• 한국작물학회지
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• 제14권
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• pp.139-145
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• 1973

Choline Chloride를 이용하여 고구마의 단작재배와 맥후작재배간에 어떤 수준의 농도에서 괴근의 비대촉진과 생육 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 시험하였든바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 처리의 적정농도는 재배기에 따라 다소 차이가 있어 단작재배에서는 23.3ppm 그리고 맥후작 재배의 경우 31.1ppm이 적정농도이고 처리시간은 24시간이며 처리방법은 묘를 채취한 후묘의 기부만을 침지하면 좋다. 2) Choline Chloride는 지상부의 생육을 억제하여 만장을 단축케 하고 건물중을 저하케 하였다. 3) 지하부의 생육관계는 지상부의 동화산물을 지하부에 전류케 함으로써 괴근수를 많게 하는 동시에 수확기별 수량의 증가가 현저하였고 그 경향은 적기수학에서 보다도 조기수확에서 높았다. 4) 따라서 일반유기성분의 함유율 분석결과 당분전분등이 높은 편이고 그밖의 조섬유, 조단백질등은 낮은 편으로서 금후 더욱 연구할 필요가 있다고 느끼는 바이다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.115-126
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• 1983

The results that the effect of 6 detergents on the structural changes and biochemical composition of bacterial membrane of Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus are as follows ; 1. Population growth of the bacteria was increased in case of the treatment with palmitoyl carnitine and sodium deoxy cholate but was increased in case of the treatment with palmitoyl carnitine and sodium deoxy cholate but was decreased by sodium dodecyl sulfate and palmitoyl choline, in E.coli and was decreased by palmitoyl carnitine and palmitoyl choline at the low concentration, in B. cereus. 2. The electron micrograph showed that cell wall lysis or cell collapse were observed in the treatment of sodium dodecyl sulfate and palmitoyl choline, and also cell wall was condensed by triton X-100 and sodium deoxy cholate, in E.coli. And in B. cereus, endospore formation of the bacteria was stimulated by palmitoyl choline, and cell lysis or structural changes of the membrane were observed in the treatment of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium cholate, and triton X-100, respectively. 3. As to the effect of detergent on the biochemical composition of biomembrane, the content of carnitine, in E.coli, and B.cereus, the content of structural protein and phospholipid were decreased by treatment of sodium dodecyl sulfate and structural protein was denatured by palmitoyl choline. 4. The profile of membrane protein revealed that the bacterial membrane were composed of various proteins. By dint of this result, some of membrane proteins were solubilized or changed to small molecules by the treatment of sodium dodecyl sulfate and palmitoyl choline, in E.coli and membrane protein of the biomembrane by treatment of sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxy cholate, palmitoyl choline, and palmitoyl carnitine were confirmed to be different profile as compared with those of the control, in B. cereus. Therefore, it is suggested that sodium dfodecyl sulfate and palmitoyl choline soulbilized biomembranes or inhibited membrane transport and that palmitoyl carnitine and sodium deoxy cholate were used as an energy source or stimulating the membrane transport, in E.coli. And, it is suggested that all of detergents were inhibited biomembrane synthesis, expet saponin, in B.cereus.

• 약학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.222-229
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• 2012

In order to determine acetylcholine and choline in the biological samples, the specific enzymes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline oxidase (ChO), which utilize acetylcholine and choline as substrates, were employed to convert substrates to $H_2O_2$. The produced $H_2O_2$ was coupled to 4-aminoantipyrine/phenol with peroxidase (PO) yielding quinoneimine dye which was measured at 508 nm. In the present enzymatic spectrophotometric analysis the product at the equilibrium state was measured considering accuracy, precision, time and cost of the analysis. The developed analytical method yielded good linearity (calibration curve; $A_{508}$=9534[acetylcholine]+0.009, correlation coefficient ($R^2$); 0.999) with detection limit of $1.11{\times}10^{-7}M$, reasonable precision (relative standard deviation; 0.10~1.62% at $2.5{\times}10^{-6}M{\sim}1.25{\times}10^{-4}M$) and accuracy (relative error; -0.24~0.97% at $4.13{\times}10^{-6}M{\sim}1.01{\times}10^{-4}M$) for acetylcholine chloride standard solution. The concentrations of acetylcholine and choline in human serum were found as $3.20{\times}10^{-5}M$ and $1.14{\times}10^{-4}M$, respectively. The brain tissues of Sprague-Dawley strain rat contained 9.82${\mu}g/g$ of acetylcholine and 6.53 ${\mu}g/g$ of choline in the cerebrum, while 7.37 ${\mu}g/g$ of acetylcholine and 5.34 ${\mu}g/g$ of choline in the cerebellum.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.82-84
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• 1964

It has been pointed out that various substances such as "toxoalbumin", glycoside, choline or readily hydrolysable choline derivatives, alkaloid, lysolecithine etc. are associated with the toxicity of the infected grain. But animal tests and analysis of paper chromatography by author's indicated that a basic substance present in the concentrated extracts from the grain may neither be acetylcholine, betaine, nor choline. This problem still have to be examine further.

• 약학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.224-229
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• 2003

We have investigated the transport characteristics of synthetic antioxidant and free radical scavenger, $\alpha$-phenyl-n-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by in vitro uptake study in conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line (TR-BBB). Also, the efflux of PBN from brain to blood is estimated using the brain efflux index (BEI) method. Choline is a charged organic cation, including nitrogen-methyl group and shows the carrier-mediated distribution to the brain. [$^3$H]Choline uptake by TR-BBB cells was significantly inhibited by PBN with $IC_{50}$/ of 1.2 mM, which appears to be due to similar structures between choline and PBN. And, PBN was microinjected into Par2 of the rat brain by BEI method, and was eliminated from the brain with an apparent elimination half-life of about 2 min. Also, [$^3$H]choline efflux was significantly inhibited by PBN using BEI method. In conclusion, the efflux transport of PBN takes place across the BBB and PBN may be transported into the brain and eliminated from the brain by BBB choline transporter.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.398-405
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• 2005

Polyamines such as putrescine are small, ubiquitous polycationic molecules that are required for optimal growth of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. These molecules have diverse effects on cell physiology and their intracellular content is regulated by de novo synthesis and uptake from the environment. The studies presented here examined the structure of a putative polyamine transporter (Pot) operon in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and growth of pneumococci in medium containing putrescine substituted for choline. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the four genes encoding the Pot system are co-transcribed with murB, a gene involved in an intermediary step of peptidoglycan synthesis. Pneumococci grown in chemically-defined media (CDM) containing putrescine without choline enter logarithmic phase growth after 36-48 hs. However, culture density at stationary phase eventually reaches that of choline-containing medium. Cells grown in CDM-putrescine formed abnormally elongated chains in which the daughter cells failed to separate and the choline-binding protein PspA was no longer cell-associated. Experiments with CDM containing radiolabeled putrescine demonstrated that pneumococci concentrate this polyamine in cell walls. These data suggest that pneumococci can replicate without choline if putrescine is available and this polyamine may substitute for aminoalcohols in the cell wall teichoic acids.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.223-228
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• 1990

The contribution of endogenous transport systems to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of basic and acidic drugs was studied by using a carotid injection technique in rats and an isolated bovine cerebrovascular disease state were compared between the normotensive rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) which have been well established as an animal model with pathogenic similarities to humans. Basic drugs such as eperisone, thiamine and scopolamine inhibited, in a concentration dependent manner the in vivo uptake of $[{^3}H]choline$ through BBB, whereas amino acids and acidic drugs such as salicylic acid and valproic acid did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP increased with time and showed a remarkable temperature dependency. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP showed the very similar inhibitory effects as observed in the in vivo brain uptake, and was competitively inhibited by a basic drug, eperisone. The in vivo BBB uptakes of $[^3H]acetic$ acid and $[^{14}C]salicylic$ acid were dependent on pH of the injectate and the concentration of drugs. Several acidic drugs such such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid and valproic acid inhibited the in vivo uptake of $[^3H]acetic$ acid, whereas amino acid, choline and a basic drug such as eperisone did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of acetic acid by B-CAP was competitively inhibited by salicylic acid. The permeability surface area product (PS) through BBB for $[^3H]choline$ in SHRSP was significantly lower than that in WKY. The concentration of choline in the brain dialysate in SHRSP was about half of that in WKY, while no significant difference was observed in the plasma concentration of choline between SHRSP and WKY. No significant difference was observed in the transport of monocarboxylic acids, glucose and neutral amino acid through BBB between SHRSP and WKY. From these results, it was concluded that BBB transport system of choline contributes to the transport of basic drugs through BBB, that acidic drugs can be transported via a moncarboxylic acid BBB transport system and that the specific dysfuntion of the BBB choline transport in SHRSP was ascribed to the reduction of the maximum velocity of choline concentration in the brain interstitial fluids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.588-596
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• 2010

모유 수유를 받는 영아는 생후 6개월까지 모유에 거의 모든 영양소 섭취를 의존하기 때문에 유즙의 콜린 농도가 영아의 콜린섭취에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 식품에는 콜린과 베타인이 함께 들어 있고 체내에서 콜린은 베타인으로 산화되어 메칠기 운반에 관여하므로 식품속의 총 콜린 함량만이 아니라 베타인 함량도 함께 고려하여야 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수유기간별 유즙의 총 콜린, 유리 콜린, 베 타인의 변화를 조사하고자 하였다. LC-MS방법을 사용하여 수유부 유즙의 콜린과 베타인 농도를 분석하여 영아의 콜린과 베타인의 섭취상태를 알아보고자 하였다. 1) 모유의 총 콜린 농도는 수유 첫 1개월째 145.03 mg/L (1.39 mmol/L), 2개월째 157.83 mg/L (1.52 mmol/L), 3개월째 165.99 mg/L (1.60 mmol/L), 4개월째 153.67 mg/L (1.48 mmol/L), 5개월째 145.05 mg/L (1.39 mmol/ L)이었다. 모유의 유리 콜린 농도는 수유 1개월 24.96 mg/L (0.239 mmol/L), 2개월 29.56 mg/L (0.284 mmol/L), 3개월 29.40 mg/L (0.283 mmol/L), 4개월 23.41 mg/L (0.225 mmol/L), 5개월 24.03 mg/L (0.231 mmol/L)로 수유월령에 따라 큰 차이는 없었다. 모유의 베타인 농도는 수유 1개월에 4.424 mg/L (0.038 mmol/L), 2개월 3.442 mg/L (0.033 mmol/L), 3개월 3.200 mg/L (0.031 mmol/L), 4개월 2.257 mg/L (0.022 mmol/L), 5개월 2.433 mg/L ($0.020\;{\mu}mol/L$)이었다. 2) 수유기간별 영아의 유즙 섭취량은 2개월에 771.1 mL/d, 3개월에 792.0 mL/d, 4개월에 796.5 mL/d, 5개월에 711.0 mL/d이었다. 3) 영아의 총 콜린 섭취량은 2개월 124.61 mg/d, 3개월 120.90 mg/d, 4개월 126.50 mg/d, 5개월 104.09 mg/d로 4개월까지는 큰 변화가 없었으나 생후 5개월에 크게 감소하는 경향이었다. 영아의 체중 kg당 총 콜린 섭취량은 2개월 19.76 mg/d, 3개월 16.67 mg/d, 4개월 16.14 mg/d, 5개월 12.80 mg/d이었다. 4) 영아의 유리콜린 섭취량은 2개월 24.15 mg/d, 3개월 21.57 mg/d, 4개월 19.35 mg/d, 5개월 17.10 mg/d이었고, 수유기간별로 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 점차 감소하는 경향이었다. 영아의 체중 kg당 유리콜린 섭취량은 2개월 3.85 mg/d, 3개월 2.97 mg/d, 4개월 2.47 mg/d, 5개월 2.08 mg/d이었다. 5) 영아의 베타인 섭취량은 2개월 3.12 mg/d, 3개월 2.82 mg/d, 4개월 2.10 mg/d, 5개월 1.83 mg/d로 유리콜린과 유사한 경향을 보였다. 영아의 체중 kg당 베타인 섭취량은 2개월 0.50 mg/ d, 3개월 0.39 mg/d, 4개월 0.27 mg/d, 5 개월 0.22 mg/d이었다. 6) 영아의 콜린 섭취량은 모유의 콜린농도와는 r = 0.982 (p = 0.000), 모유섭취량과는 r = 0.414 (p = 0.028)로 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 연구결과로부터 한국인 수유부 유즙의 총 콜린농도와 유리콜린농도는 외국인 수유부의 유즙에 비해 결코 낮지 않은 수준이며, 이로 인해 영아의 콜린 섭취상태는 부족하지 않을 것으로 사료된다. 더욱이 영아의 총콜린 섭취량은 모유 섭취량보다 모유의 총콜린 농도와 더 강한 양의 상관관계를 나타냄으로써 모유의 콜린농도가 영아의 콜린 섭취량에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 가능성을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of replacing soyabean meal (SBM) at 50 and 100% with conventional (CMC) and low glucosinalate mustard cakes (LGMC) in iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets in broiler chickens. All these diets contained 0.1% choline chloride with a purity of 50% (w/w). Another diet was prepared by replacing SBM in toto with CMC with no supplemental choline to find out the possible role of supplemental choline in mustard cake (MC) based diets. Two hundred and seventy day-old broiler chicks were distributed randomly in 54 stainless steel battery brooder pens of five chicks in each pen. Each experimental diet was allotted at random to nine battery brooders and offered ad-libitum from day 2 through 42 days of age. Body weight gain was significantly depressed by total replacement of SBM with either LGMC or CMC at 21 days of age. Non-supplementation of choline significantly depressed the growth compared to those fed CMC 100% with supplemental choline. However, at 42 days of age, such an effect was seen only with CMC. Replacement of SBM with CMC 100% with or without choline supplementation depressed the body weight gain. The concentrations of cholestorol and tryglicerides in serum and the relative weights of ready to cook yield, giblet and gizzard decreased by incorporation of mustard cakes in broiler diets. The trend in fat and protein contents in breast and thigh muscles and liver was not clearly attributable to the treatment effect. Based on the results, it is concluded that SBM can be replaced in toto with LGMC (535.0 and 466.5 g/kg starter and finisher diets, respectively) or up to 50% (215.0 and 186.7 g/kg starter and finisher diets, respectively) with CMC in commercial broiler chicken diets. Choline supplementation at 0.1% level in broiler diets containing CMC was found to be beneficial during starter phase.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2000년도 Proceedings of 2000 KSAM International Symposium and Spring Meeting
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• pp.208-213
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• 2000

Penicillium fellutanum produces a phosphorylated, choline-containing extracellular peptido-polysaccharide, peptidophosphogalactomannan (pPxGM) (8). The $\^$13/C-methyl labeled pPxGM ([methyl-$\^$13/C]pPxGM) was prepared from the cultures supplemented with L-[methyl-$\^$13/C]methionine or [2-$\^$13/C]glycine and was used as a probe to monitor the fate of phosphocholine in this polymer. Addition of purified [methyl-$\^$l3/C]pPxGM to growing cultures in low phosphate medium resulted in the disappearance of [methyl-$\^$13/C]phosphocholine and -N,N'-dimethyl-phosphoethanolamine from the added [methyl-$\^$13/C]pPxGM. Two $\^$l3/C-methyl-enriched cytoplasmic solutes, choline-O-sulfate and glycine betaine, were found in mycelial extracts, suggesting that phosphocholine-containing extracellular pPxGM of P.fellutanum is a precursor of intracellular choline-O-sulfate and glycine betaine and thus of phosphatydilcholine (l0). $\^$13/C-Methyl-labeled cells grown in 3 M NaCl-containing medium showed 2.6- and 22-fold more accumulation of $\^$13/C-methyl labeled choline-O-sulfate and glycine betaine, respectively, originated from the extracellular [$\^$13/C-methyl]pPxGM than those grown without added NaCl. The results suggest that, in addition to glycerol and erythritol, glycine betaine and choline-O-sulfate and thus choline are also osmoprotectants and hence that pPxGM is involved in osmotolerance of this fungus (11). Taken collectively, the $\^$l3/C- and $\^$31/P-NMR analyses of cytosolic solute pools and structural modulation of extracellular pPxGM corresponding to environmental stimuli in P. fellutanum, provided evidence that pPxGM is involved in cellular choline metabolism, osmotolerance, and recycling of metabolites.