• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 2011

Citrus unshiu (C. unshiu) Markovich were dried peel of mandarin orange, of which fresh fruit was one of the famous foods in Korea and Eastern Asia. In the oriental medicine, C. unshiu peel was known to have a diuretic effect and to strengthen spleen function. Recently, natural flavonoids of C. unshiu peel have been investigated. In this study, C. unshiu peel extract containing flavonoid-glycosides was cultured with Schizophyllum commune (S. commune) mycelia producing ${\beta}$-glu- cosidase and its biological activities were investigated. ${\beta}$-glucosidase of S. commune mycelia converted the flavonoid-glycosides (rutin and hesperidin) into aglycones (naringenin and hesperetin). Fermented C. unshiu peel extract compounds were analyzed by HPLC system. The photoprotective potential of fermented C. unshiu peel extract was tested in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) exposed to UVA. Fermented C. unshiu peel extract extract also showed notable in vitro anti-inflammatory effect on cellular systems generating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) metabolites. Also, UVB-induced production of interleukin-$1{\alpha}$ in human HaCaT cells was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with fermented C. unshiu peel extract. These results suggest that fermented C. unshiu peel extract may mitigate the effects of photoaging in skin by reducing UV-induced adverse skin reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.327-332
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• 2021

Shiranuhi is a fruit of Citrus species widely cultivated in Jeju Island, Korea. From an extract of Shiranuhi tree branches were identified five polymethoxyflavones possessing anti-inflammatory effects; nobiletin (1), sinensetin (2), tetramethylscutellarein (3), 6-hydroxy-5,7,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (4) and 5-desmethylsinensetin (5). Evaluation of the activities was conducted by monitoring the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) as well as the levels of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Among the isolates, the compound 4 exhibited the most significant NO inhibition, and suppressed the levels of iNOS and related cytokines. Therefore, it was suggested that the extract and constituents from Shiranuhi tree branches could be useful as anti-inflammatory ingredient.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

Little information about the biological activities of Citrus limon (lemon) leaves has been reported, whereas the fruit of Citrus limon (lemon) has been well-documented to contain various pro-health bio-functional compounds. In the present study, the antiproliferative activities of the lemon leaves were evaluated using several cancer cell lines. From the n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions of methanolic extract of the leaves, the chloroform fraction of lemon leaves (CFLL) showed the most potent antiproliferative activity in the AGS human gastric cancer cells. The current study demonstrates that CFLL induces apoptosis in AGS cells, as evidenced by an increase in apoptotic bodies, cell population in the sub-G1 phase, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3 and caspase-9. Compositional analysis of the CFLL using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) resulted in the identification of 27 compounds including trans, trans-farnesol (3.19 %), farnesol (3.26 %), vanillic acid (1.45 %), (-)-loliolide (5.24 %) and palmitic acid (6.96 %). Understanding the modes of action of these compounds individually and/or synergistically would provide useful information about their applications in cancer prevention and therapy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2023

Purpose: This study investigates the alterations in A549 human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells exposed to Citrus junos extract (CJE). We further examine the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of CJE on NSCLC cells. Methods: Inhibition of proliferation was examined by applying the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay on CJE-treated A549 NSCLC cells. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was performed to measure the degree of toxicity of CJE on NSCLC cells. The effect on migratory proliferation was confirmed using the scratch wound healing assay. The antiproliferative effect of the CJE on human lung cancer cells was verified through morphological observation, fluorescence microscopy, and caspase-3 colorimetry. Results: Exposure of NSCLC cells to CJE resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell activity and increased toxicity to the cells. In addition, microscopic observation revealed a reduced ability of the cancer cells to migrate and proliferate after exposure to the CJE, with simultaneous morphological apoptotic changes. Fluorescence staining and microscopic examination revealed that this death was a process of self-programmed cell death of NSCLC cells. Compared to unexposed NSCLC cells, the expression of caspase-3 was significantly increased in cells exposed to CJE. Conclusion: Exposure of A549 human NSCLC cells to CJE inhibits the proliferation, increases the cytotoxicity, and decreases the ability of cells to migrate and grow. Moreover, the expression of caspase-3 increases after CJE treatment, suggesting that the apoptosis of NSCLC cells is induced by a chain reaction initiated by caspase-3. These results indicate that Citrus junos is a potential therapeutic agent for human non-small-cell lung cancer.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.389-396
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• 2006

In order to prepare liqueur of citrus fruit, changes of major constituents, flavonoid pH, color changes, and extract, by soaking 3 kg/6 L kumquats for $1{\sim}70$ days and 1 kg/3 L Citrus platymama for $1{\sim}50$ days in $30{\sim}95%$ ethanol solution were investigated 1.5kg of kumquats, and 1kg of citrus platymama were soaked in 3 L of $30{\sim}95%$ ethanol solution for $50{\sim}70$ days. pH and color changed largely by ethanol concentration. Glucose and fructose were more extracted in $60{\sim}95%$ ethanol concentration. Citric acid and malic acid were extracted $10{\sim}15$ times with kumquats than with Citrus platymama in 30% ethanol solution. Ascorbic acid was more extracted in 60% ethanol solution for kumquats, and in 95% ethanol for Citrus platymamma. The content of ascorbic acid was $3.19{\sim}41.91{\mu}g/mL$ in kumquats, and $21.90{\sim}30.12{\mu}g/mL$ in Citrus platymamma. $312.82{\sim}688.12{\mu}g/mL$ of rutin were extracted in 95% ethanol solution, $9.32{\sim}74.49{\mu}g/mL$ of neohesperidin were extracted in 60% ethanol as for kumquats. Rutin and neohesperidin were more extracted in 30% ethanol concentration contrary to hesperidin. Hesperidin was extracted $38.93{\sim}136.86{\mu}g/mL$ in 95% ethanol solution.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.67-74
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• 2017

This study analyzed the antioxidant activities and antibacterial effects of extracts from the fruit of Citrus junos. Theextracts were obtained in both 70% ethanol solution and distilled water at a distillation temperature of $50^{\circ}C$.Three experiments were carried out between November 2016 and March 2017. The averages and the standard deviations of the results were measured. The total polyphenol and tannin contents of the ethanol extracts were $7.8{\pm}0.02mgGAE/g$ and $9.9{\pm}0.01mgTAE/g$, respectively, which were higher than the concentrations in the water extracts. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts scavenged $46.1{\pm}4.76%$ of DPPH radicals and $37.1{\pm}1.23%$ of ABTS radicals. The scavenging capability of the ethanol extracts was also higher than that of the water extracts. However, the scavenging capability of both types of extracts depended on their concentrations.All the extracts showed active antibiosis effects against every bacteria tested except for C. albicans. E. coli at 25 mg/disc showed antibiosis with $18{\pm}1.73mm$ for the water extracts, while S. epidermidis and S. aureus showed antibiosis with $17{\pm}4.36mm$ and $19{\pm}2.86mm$ for the ethanol extracts, respectively. This antibiosis rate is considerably higher. The results suggest that fruit extract from Citrus junos could be useful as a primary material for beauty or skin-related products such as soaps, shampoos, and scalp enhancers.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.327-337
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• 2020

Objective : Citri Unshius Pericarpium is the dried peel of mature fruit of Citrus unshiu Markovich and has been used to treat indigestion, vomiting, and removal of phlegm. This study investigated the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of CEE (Ethanol extract of Citri Unshius Pericarpium) in cadmium (CdCl₂)-treated HepG2 cells. Methods : Component analysis of Citri Unshius Pericarpium was analyzed by UPLC with C₁₈ column. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were analyzed using commercially available kits. Results : Cadmium caused severe HepG2 cell death. Cadmium also increased ROS production, consistent with depletion of GSH and inhibition of the SOD enzyme. However, CEE treatment reduced cell death and relieved oxidative stress caused by cadmium toxicity. CEE lowered ROS levels and improved depletion of GSH levels. CEE also enhanced the enzymatic activity of SOD. In component analysis, hesperidin was the most abundant of the five marker compounds (Narigenin, Narigin, Narirutin, Hesperidin and Hesperidin), which assumes that hesperidin partially contributed to the antioxidant activity of CEE. Conclusion : These results suggested that CEE could be a potential substance to solve heavy metal-related health problems. In particular, inhibition of oxidative stress by CEE can be a way to treat liver damage caused by cadmium.