• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2017

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) is an important disease featured as intense inflammation, protease imbalance, and air flow limitation and mainly induced by cigarette smoke (CS). In present study, we explored the effects of $Pycnogenol^{(R)}$ (PYC, pine bark extract) on pulmonary fibrosis caused by CS+lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure. Mice were treated with LPS intranasally on day 12 and 26, followed by CS exposure for 1 h/day (8 cigarettes per day) for 4 weeks. One hour before CS exposure, 10 and 20 mg/kg of PYC were administered by oral gavage for 4 weeks. PYC effectively reduced the number of inflammatory cells and proinflammatory mediators caused by CS+LPS exposure in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. PYC inhibited the collagen deposition on lung tissue caused by CS+LPS exposure, as evidenced by Masson's trichrome stain. Furthermore, transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ ($TGF-{\beta}1$) expression and Smad family member 2/3 (Smad 2/3) phosphorylation were effectively suppressed by PYC treatment. PYC markedly reduced the collagen deposition caused by CS+LPS exposure, which was closely involved in $TGF-{\beta}1$/Smad 2/3 signaling, which is associated with pulmonary fibrotic change. These findings suggest that treatment with PYC could be a therapeutic strategy for controlling COPD progression.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.347-356
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• 2015

Purpose: In this study, the effectiveness of a motivational interviewing smoking cessation YOU-TURN program for adolescents was examined. The program was based on the self-determination theory. Methods: The study was carried out with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Participants in the present study were 136 high school students living in D city. The students were assigned to the experimental group (n=52) who participated in the motivational interviewing smoking cessation YOU-TURN program based on self-determination theory, or to the control group (n=84) who participated in a general smoking cessation program. Data were collected from September 1, 2013 through April 30, 2014. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS PC+ 21.0 with Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Repeated Measures ANOVA, and MANOVA-Wilk's Lambda. Results: The experimental group had a significant increase in basic psychological needs, and duration of quitting-smoking in comparison with the control group. The experimental group had a significant decrease in cigarettes smoked per day and cotinine in urine in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: The motivational interviewing YOU-TURN program, when delivered to adolescents who smoked, was effective in discouraging smoking, and can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention for adolescents who smoke.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

This study was due to investigate the dietary intakes, serum lipids and other hematological indices in female adolescent smokers. The subjects were 85 smokers, whose average pack-year(smoking years on the basis of one pack of cigarettes per day) was 1.26 and 87 nonsmokers who were female high school students in Seoul. An anthropometric measreument was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and food habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided. Nutritional analysis program for professional(CAN-pro). Serum TG, HDL-cholesterol and total-cholesterol levels were measured with test kits. Serum glucose, albumin, GOT and GPT were measured by automated dry chemistry system, SPOTCHEM 4410. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC and MCV were determined by Semi Automated Microcell Counter(F-520). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was no significant difference in the anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. The caloric intake in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers but the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in biochemical indices. Analysis of serum lipids showed that the serum levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of nonsmokers were unexpectedly significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of smokers. Overall results indicate that smoking itself with short pack-year in healthy female adolescent did not seem to influence apparent health and nutritional status.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2001

Purpose of this study was to investigate the health status and life style of middle-aged people in Daejon. The subjects expressed more fear for disease as getting older(p<0.01). Sixty six percent of the subjects have suffered in the past or suffer at present certain kinds of disease. The older they are, the more disease they have. The alimentary disease, neuralgia, and arthritis were the most popular disease. The eye strain and exhaustion of body were indicated more frequently in fifties than in thirties or forties(p<0.01). They considered excercise as the most important factor to maintain health status, and then moderation in diet, relaxation, rest, decrease of alcohol intake, no smoking. Forty three percent of them were non-drinker. The number of drinker was four times more in male than female and increased as getting younger(p<0.01). Only male revealed smoker and 29% of them smoked 10-20 cigarettes per day. The number of smoker decreased as getting older(p<0.01). Male played exercise more regularly than female and subjects have better exercise habit as getting older(p<0.01). This study suggests that practical programs for self-health control should be developed for playing exercise regularly for female and for considering nutrition, no smoking, and no drinking in the daily life for male.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.48-56
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to identify factors based on the theory of planned behavior that predict smoking cessation in elderly smokers following a stroke. Method: Between March and May 2013, data related to intention, attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, were collected through questionnaire from 223 elders who smoked and who had a stroke. Data analysis was performed using PASW (SPSS) 18.0 program, and included t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple stepwise liner regression analysis. Results: Results showed a positive correlation between intention and attitude toward the behavior (r=.494, p<.001), subjective norm (r=.390, p<.001), and perceived behavioral control (r=.189, p=.005). These variables such as perceived behavior control, subjective norm, number of cigarettes per day, and usefulness of quitting smoking explained 50% of intention to quit smoking. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that there is a need to develop smoking cessation nursing strategies for elderly smokers following a stroke in order to provide effective counseling on subjective norm and perceived behavioral control.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.508-515
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of a five-week auricular acupressure (AA) program on smoking cessation for male high school students.Methods: From May 27 2015 to November 18 2015, this study investigated 66 high school students who had been smoking. More than four sessions of AA were given to participants, and surveys were conducted before each treatment. Once a week, the AA was administered at the endocrine point, lung point, throat point, nasal fossae point, bronchial tube point, and mouth point.Result: Thirty-four (51.5%) students reduced their number of cigarettes smoked per day, while 17 (25.7%) students complained of side effects.Conclusions: Results show that AA is generally effective, and side effects occur less often than with anti-smoking acupuncture. So AA could be preferred on smoking cessation for students.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.509-516
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• 2001

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of anxiety, depression and self-esteem on the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency among woman smokers. Method: The convenience sample consisted of 121 unmarried woman smokers. The STAI, the CES-D Scale, the Self-Esteem scale and the FTQ were utilized to measure the level of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and nicotine dependency. The amount of smoking was calculated based on the number of cigarette used. Results: Results indicated that woman smokers were depressed. Nicotine dependency was relatively low. Subjects had smoked a mean of 9.58 cigarettes per day. The level of depression influenced on smoking and nicotine dependency. Self-esteem influenced on the amount of smoking and anxiety influenced on nicotine dependency. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the amount of smoking of unmarried woman smokers was very high. Both the amount of smoking and nicotine dependency were affected by levels of depression. Education programs and campaigns are needed to prevent smoking of young adult women.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.305-315
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on adult periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal therapy. The study population consisted of 40 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis. Smokers(n=20) were defined as individuals smoking at least twenty cigarettes per day at the time of the initial examination. The non-smoking group(n=20) consisted of individuals who were not smoking at the initial examination. The average age was 42.4 years for the smoking and non-smoking group. Examination regarding plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and contrast phase microscope were performed. Evaluation were made at the first, the second and the fourth weeks after periodontal non-surgical therapy. The results were as follows: 1. Clinical indices including plaque index, gingival index, and pocket depth were decreased in both smoking and non-smoking group at the first, the second, and the fourth weeks. Especially, clinical indices of non-smokers were more significantly decreased than those of smokers. 2. Non-motile rods were increased and motile rods were reduced at the fourth week. spirochetes were reduced significantly in the non-smoking group at the fourth week. These results suggest that smoking play a minor role in adult periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal therapy.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.917-924
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• 2010

Objectives : The objective of this research was to investigate the smoking state of students in Y university, located in Youngdong-gun, Choungbuk. Methods : This research was conducted toward 311 number of students in the university. The questionnaire basically consists of the status of smoking, the behavior of smoker and non-smoker. Results : 58.2% of the male respondents were current smoker, but 72.4% of the females were non-smoker. 58.2% of the current smokers were 22 to 25 aged group. The highest rate of time to begin with smoking was in 15 to 18 years old and the most of people consumed 11 to 20 pieces of cigarettes per day. 48.9% of the students have an experience to keep no smoking more than one month. There were reverse correlation(r=-.335) between the status of smoking and sex, and positive correlation(r=.264) between the status of smoking and an age. Of the people experiencing non-smoking, 55.3% were smoking 'everyday' and 44.7% were 'sometimes'. The biggest part of the reason why stopped smoking was for 'the advices of other people'(25.5%), and 'Harm to health' and 'Social atmosphere of non-smoking'(21.3%) were following. Conclusions : In the university students, current smokers among male students were still high smoking rate. Therefore Dental Hygiene students in the same University have to provide the quit smoking education and oral health care methods for current smokers.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.121-131
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on adult periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal therapy. The study population consisted of 40 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis. Smokers(n=20) were defined as individuals smoking at least twenty cigarettes per day at the time of the initial examination. The non-smoking group(n=20) second and the fourth weeks after periodontal non-surgical therapy. The results were as follows; 1. Clinical indices including plaque index, gingival index, and pocket depth were decreased in both smoking and non-smoking group at the first, the second, and the fourth weeks. Especially, clinical indices of non-smokers were more significantly decreased than those of smokers. 2. Non-motile rods were increaseed and motile rods were reduced at the fourth week. spirochetes were reduced significantly in the non-smoking group at the fourth week. These results suggest that smoking play a minor role in adult periodontitis after non-surgical periodontal therapy.