• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.462-469
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate total polyphenolic contents and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging effects of extracts from peels of ten Jeju native citrus fruits according to the harvest from August 2006 to February 2007. Total polyphenolic contents from methanol extracts of citrus peel were the highest in Jigak (Citrus aurantium) and Hongkyool (C. tachibana) by over 200 mg% in the unmatured period, from the late August to the late September, and all the citrus peels mostly decreased while ripening. Scavenging effect of superoxide anion radical showed good correlation with total polyphenolic contents. The unmatured periods of Hongkyool and Jigak were the highest with more than 60%. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity was the highest in Sadoogam (C. pseudogulgul) at 73.8% in late August and the second highest activity was observed in Jigak at near 70%, and all the citrus peels decreased during ripening. Hydroxy radical scavenging activity were the highest among all the ROS scavenging activities, especially in the Jigak and Dangyooja (C. grandis) at 75.1% and 74.6%, respectively, and not much affected by increased maturity of the fruits. Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was the highest in Bungkyool (C. platymama) at 58.4% in late February, and increased with fruit ripening. In this study, Jigak was generally the highest in the polyphenolic contents and ROS scavenging activities, so the further studies are needed for industrial applications.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 1998

We have tested tyrosinase inhibitory activity on the methanol extracts of 23 species marine algae and 23 species traditional medicinal plant. Among them, four medicinal plants, Ephedra sinica, Atractylodes japonica, Pinnelia ternata, and Citrus aurantium, showed strong inhibition potency over 90% at concentration of 0.33 mg/mL. Also, two marine algae, Enteromorpha compressa and Sargassum singgildianum showed mild inhibition potency over 50% at concentration of 0.33 mg/mL.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.393.1-393.1
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• 2002

Present study was performed for development of a new supplementary product with gastroprotective effect. Natural Products mentioned that have GI protective property on Dongeuibogam were evaluated anti-bacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori. then five herbs were selected. The material used for the test were water extract of Alpima oxyphylla (AO). Astragalus membranaceus (AM). Cinnamomum loureirii(CL). Citrus aurantium (CA), Amomum villosum (AV). (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2014

An accurate and sensitive analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of synephrine and n-methyltyramine contents by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with a fluorescence detector (FLD). A 70:30 (v/v) mixture of 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and acetonitrile was used as the mobile phase. The coefficient of correlation ($r^2$) was 0.9999 for both synephrine and n-methyltyramine, and their limits of detection (LOD) were 0.02 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The percentage recoveries for synephrine and n-methyltyramine were 96.4% and 100.9%, respectively, from bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) samples. The synephrine and n-methyltyramine contents were 38.07-118.21 mg/kg and 0.27-0.56 mg/kg, respectively, in the orange fruit samples, while they were 14.61-120.39 mg/kg and up to 3.34 mg/kg, respectively, in the tested commercial orange juice samples. The differences in synephrine and n-methyltyramine content between orange fruit and commercial orange juice were not significant (p<0.05). These results suggest that UPLC-FLD can be applied to develop an analytical method of quality control for commercial orange juice.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 2009

Overproduction of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) causes a variety of disease such as atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus or obesity. Peroxynitrite scavenging activities and HPLC analysis on the five Oriental medicinal drugs belonging to the genus Citrus, Aurantium or Poncirus (Rutaceae family) and HPLC analysis were taken to evaluate flavanone glycosides with peroxynitrite scavenging activity. The $IC_{50}s$ of the five crude drugs were shown as follows: Aurantii nobilis Pericarpium (Jinpi, 18.3 ${\mu}g$/ml), Citrii unshiu Pericarpium (Chungpi, 7.50${\mu}g$/ml), Citrii unshiu Semen (Gyulhaek, >50.0${\mu}g$/ml), Aurantii Fructus (Jigak, 18.3${\mu}g$/ml), and Poncirii Fructus (Jisil, >50.0${\mu}g$/ml) where Korean crude drug's names are noted in the parenthesis. Peroxynitrite scavenging effect of flavanones or their glycosides usually contained in Citrus species were observed as follows: hesperetin (1.89 ${\mu}g$/ml), naringenin (7.77 ${\mu}g$/ml), hesperidin (8.44 ${\mu}g$/ml), poncirin (>50.0 ${\mu}g$/ml)and ponciretin(>50.0 ${\mu}g$/ml). The activities of naringin and poncirin with ${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}2$)-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl moiety were weak. HPLC analytical data revealed that Jinpi (the peels of mature fruits of Citrus unshiu) and Chungpi (the peels of immature fruits of C. unshiu) had high quantities of hesperidin as the value of 142.1${\pm}$0.21 and 104.51${\pm}$1.10 mg/g dried weight, respectively. Poncirin was clearly detected in only Jisil and naringenin and naringin were not observed on the HPLC chromatogram of the five crude drugs.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.4 s.131
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• pp.389-394
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• 2002

Present study was carried out for development of a new supplementary product with gastroprotective effect. Natural Products mentioned that have GI protective property in Dongeuibogam and reports were evaluated anti-bacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori, then five heres were selected. The material used for the test were water extract of Alpinia oxyphlla (AO), Astragalus membranaceus (AM), Cinnamomum loureirii(CL), Citrus aurantium(CA), Amomum villosum(AV). They were tested individually on HCI ethanol-induced gastric lesion in rats, AV CL, AO showed the most significant effectiveness, respectively. Then two mixture different in their content ratio (P020701-1,-2) and complex with P020701-1 (CP) were made, and tested on HCI·ethanol, indomethacin-induced gastric lesion, aspirin-ligature, Shay ulcer and gastric secretion. P020701-1, -2 and CP showed significant effect on HCI ethanol, indomethacin-induced gastric lesion, and Shay ulcer. It can be regarded that the antigasuitic and anti-ulcerative effects of P020701- 1, -2 and CP are originated from reduction of total acid output identified by gastric secretion test.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.32 no.2 s.125
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• pp.93-97
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• 2001

Aurantii Fructus has been used in traditional medicine as a digestant, expectorant, and in the treatment of diarrhea, anal prolapse. For the quality control of this crude drug, hesperidin was isolated from the ethylacetate fraction of Citrus aurantium (Rutaceae) and identified by the spectroscopic evidences. A quantitative analysis of hesperidin using HPLC method exhibited that the average contents of hesperidin were $2.13{\pm}1.16%$ in 57 samples collected throughout the various regions of Korea.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2011

Aldose reductase (AR), the key enzyme in the polyol pathway, plays an important role in the development of the diabetic complications. None of Aldose reductase Inhibitor (ARI) has achieved worldwide use because of limited efficacy or undesirable side effects. Therefore, evaluating natural sources for ARI potential may lead to the development of safer and more effective agents against diabetic complications. Fifty two Chinese herbal medicines have been investigated for inhibitory activities on AR. Among them, twelve herbal medicines, Artemisia anomala (aerial part), Centella asiatica (aerial part), Scutellaria baicalensis (root), Senecio chrysanthermoides (whole plant), Gleditsia japonica (twig), Zizyphus jujube (twig, leaf), Citrus aurantium (fruit), Hydnocarpus anthelmintica (fruit), Potaninia mongolica (aerial part), Tribulus terrestris (fruit), Artemisia apiacea (aerial part) and Eclipta prostrate (aerial part) exhibited a significant inhibitory activity against AR. Particularly, Artemisia anomala, Centella asiatica and Scutellaria baicalensis showed four times more potent inhibitory activity than the positive control, 3,3-tetramethyleneglutaric acid (TMG).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.278-290
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• 2009

This study aims to evaluate the changes of flavonoid contents and antioxidants activity of Jeju native citrus fruits juice according to the harvest date. Flavonoids such as quercatagetin, narirutin, hesperidin and neohesperidin were contained most plentifully in the juice of Jigak (Citrus aur-antium) by 573.73 mg/100 mL, Sadoogam (C. pseudogulgul) by 393.99 mg /100 mL, Soyooja by 29.63 mg/100 mL and Jigak (C. aurantium) by 201.23 mg/100 mL in the late August, respectively. The highest contents of nob-iletin, sinensetin and tangeretin among polymethoxyflavones were found in the juice of Hongkyool (C. tachibana) by 7.39 mg/100 mL, 2.24 mg/100 mL, 0.63 mg/100 mL in the late August, respectively. 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'- Heptamet- hoxyflavone recorded the highest amount in Punkyool (C. tangerina) by 0.27 mg/100 mL in the late August, but the other polymethoxyflavones including 3',4',7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone, 4'-methoxyflavone, 5,6,7,3',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone, scutellarein tetramethylether were observed only trace amount in all the citrus fruits. Flavonoid contents in the citrus fruit juices were the highest during early maturation and decreased rapidly while ripening. Total polyphenol contents were the highest in the late August and decreased with ripening. However from the late December, the contents were increased again. Antioxidant activities of the fruits were evaluated as electron donating ability and were the lowest in the late September and increased with the fruit ripening. These results suggest that quercetagetin among all the flavonoids was most plentiful in Jigak and Dangyooja (C. grandis), so that the fruits could be used for industrial material of flavonoids and antioxidant agents.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.37-49
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• 2008

In this study, we experimented the influence of three herbal medicines, which are Saussurea lappa Clarke, Poncirus trifoliata Rafin, Citrus aurantium Linne, which are called 'Yigiyak(理氣藥)' on drug metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4 in Human Liver Microsome. Above all, the reason for this study is that herbal medicines can be assumed that herbs might have interactions with drugs, other herbs, alcohol and chemicals whether those are much better synergy effects than expected effects when the medicine was treated alone or not. As a result, we showed that all of five traditional herbal medicines had no CYP 3A4 inhibition effect on 10, 20, 30, 40, $50{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ doses in Human Liver Microsome even Saussurea lappa Clarke showed a little inhibition as about 93% and 79% inhibition rate of control. However, this result are mostly not enough to prove that SLC has a CYP 3A4 inhibition effect. Moreover, it is not that those rates showed that those herbal medicines have CYP 3A4 induction effect. In conclusion, the result could support that those herbal medicines are more safe than chemical drugs even if this is the basic step to prove that result. Therefore, more specific studies to support this result, which are Kinetic study, cell and animal study then finally until clinical research, are required.