• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2007

A/R CDM(Afforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism) in Kyoto Mechanism means, either afforestation in the area used for other purposes more than 50 years or reforestation in the area used for other purposes on December 31st in 1989. South Korea has few sites due to the successful forestation in the past, but North Korea has not reforested the deforested lands since the mid-1970's. So these areas need to apply A/R CDM Project for restoration. The purposes of this study are to make a time series analysis in deforested areas and to estimate a feasibility of A/R CDM. To find the site satisfying A/R CDM business definition, land cover classification was applied using satellite images of the mid-1970's with good forestation, late 1980's including A/R CDM base year, and recent 2000's, and the chronological change was analyzed to categorize the possible sites. The North Korean topographical map of 1977 was used to verify land cover classification degree of 1970's, the land cover classification results made by the Ministry of Environment in 2000 were compared to verify the accuracy of 1980's results, and the land cover classification results in 2000's were verified by 2 site visits. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The eligible A/R CDM sites are 605,156ha on the basis of the forestation change analysis in North Korea. Since the mid-1970's, 30.8% of the decreased forestation area of 1,966,306ha was classified into A/R CDM eligible sites. While other countries have the limited eligible sites, which has not been used for forestation since 1989 or which is being scattered, North Korea has large scale sites. Deforested sites are mainly around road and residential area, consequently give better accessibility for forestation than other countries. In conclusion, it is found that North Korea can provide efficient site for applying A/R COM Project to forestation restoring deforested land because of easy accessibility and existence of many possible sites due to artificial deforestation. Also, it is meaningful that the study suggests the application possibility of A/R COM Project to restore deforested land in North Korea and the related basic information through the chronological classification of the mid-1970's with good forestation, the late-1980's including A/R COM base year, and recent 2000's. It is expected that the study contributes to revitalization of A/R CDM Project and related research on North Korea forestation.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2007

Purpose: To investigate the characteristics and chronological changes of gastric cancer in Korea, the Information Committee of the Korean Gastric Cancer Association performed nationwide survey for 2004. Materials and Methods: The data on patients who underwent gastric cancer surgery in 2004 were collected from 57 institutes and compared with those of 1995 and 1999 which were reported in 2002. Fourteen factors (sex, age, tumor location and size, gross type, approach to operation, radicality, operative method, reconstruction method, WHO and Lauren classification, UICC stage, and numbers of positive and retrieved lymph nodes) were analyzed. According to the annual number of gastric cancer operations, 57 institutes were divided into 4 groups (group 1, <100; 100 ${\leq}$ group 2 < 200 operations; 200 ${\leq}$ group 3 < 500 operations; group 4, ${\geq}500$). Results: Data on 11,293 patients were collected. The sex ratio (M : F) was 2.05 : 1 (7,586/3,705). The mean age was 58.0 years old. The age of highest incidence in both male and female has increased recently. The proportion of early gastric cancer has increased from 28.6% in 1995 and 32.8% in 1999 to 47.4% in 2004. The mean number of retrieved lymph nodes was 34.0 (32.8, 34.0, 36.1, and 32.9 for group 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively). Conclusion: Early gastric cancer has increased in 2004 compared to 1995 and 1999. Gastric cancer surgery seems to be performed with acceptable quality in view of number of retrieved lymph nodes. These data presented in nationwide survey could be used as a fundamental resource for gastric cancer in Korea.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.176-184
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• 2018

In this study, we observed chronological changes in the immunoreactivity and expression level of myelin basic protein (MBP), one of the most abundant proteins in the central nervous system, in the hippocampus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and their control littermates (Zucker lean control; ZLC). In the ZLC group, body weight steadily increased with age; the body weight of the ZDF group, however, peaked at 30 weeks of age, and subsequently decreased. Based on the changes of body weight, animals were divided into the following six groups: early (12-week), middle (30-week), and chronic (52-week) diabetic groups and their controls. MBP immunoreactivity was found in the alveus, strata pyramidale, and lacunosum-moleculare of the CA1 region, strata pyramidale and radiatum of the CA3 region, and subgranular zone, polymorphic layer, and molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. MBP immunoreactivity was lowest in the hippocampus of 12-week-old rats in the ZLC group, and highest in 12-week-old rats in the ZDF group. Diabetes increased MBP levels in the 12-week-old group, while MBP immunoreactivity decreased in the 30-week-old group. In the 52-week-old ZLC and ZDF groups, MBP immunoreactivity was detected in the hippocampus, similar to the 30-week-old ZDF group. Western blot results corroborated with immunohistochemical results. These results suggested that changes in the immunoreactivity and expression of MBP in the hippocampus might be a compensatory response to aging, while the sustained levels of MBP in diabetic animals could be attributed to a loss of compensatory responses in oligodendrocytes.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.411-420
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• 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in height and inclination of the articular eminence during the growth period. Methods: One hundred and sixty subjects (71 males and 89 females) with a normal skeletal pattern and TMJ function, ranging in age from 5.9 to 19.7 years were divided according to their chronological age into six groups. Lateral individualized corrected TMJ tomograms were taken of all subjects, and the height and inclination of the articular eminence were measured. UNIANOVA was used to compare the differences between the age groups. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences between male and female subjects. Results: The height and the inclination of the articular eminence were increased and became steeper with age, and the height and the inclination were larger in male than in female subjects. Conclusions: Dynamic changes in the height and the inclination of the articular eminence were observed during the growth period, therefore a full understanding of the growth of the articular eminence is important for orthodontic and orthopedic treatment in this period.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.6
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• pp.7-22
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• 2002

Animation constitutes the core of the media industry, which in turn lies at the center of the cultural industry. It is considered one of the industries where South Korea has the competitive edge over other countries. With the pool of customers getting wider, the genre of animation has become more and more diverse, forming a great market for it. Aware of this trend, this study focused on animation as a part of the pop culture, and on providing corresponding various viewpoints for future cultural studies. This researcher measured the practicality and persuasiveness of this study through Shreck, a three-dimensional C.G. animation which is acclaimed for its success in dismantling the old grammar of animation movies that represent the anti-Disney ideas. This researcher felt it imperative to heed the unique language of Shreck, which contains discourses on various cultural ideologies such as paradoxical structure that pits entertainment that is shown through dismantling of the canon, feminism and antifeminism against each other. This study analyzed the entertaining element of the animation genre by means of the Semiotics of Keith Moxey, thereby attempting to establish a legitimate social status of the genre, whose artfulness has been depreciated in the art society. In chapter II, this researcher examines the chronological development of three-dimensional C.G. animation that has shown a rapid advancement. Chapter III defines the cultural ideology of Shreck by exploring basic theories and texts employed in analysis of art works. This study started with the assumption that defines, from the viewpoint of symbology, the animation text as an aggregate of discourses on entertainment, and competitive and paradoxical ideologies. Then, this researcher analyzed the text and the generation process of meanings in Shreck. Consequently, this study has come to the following conclusions: First, Shreck induces changes of concepts about the canon by means of distorting and reversing the existing animation movies, which seems to reflect in the contemporary tendency of seeking new interpretations of entertainment. Second, Shreck shows up the cognitive changes of our age as to feminism by competing feminism against antifeminism. Although Shreck serves as a venue of competition between the two opposing ideas, it stops short of brushing off women as outsiders in society. Rather, it represents the resistance to the male chauvinism existing in the structures of animation and culture. As shown in the text analysis, Shreck presents an advent of a new ideology critical of the previous animation films. In addition, it reflects in the struggle between the pro-feminism on the part of the viewers and the anti-feminism that lies in the social and culture structure. This study, however, is limited in its scope and selection of subject. First, although this researcher has stressed the importance of understanding the animation as part of the pop culture and conducting researches within the historic paradigm, this study fails to provide an in-depth insight in the impacts that the changes in the C.G. industry and the systematic conditions may have on the three-dimensional C.G. animation genre. Furthermore, this study runs the risk of being understood as pro-American due to its selection of Shreck as its research subject.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.7-22
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• 2011

This study primarily aims to illuminate the characteristics of $Meoreum$ in Korean traditional fitting system according to the respective types and its periodical changes. Using the research findings as a chronological indicator by which to estimate the construction date of the building is the secondary purpose. In this study 42 of $Byeoldang$ and pavilion architecture remaining in $Yeongnam$ district were examined through the field surveys and methods of documentary research. The research results are as follows. First, $Meoreum$, which is located below the windows or doors, provides protection against the outer wind and has the function to prevent some warm air of the room from flowing outside. Second, $Meoreum$ was recorded as $Yoeum$(了音), $Woneum$(遠音), and $Maleum$(末音) in $Yeong-geon-ui-gwe$(營建儀軌) of Joseon period. While $Yoeum$(了音) was used in $Yeong-geon-ui-gwe$(營建儀軌) of 1776 and 1856, $Woneum$(遠音) had been also used continuously since the year of 1800. The word, $Maleum$(末音) can be seen in $Lim-won-gyeong-je-ji$(林園經濟志), published in 1827. $Woneum$(遠音) and $Maleum$(末音) seem to be the $Yi-du$(吏讀) types of expression of $Meoreum$ which is being extensively used now. Third, the kinds of $Meoreum$ can be classified as $TohMeoreum$, $TongMeoreum$, $TongpanMeoreum$, and $JjaneunMeoreum$. $TongMeoreum$ and $TohMeoreum$ were mostly used at the front part of $Ondol-rooms$, the backside of main floor called $Daechung$(大廳), and at the space between $Daechung$ and rooms in the Pavilions and $Byeoldangs$(Annexes) that had been built in the early Joseon dynasty. $TohMeoreum$ was usually used at the bottom parts of windows between $Daechung$ and $Ondol-rooms$. $TongpanMeoreum$ was mainly used in the mid-Joseon period and relatively high height was the distinctive feature of $Meoreum$ at that time. $Jjaneun$ $Meoreum$, used mainly in the late Joseon dynasty, has become lower and lower gradually in height since 19th century, so people could enter the room through the windows(fittings). Such changes in $Meoreums$ types has brought about the flow of human traffic directly from $Toenmaru$, narrow wooden porch running along the outside of a room to $Ondol-rooms$.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.325-353
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• 2017

This article aims to investigate the geographical distribution and the cultural, historical, and symbolic meanings of the place names in the area of Bukhansanseong (Fortress), and to basically suggest the several features which have happened throughout the process of toponymic changes. In order to realize the purpose of the article, I collected the chronological toponymic data, particularly focusing on the Bukhanji (Record of Bukhansanseong, 1745) in which the most existing place names related to Bukhansanseong are recorded. In the meantime, I proposed the character of distributions and types of the physical, human place names according to the rear-part of toponymic morpheme, i.e. the generic name. Moreover, selecting the main place names such as 'Bukhansan', etc., I analyzed some features on the toponymic meanings and changes in accordance with the fore-part of toponymic morpheme, the specific name. Consequently, I identified the facts that the name of 'Bukhansan' in the era of the Three Kingdoms, 'Samgaksan' in the Goryeo Dynasty, and again 'Bukhansan' or 'Buksan' in the Joseon Dynasty era had been primarily called. And then the place name, 'Bukhansan' has been officially named until now since constructing the Bukhansanseong Fortress in 1711. Meanwhile, the physical place names related to mountainous and fluvial topography, the place names of artificial facilities such as a mountain fortress on this geographical environment, and especially Buddhistic place names which was named and identified by Buddhist monk, Seongneung who wrote the Bukhanji, representing the Buddhistic identity and ideology, form a large majority of the place names within Bukhansanseong.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.29-46
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• 2015

Examined how it varied the knowledge network of the country along with R&D changes in planning policy for the research and development of government. Therefore, in this study, chronological Analysis analyzed separately the network between each entity of participate in the industry fusion source technology development business of industry trade and Energy. Planning policy of industrial fusion source technology development business, to change the starting point before and after 2012, before 2012 from selected planning issues at the center "planning committee" and in 2012 'PD' changes to a system for planning issues around. First of all, an attempt to analyze the R&D network based on the "planning committee" current situation of 2009~2011, from 2012 to analyze the variation of the R&D network with the introduction of the 'PD' system after it was analyzed by dividing the time in the current state of up to 2013. The results of the analysis, since the PD system was introduced, such as self-relationship (the form of planning user to run directly challenges the person was planning to challenge participants)is greatly improved, I was able to grasp the effect became clear. The more the self-relation, and the budding scholars considering that there is inequality of the planning, the introduction of the PD scheme, it can be seen to have resulted in a positive effect. These studies, quantitatively analyzed to improve the results to the effects associated with changes in the planning policy of the government, I think that there is a meaning in terms of presenting the future direction of R&D policy.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate chronological change of quality of life after surgery in patients with gastric cancer during one year postoperatively. Materials and Methods: Quality of life data were obtained from 272 gastric cancer patients who underwent curative gastrectomy between September 2008 and February 2011 at the Kyungpook National University Hospital. The Korean versions of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core (QLQ) 30 with gastric cancer-specific module, the EORTC QLQ-STO22 were used to assess quality of life. All patients had no evidence of recurrence or metastasis during the first postoperative year. Patients were asked to complete the questionnaire, by themselves preoperatively, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-months postoperatively. Results: Physical functioning score and role functioning score significantly decreased at first 3 months after surgery and the significant differences were noticed until 12 months after surgery. Emotional functioning score started with the lowest score before surgery and significant improvement was shown 6 months after surgery. Most symptom scores and STO-22 scores were highest at 3 months after surgery and gradually decreased, thereafter. Eating restriction, anxiety, taste, body image scores was highest at 3 months after surgery without significant decrease afterwards. Conclusions: Most scales worsened after surgery and gradually recovered afterwards with some differences in rate of recovery. However the scales did not fully recover by 1 year period. Further follow-up after 1 year would be helpful in determining which scales are permanently damaged and which are just taking longer time to recover.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.268-277
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• 2017

This paper analyzed the modern trends and the present state of kitchen furniture and electric appliances depending on the advancement in IOT technology, in order to contribute to seeking a method of approaching consumers as an effective way for kitchen furniture and electric appliance companies to develop IOT products. Prior to analysis, the chronological transitions of Korean kitchen furniture and examined the effects of Korea's own emotions and characteristics on modern kitchen. For this study, the changes in Korean kitchen space were explored, based on previous studies, recent trend magazines, articles and professional books and the trends of modern kitchen furniture were observed. Also, the concept of IOT technology was considered and then the tendencies of modern IOT kitchen furniture and electric appliances were analyzed. The case study targeted the recent three-year trends of two types of domestic kitchen furniture and small-sized IOT kitchen electric appliances, which are sold, or have been introduced on foreign online stores and have been unveiled at CES Electric Appliances Exhibition. As a result of the study, it was found that many foreign countries, including the US have been developing various IOT kitchen electric appliances. The enterprise concept is to change kitchen with their IOT products, not changing future kitchen with IOT technology. This implies that approaches to product development may change. Moreover, it was recognized that for kitchen design, characteristics of product users need to be considered, according to Korean ideology.