류 품종보다 많고, 모세혈관을 보호하는 헤스페리딘(비타민P)이 다량으로 함유되어 있어서 심혈관 질환 장애와 뇌졸증, 뇌출혈 등을 억제하는 효과를 가지고 있다. 또한 몸 안에 쌓여 있는 노폐물 등을 밖으로 배출시켜주는 효과가 양호하여 피부미용에 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 실험에서는 중국장홍화(中國藏紅花)와 유(柚)의 혼합추출액 의 항산화활성과 총폴리페놀 함량을 조사하였던 바, 중국(中國) 장홍화(藏紅花)의 경우 폴리페놀 함량이 높게 나타났으며, 매우 양호한 항산화 효능을 나타내었다. 중국유(中國柚)의 경우도 과피에서 폴리페놀 함량이 높게 나타났으며 항산화 활성도 과피에서 매우 양호한 결과를 나타내었다. 중국(中國) 장홍화(藏紅花)와 중국유(中國柚)의 혼함추출액에서의 항산화 효과가 더 양호한 반응을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들로 미루어볼 때 중국장홍화(中國藏紅花)와 유(柚)의 항산화 활성은 천연화장품의 신소재로서의 가치를 가지고 있다고 판단된다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.2 s.143
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• pp.161-167
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• 2006

The citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, is an oligophagous pest of Rutaceae family, especially Citrus spp. occurring in most worldwide citrus-growing areas. This study was conducted to evaluate a sex pheromone chemical of CLM, (Z,Z)-7,11-hexadecadienal (7Z,11Z-16:Al) in monitoring CLM by trap types, the diel activity and the influence of some weather factors on trap catch. CLM was well attracted on a trap baited 7Z,11Z-16:Al 1mg. Sticky wing trap was more effective than bucket trap. Most caught CLM were attracted at 2$\sim$6 a.m. regardless of season, and activity time of CLM was affected by sunrise time as well as sunset time. The trap catch of CLM was more influenced by wind velocity than temperature for activity time of CLM. The number of caught CLM was fallen at below 13$^{\circ}C$, but there was little effect for trap catch at over that temperature. The average wind velocity at over 2.0 m/sec made the number of caught CLM drop down. The precipitation did not affect the number of caught CLM when the average wind velocity was lower than at 2.0 m/sec.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.384.1-384.1
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• 2002

The antifungal activities of the essential oils from Citrus borgamia. Ciderus atlantica. Cymbopogon ditratus, Eucalyptus globulus. Juniperus communis. Lavandula angustifolia. Melaeuca aterinfolia. Pelargonium graveolens. Pogestemon patchouli. Rosmarinus officinalis. Styrax tonkinensis. and Thymus vulgaris, which are recommended for the treatment of microbial infections in aromatherapy and complementary medicines. were tested against Trichophyton spp. The activities were measured by broth dilution method and disk diffusion assay. As the results, most of the test oils inhibited growth of T. tonsurans. T.mentagrophytes. T. ferugineum. and T. rubrum. Eapecially, the essential oils from C. atlantica. C. ditratus. e. globulus, and P. graveolens showed the strongest activity among the tested herb oils showing MICs between < 0.09 and 0.39 mg/ml.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2000

This studies was carried out to investigate the natural enemies of citrus red mite, pononychus citri and seasonal occurrence of its major beneficial insects in Yuzu groves (Chonnam province) from 1996 to 1998. Natural enemies against citrus red mite were 9 species including Oligota kashmirica benifica, 0. yasumatsui, Stethorus punctillum, Chrysopa pallens, Propylea japonica, Orius sauteri, Scolothrips takahashii, Amblyseius womersleyi and one unidentified species of thrips (Family: Phlaeothripidae). Among them, Oligota kashmirica benzficu and Stethorus punctillum were found to be dominant species. 0 . kushmirica henifica had 4-5 generations from middle May to middle November with peak in early September. S. punctillum had 3 generations from late May to late October with peak of late June to middle July. Population dynamics between predator ( 0 . kushmiricu benifica and S. punctillum) and prey (Panonychus citri) were quite well synchronized until September but predator density was decreased abruptly after October.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.896-902
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated citrus Kombucha (CK) produced by three different bacteria strains (Gluconacetobacter xylinus, Gluconacetobacter medellinensis, and Gluconobacter oxydans; named as CK-MOX) identified from traditional Kombucha. During fermentation, the pH level of CK-MOX was gradually reduced, and total acidity slightly increased. Antioxidant activity, measured by DPPH, ABTS, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays, markedly increased after fermentation. Moreover, fermented CK-MOX (Day15) exhibited anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activities against EJ human bladder carcinoma cells. Western immunoblot assays showed that treatment with CK-MOX significantly up-regulated phospho-extracellular signaling kinase (ERK) levels. To distinguish whether or not up-regulation of phospho-ERK is the cause or effect, we investigated the viability of EJ cells in the presence of U0126, a mitogen activated protein kinase/ERK kinase 1/2 inhibitor. Pre-treatment with U0126 rescued cells from CK-MOX-induced cell death, which indicates phospho-ERK may be a key regulator in the mechanism of CK-MOX-induced apoptosis of EJ bladder cancer cells. In conclusion, CK-MOX, fermented by a defined composition of bacterial starters, shows antioxidant capacity and anti-cancer activity against EJ bladder cancer cells.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.137-152
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• 2021

Background and objective: This study was carried out to investigate and analyze the preference for plant fragrance and the psychological effects of a agro-healing activity in 101 firefighters aged 39.71 ± 10.94. Methods: For the psychological evaluation, post-traumatic stress symptoms, Korean occupational stress scale short form (KOSS-SF), emotional intelligence, and job satisfaction were surveyed on the Likert scale. For the preference for plant fragrances, 20 ㎕ of commercially available essential oils from four plant species (Mentha spp., Lavandula spp., Citrus limon, C. sinensis) were absorbed into each test paper and provided to the participants. Results: The rate of post-traumatic stress symptoms was high at 37.6% of the firefighters surveyed.. C. limon fragrance had the highest preference among the four plant fragrances, followed by C. sinensis > Mentha spp. > Lavandula spp. with statistically significant difference (F = 14.256, p < .001). The lower their age, income, and position, and higher the education level, the higher the preference for plant fragrances. And the administrative group had higher preference for plant fragrances than field group. In addition, as a result of examining the correlation between job satisfaction, preference for plant fragrance, post-traumatic stress, emotional intelligence, and job stress for fire-fighters, the higher the job satisfaction, the higher the fragrance preference and emotional intelligence, and the lower the post-traumatic stress and job stress. Conclusion: Therefore, installing a garden using botanical fragrances at workplaces that firefighters can easily access will improve job satisfaction and relieve stress. It can be concluded that applying the fragrance of plants to the healing farming activities at the fire-fighter's workplace can increase the usefulness of the healing activities.