• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2002

The comparison of the volatile flavor components from Korean and Japanese Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marcov. forma Miyagawa-wase) peel oils, isolated by cold-pressing, was performed by gas chromatography, mass-spectrometry and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Eighty-five volatile components were identified in each oil by GC and GC-MS. Forty-three components were detected in each oil by GC-O. The total amount of monoterpene hydrocarbons was 95.88% (Korean mandarin) and 95.29% (Japanese mandarin). Limonene, ${\gamma}$-terpinene, myrcene and $\alpha$-pinene were the main components of the cold-pressed oils from the both samples. The volatile composition of the Japanese mandarin was characterized by a higher content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, especially bicyclogermacrene, $\alpha$-humullene and valencene. The volatile composition of two samples can easily be distinguished by the percentages of aldehydes, ketones and esters, which were found at higher levels in the Japanese mandarin. The sweet and fruity flavor was stronger in the Korean mandarin oil while herbaceous flavor was stronger in Japanese sample. From GC-O data it is suggested that the sweet and fruity flavor of the Korean mandarin resulted from terpinolene and linalool, and the herbaceous note of the Japanese mandarin from $\alpha$-humullene, nepal, ι-carvone and perill aldehyde.

• 혜화의학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 2012

Volatile odor substance originating from drying and making dry peel of tangerine from the fruit skin were collected through modern equipment. The anti-microbial activity of the substance against various skin-residing bacteria including acne, dandruff, athelete's foot, and gingivitis inducing microorganisms were tested. Anti-microbial activity was observed in purified oil, where 87 to 92% was D-limonene. Against P. acnes, 103$cfu/m{\ell}$ of P. acnes were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC was measured to be 0.3%. Against P. ovale, a dandruff inducing bacteria, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC was measured to be 0.1%. Against T. rubrum and T. Mentagrophytes, both of which are athelete's foot inducing microorganisms, 83% of T. Mentagrophytes and 99.9% of T. rubrum were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC were 0.3% and 0.05% respectively. Against S. aureus, a skin infection inducing bacteria, 103$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against B. subtilis, a non-pathogenic sporulating bacteria, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against C. albicans, found in mucous membranes, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against Aspergillus niger, an otomycosis inducing microorganism, 99.9% were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. The results above indicate that low concentration of purified oil extracted from tangerine had strong antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi residing on the skin, and that it may be developed into skin disorder treating products in the future.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.94-98
• /
• 2008

감귤착즙박의 자원화를 위하여 감귤 착즙박과 완숙기에 수확한 궁천조생의 유용성분 등을 분석하였다. 채취시기에 따라 감귤착즙박의 성분 함량은 다소 차이는 있었으나, 평균적으로 수분 82.23%, 무질소화합물 16.94%, 조단백질 1.27%, 조지방 2.5%, 조회분 0.58%였다. 일반성분은 온주 밀감의 과육보다 껍질 부위의 특성과 비슷한 경향이었다. 감귤 착즙박의 pH는 3.57, 산 함량은 0.43%, 펙틴 1.49% 그리고 비타민 C는 온주밀감의 껍질 부위가 87.1mg/100g로 가장 높았으며, 감귤 착즙박에는 46.4mg/100g을 함유하였다. 총카로티노이드 함량은 감귤 착즙박, 온주밀감의 껍질 및 과육에 각각 512.2mg/kg, 2,649.5mg/kg, 199.4mg/kg으로 과육보다는 껍질에 많이 분포하였으며, 감귤 착즙박은 펙틴 및 카로티노이드의 소재원으로 이용가치가 높다고 판단되었다. 감귤 착즙박에 주요 무기성분은 칼륨 201.3 mg/100g, 칼슘 47.9mg/100g, 인산 19.4mg/100g, 마그네슘 17.8mg/100g이었다. 감귤 착즙박의 주요 유리당은 fructose 3.06%, glucose 2.91%, sucrose 3.94%였으며, 총 유리당은 9.91%로 무질소화합물의 58.5%였다 온주밀감의 주요 플라보노이드 성분은 대부분 배당체 형태로 존재하며 주로 narirutin, hesperidin, rutin 이었으며, 이 외로 neohesperidin, hesperetin이 검출되었다. 감귤 착즙박에서 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 플라보노이드는 hesperidin과 narirutin이었으며, hesperidin이 194.6mg/100g으로 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.410-420
• /
• 2019

한의학에서는 진피(陳皮)라고 칭하는 귤의 껍질(Citrus unshiu peel) 추출물은 항산화, 항염증 및 항균 특성을 포함한 다양한 약리학적 효능을 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근 그들의 항암 활성에 대한 가능성이 보고되었지만 정확한 기전 연구는 여전히 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 인간 유방암 MDA-MB-231 세포를 대상으로 진피 에탄올(EECU, ethanol extract of C. unshiu peel) 추출물의 항암 효능을 평가하고 그에 따른 기전 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 EECU에 의한 MDA-MB-231 세포의 증식억제는 세포사멸(apoptosis) 유도와 관련이 있었다. EECU에 의한 apoptosis는 caspase-8, -9 및 -3의 활성화와 IAPs 계열의 발현 감소에 따른 PARP의 분해와 Bax : Bcl-2 비율의 증가와 연관이 있었다. 또한 EECU는 Bid의 truncation과 함께 미토콘드리아 막 잠재력의 감소와 세포질로 cytochrome c의 이동을 촉진시켰다. 아울러 EECU는 AMPK 및 ACC의 인산화를 촉진시켰으나, AMPK 효소 활성의 저해제는 EECU에 의한 apoptosis 유도와 생존력 저하를 현저하게 억제하였다. 부가적으로 EECU는 AMPK 활성화의 상류 신호로 작용하는 활성산소종(ROS)의 생성을 촉진시켰으며, 강력한 항산화제인 NAC는 EECU에 의한 AMPK의 활성화와 apoptosis를 역전시켰다. 결론적으로 EECU는 ROS/AMPK 의존적인 내인성 및 외인성 apoptosis 경로를 활성화시킴으로써 MDA-MB-231 세포 증식을 억제하였음을 알 수 있었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.357-362
• /
• 2006

We assessed various antioxidant activities, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) radical scavenging effect, along with antioxidant capacity, of soybean oil with added Citrus species peel extracts (CPEs). These extract oils showed higher radical scavenging effects than grape fruit seed extract, the natural antioxidant agent, did. When CPEs were added to soybean oil, they showed peroxide value (POV) and acid value (AV) increasing inhibition effects. Furthermore, none of the CPEs showed any cytotoxicity over the tested concentration range of 0.01-100 ppm. The major flavonoid contents of Citrus junos, as determined by HPLC, were naringin ($7.5\;{\mu}g/mg$) and neohesperidin ($7.5\;{\mu}g/mg$), and those of Citrus unshiu were narirutin ($3.13\;{\mu}g/mg$) and hesperidin ($1.97\;{\mu}g/mg$). However, the aglycone form was not found. This study showed that CPEs might be a potent source of natural antioxidant, without any toxic effects.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.129-134
• /
• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although several recent studies have reported the anti-cancer effects of extracts or components of Citrus unshiu peel, which has been used for various purposes in traditional medicine, the molecular mechanisms for their effects remain unclear. In the present study, the anti-cancer activity of a water-soluble extract of C. unshiu peel (WECU) in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells at the level of apoptosis induction was investigated. MATERIALS/METHODS: Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected using DAPI staining and flow cytometry analyses. Mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, caspase activity and Western blotting were used to confirm the basis of apoptosis. RESULTS: The results indicated that WECU-induced apoptosis was related to the activation of caspase-8, and -9, representative initiator caspases of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, respectively, and caspase-3 accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and down-regulation of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family members. WECU also increased the pro-apoptotic BAX to anti-apoptotic BCL-2 ratio, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytoplasm. Furthermore, WECU provoked the generation of ROS, but the reduction of cell viability and induction of apoptosis by WECU were prevented when ROS production was blocked by antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that WECU suppressed proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells by activating extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways in a ROS-dependent manner.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.235-246
• /
• 2023

Yellowball (Citrus hybrid cv. Yellowball ) is a new citrus hybrid between Haruka (C. tamurana × natsudaidai ) and Kiyomi (C. unshiu × sinensis) and is known to possess strong antioxidant activity. However, detailed information on the antioxidant components of its peel has not yet been reported. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity of the peel and identified the antioxidant components by fractionating a methanolic extract of Yellowball peels using liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane, ethyl ether (ether), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol, and water. The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of the n-hexane, ether, and EA fractions were higher than those of the other fractions, and these fractions were further separated by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four antioxidant peaks, EA1, EA2, EA3, and He1, were isolated and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time- of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF MS). Sinapoyl glucoside and hesperidin were identified in EA2 and EA3, respectively, and a polymethoxylated flavone (PMF) complex (5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, natsudaidain, tetrameth- oxyflavone, and tangeretin) was identified in He1. A compound in EA1 with m/z 223.0246 [M-H] could not be identified and was named unknown2. The antioxidant activity of unknown2 (IC₅₀=69.17 ㎍/mL) was similar to that of Trolox, which was noted as a major antioxidant in Yellowball peel. Further studies on the antioxidant capacity of Yellowball peel are required; however, these results provide a foundation for using Yellowball peel as an antioxidant.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 1998

Physicochemical properties of early cultivar of Satsuma mandarin(Citrus unshiu Marc. var. miyagawa) according to harvesting year during 1990 to 1995 were investigated. Climatic conditions of every year affected the quality of citrus fruits. Compared to other harvesting years, flesh ratio and soluble solids were higher, but acid content was lower on citrus fruits produced in 1994, as for good climatic conditions during growth of fruits. Especially, acid content of fruits produced in 1993 was higher, compared to those of years, as for low mean temperature and high rainfalls. Fruit weight, peel thickness and soluble solids had a good linear correlation to fruits size, but acid content and flesh ratio had not correlation derived from difference of individual fruits. From the climatic data, the prediction of fruit quality would be possible in some degree before harvest. It seemed recommend to ably the flexibe method by harvesting year for the quality stanardization of citrus fruit.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 1997

제주산 궁천조생의 저장조건에 따른 저온저장 특성을 검토하였다. 상온저장에 비해 저온저장 감귤은 저장기간 중 가용성 고형물, 총당, 비타민 C의 변화가 매우 적었으며, 부패율과 중량감소가 각각 10% 이내 수준에서 비교적 신선도를 유지한 상태에서 3월 하순까지 저장이 가능한 것으로 보였다. 또한, 중량감소, 경도의 저하, 당함량의 감소는 저장기간 중에 계속하여 서서히 일어났다. 필름포장과 wax-coating은 중량감소와 외관향상에는 도움을 주었으나 장기간 저장에는 부패율이 증가하였다. 습도조절을 하지 않은 저온저장은 습도조절한 경우와 비교하였을 때 부패율과 중량감소가 컸다. 증산작용으로 인한 껍질수분의 감소에 따라 과육으로부터 수분이동이 발생하여 저장기간 중 과육율이 감소하였으며, 저장 60일 후부터 경도저하가 많이 일어나 조직이 연화됨을 알 수 있었다. 조기수확한 감귤에 비하여 완숙한 감귤이 부패율과 중량감소가 적어 저장 100일간을 기준하여 출하하는 것이 바람직하였다. 상온저장한 감귤에 비해 저온저장한 감귤은 저장 4개월 이후 출고하였을 경우 외관 및 맛에 비교적 우수하였으며, 출고후 필름포장한 감귤의 부패율은 급속히 증가하여 취급에 주의가 필요하였다. 조생온주의 경우 저온에서 장기간 저장이 어려움을 알 수 있어서 저장용 감귤의 특성을 고려하여 저장조건을 설정할 필요가 있었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.442-448
• /
• 2014

The major objective of this study was to investigate the usability as cultivar for processing of new Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam'. We investigated various antioxidant activities, such as DPPH radical, ABTS radical, Hydroxyl radical and Superoxide anion radical effect, along with total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content of Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam', C. unshiu, C. natsudaidai. The total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content were the highest in the Hamilgam. The major flavonoids of Hamilgam and Natsudaidai were naringin and neohesperidin, and those of Unshu were narirutin and hesperidin, as determined by HPLC. Especially, the neohesperidin content of Hamilgam showed much higher (100 times over) than that of Unshu. However, the aglycone form was not found. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were the highest in Hamilgam peels. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was high in the order of Unshu, Hamilgam and Natsudaidai. Superoxide anion radical scavenging of 3 cultivars peels displayed low activities compared to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging. Based on these results, Hamilgam peel extracts possess antioxidant activities and may thus serve as potential sources of functional food, cosmetic products, etc.