• 대한수사과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.11-30
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• 2006

변사사건에 있어 경찰의 현장 초동조치 활동은 사고를 줄일 수 있고 사인을 밝히는 데 결정적인 역할을 한다. 부적절한 현장조치는 중요한 증거의 멸실을 가져오게 되고 이로 인해 또 다른 사고를 불러오던가, 사인(死因)을 규명하는 데 어려움이 뒤따르거나 급기야는 사인을 규명하지 못하는 낭패를 가져올 수도 있다. 이런 점을 감안하여 현장에 임하는 경찰관들이 어떠한 의식을 가지고 있는지 알아보기 위해 지구대 경찰관 300명과 형사 100명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시 분석하였다. 그 결과 최초 범죄현장에 출동한 경찰관들이 범죄현장 보존 및 관찰, 주변상황에 대한 조치능력이 뒤떨어질 수 있는 가능성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 구급대원이 피해자 구호를 위하여 범죄현장을 출입하는 경우와 신문, 방송기자 등의 무분별한 출입으로 인한 현장훼손 등 문제가 대두되므로 신임교육과정에서부터 지금보다 더 비중 있는 사례위주 교육과 현장조치 요령에 대한 다양한 교육 프로그램을 개발, 상황에 맞는 세분화되고 체계적인 단계별 실무교육이 필요하며, 선진국에서 볼 수 있는 범죄현장의 엄격한 현장통제 방안을 구축하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. 경북도내에서 지난 5년간 발생한 변사체는 매년 타살, 자살, 과실 및 재해사 등은 증가하고 있는 것으로 분석되었고, 변사체의 사인을 규명하기 위한 부검은 부검기관과 부검의의 절대 부족 등의 사유로 지난 5년간 부검을 실시한 변사체가 연평균 13%(1,237건)에 불과한 데 비해 단순 검시 처리한 변사체는 87.3%(8,496건)에 달한다는 점은 억울한 죽음을 밝히지 못할 가능성이 있다는 점을 나타내는 것이기도 하다. 그러므로 우선 경찰의 부검비 예산의 현실화가 이루어져야 하고 장기적으로는 법의학, 해부병리학 등 부검의의 양산 정책의 일환으로 정부의 과감한 투자가 있어야 한다. 또한 비전문가인 검사가 부검을 지휘하도록 되어 있어 비능률은 물론 국민들의 불만을 초래하는 검시제도인 형사소송법 222조(변사자의 검시)도 현장에 임하는 의사(검시관)와 사법경찰관의 판단으로 신속한 검시(부검 포함)를 할 수 있도록 법개정이 이루어져 사인을 규명하는 데 지장이 없도록 하여야 할 것이다. 경찰은 국민의 생명, 신체, 재산과 인권을 보호하며 억울한 죽음이 없도록 하기 위해 다각적인 노력을 하고 있지만 이는 복잡한 현 사회구조에 비추어 볼 때 경찰 단독만의 힘으로는 부족하다. 따라서 관계기관 단체, 사업주는 물론이고 일반 국민들도 안전의식을 가지고 대비하는 것이 필요하며 각종 사고와 범죄시에는 발생단계부터 보다 더 폭넓은 국민적 협조가 이루어질 때에 재해사, 사고사가 줄게 될 것이며 범죄관련 죽음에 대해서는 사인을 규명하고 범인을 검거함으로써 억울한 죽음을 줄일 수 있어 죽은 자에 대한 보호가 제대로 이루어질 것으로 기대된다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.341-356
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• 2015

A nation has a sovereign right to develop and use its natural resources according to its policies with regard to development and the relevant environment. A nation also has an obligation not to harm other countries or damage environments of neighboring countries as consequences of such actions of developments or use of natural resources. However, international precedents induce a nation to take additional actions not to cause more damages from the specific acts causing environmental damages beyond national borders, when such acts have economic and social importance. That is to say that there is a tendency to resolve such issues in a way to promote the balance between the mutual interests by allowing such actions to continue. A solution to China's Three Gorges Dam dilemma based on a soft law approach is more credible than relying on a good faith approach of national responsibilities and international legal proceedings since the construction and operation of the dam falls within the category of exercising national sovereign rights. If a large scale construction project such as the Three Gorges Dam or operation of a nuclear power plant causes or may cause environmental damage beyond the border of a nation engaged in such an undertaking, countries affected by this undertaking should jointly monitor the environmental effects in a spirit of cooperation rather than trying to stop the construction and should seek cooperative solutions of mutual understanding to establish measures to prevent further damages. If China's Three Gorges Dam construction and operation cause or contain the possibility of causing serious damages to marine environment, China cannot set aside its national responsibility to meet international obligations if China is aware of or knows about the damage that has occurred or may occur but fail to prevent, minimize, reverse or eliminate additional chances of such damages, or fails to put in place measures in order to prevent the recurrence of such damages. However, Korea must be able to prove a causal relationship between the relevant actions and resulting damages if it is to raise objections to the construction or request certain damage-prevention actions against crucial adverse effects on the marine environment out of respect for China's right to develop resources and acts of use thereof. Therefore, it is essential to cumulate continuous monitoring and evaluations information pertaining to marine environmental changes and impacts or responses of affected waters as well as acquisition of scientific baseline data with observed changes in such baseline. As China has adopted a somewhat nonchalant attitude toward taking adequate actions to protect against marine pollution risks or adverse effects caused by the construction and operation of China's Three Gorges Dam, there is a need to persuade China to adopt a more active stance and become involved in the monitoring and co-investigation of the Yellow Sea in order to protect the marine environment. Moreover, there is a need to build a regular environmental monitoring system that includes the evaluation of environmental effects beyond borders. The Espoo Convention can serve as a mechanism to ease potential conflicts of national interest in the Northeast Asian waters where political and historical sensitivities are acute. Especially, the recent diplomatic policy advanced by Korea and China can be implemented as an important example of gentle cooperation as the policy tool of choice is based on regional cooperation or cooperation between different regions.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.127-140
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• 2010

The benefit that a consumer derives from the use of a good often depends on the number of other consumers purchasing the same goods or other compatible items. This property, which is known as network externality, is significant in many IT related industries. Over the past few decades, network externalities have been recognized in the context of physical networks such as the telephone and railroad industries. Today, as many products are provided as a form of system that consists of compatible components, the appreciation of network externality is becoming increasingly important. Network externalities have been extensively studied among economists who have been seeking to explain new phenomena resulting from rapid advancements in ICT (Information and Communication Technology). As a result of these efforts, a new body of theories for 'New Economy' has been proposed. The theoretical bottom-line argument of such theories is that technologies subject to network effects exhibit multiple equilibriums and will finally lock into a monopoly with one standard cornering the entire market. They emphasize that such "tippiness" is a typical characteristic in such networked markets, describing that multiple incompatible technologies rarely coexist and that the switch to a single, leading standard occurs suddenly. Moreover, it is argued that this standardization process is path dependent, and the ultimate outcome is unpredictable. With incomplete information about other actors' preferences, there can be excess inertia, as consumers only moderately favor the change, and hence are themselves insufficiently motivated to start the bandwagon rolling, but would get on it once it did start to roll. This startup problem can prevent the adoption of any standard at all, even if it is preferred by everyone. Conversely, excess momentum is another possible outcome, for example, if a sponsoring firm uses low prices during early periods of diffusion. The aim of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of the adoption process in markets exhibiting network effects by focusing on two factors; switching and agent heterogeneity. Switching is an important factor that should be considered in analyzing the adoption process. An agent's switching invokes switching by other adopters, which brings about a positive feedback process that can significantly complicate the adoption process. Agent heterogeneity also plays a important role in shaping the early development of the adoption process, which has a significant impact on the later development of the process. The effects of these two factors are analyzed by developing an agent-based simulation model. ABM is a computer-based simulation methodology that can offer many advantages over traditional analytical approaches. The model is designed such that agents have diverse preferences regarding technology and are allowed to switch their previous choice. The simulation results showed that the adoption processes in a market exhibiting networks effects are significantly affected by the distribution of agents and the occurrence of switching. In particular, it is found that both weak heterogeneity and strong network effects cause agents to start to switch early and this plays a role of expediting the emergence of 'lock-in.' When network effects are strong, agents are easily affected by changes in early market shares. This causes agents to switch earlier and in turn speeds up the market's tipping. The same effect is found in the case of highly homogeneous agents. When agents are highly homogeneous, the market starts to tip toward one technology rapidly, and its choice is not always consistent with the populations' initial inclination. Increased volatility and faster lock-in increase the possibility that the market will reach an unexpected outcome. The primary contribution of this study is the elucidation of the role of parameters characterizing the market in the development of the lock-in process, and identification of conditions where such unexpected outcomes happen.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.285-294
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• 2003

전라북도 새만금 해역의 조하대 대형저서동물 군집의 모니터링에 적절한 채집기 선정을 위한 연구의 일환으로 2002년 4월에 현장 조사를 수행하였다. 비교 대상 채집기는 반 정량적 채집기인 dredge(type charcot)와 정량적 채집기인 Smith-McIntyre(SM), van Veen grab(VV)이었다. 11개 정점이 설정되었고, 매 정점에서 dredge는 1회, SM과 VV는 3회의 반복 채집(0.1 $m^2$$\times$3)이 이루어졌다. 채집 퇴적물의 부피와 군집 밀도, 생체량 그리고 다양도 지수등의 parameters의 비교는 정량적 채집기에 국한되었다. 퇴적물의 부피는 두 채집기 간 p-value 0.0050(쌍을 이룬 표본의 t-검정)에서 유의한 차이(SM>VV)가 있는 것으로 나타났고 자료에 4th-root변환을 가하면 SM과 Vv에 의한 3개 반복 채집 표본이 모두 정밀도 0.2의 기준을 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 11개 정점 다양도의 채집기 간 비교에서는 dredge와 VV 간의 상관관계가 다른 pairs의 것에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 우점종의 조성과 순위 비교는 일부 개체군(예를 들어 다모류, Heteromastu filiformis, Aricidea assimilis등)에서 dredge의 것이 나머지 것에 비해 과소 평가의 경향을 나타내었다. 다변량 분석 결과의 채집기 간 일치하는 정도를 추정하기 위하여 유사도 행렬 간 상관관계를 추정하였다. 근소하게 dredge와 VV 간 유사도가 높은 것으로 나타났으나 대체로 높은 일치성을 보였다. 우점종 리스트에서 관찰된 순위와 조성의 차이는 채집기마다 다른 채집 심도의 효과에 기인한 것으로 해석되었다. VV 표본에서의 일부 우점종의 낮은 밀도(SM 표본 대비 평균 50% 수준)도 이러한 관점에서 이해될 수 있었고 이것이 dredge-VV 간 상대적으로 높은 상관관계 또는 유사도의 원인인 것으로 추정되었다. 전반적인 관찰 결과에 근거하였을 때 우량 채집기는 SM이었으나 반드시 높은 자료의 질이 우선시되어야 하는 조건이 아닌 경우에는 다른 채집기를 사용하더라도 생물상의 특성 파악과 구분에는 문제가 없는 것으로 추정되었다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.32.1-32.15
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• 2020

Influenza virus is the major cause of seasonal and pandemic flu. Currently, oseltamivir, a potent and selective inhibitor of neuraminidase of influenza A and B viruses, is the drug of choice for treating patients with influenza virus infection. However, recent emergence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses has limited its efficacy. Morin hydrate (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid isolated from Morus alba L. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects partly by the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. However, its effects on influenza virus have not been studied. We evaluated the antiviral activity of morin hydrate against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (A/PR/8; H1N1) and oseltamivir-resistant A/PR/8 influenza viruses in vitro. To determine its mode of action, we carried out time course experiments, and time of addition, hemolysis inhibition, and hemagglutination assays. The effects of the co-administration of morin hydrate and oseltamivir were assessed using the murine model of A/PR/8 infection. We found that morin hydrate reduced hemagglutination by A/PR/8 in vitro. It alleviated the symptoms of A/PR/8-infection, and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α and CCL2, in infected mice. Co-administration of morin hydrate and oseltamivir phosphate reduced the virus titers and attenuated pulmonary inflammation. Our results suggest that morin hydrate exhibits antiviral activity by inhibiting the entry of the virus.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2016

Background Lymphatic malformation (LM) is a form of congenital vascular malformation with a low incidence. Although LM has been studied, no consensus has emerged regarding its cause or treatment. Methods In this study, we retrospectively evaluated 40 patients who visited our vascular anomalies center for the treatment of cervicofacial LM, which is a common manifestation of LM. The medical records of patients over a period of 12 years were reviewed and analyzed for commonalities regarding the diagnosis and the results of treatment. Results Suspected cervicofacial LM was confirmed through imaging studies. No difference in incidence was observed according to sex, and 73% of patients first presented with symptoms before the age of two years. The left side and the V2-V3 area were most commonly affected. No significant differences in incidence were observed among the macrocystic, microcystic, and combined types of LM. A total of 28 out of 36 patients received sclerotherapy as the first choice of treatment, regardless of the type of lesion. Complete resolution was achieved in only 25% of patients. Conclusions LM is important to confirm the diagnosis early and to choose an appropriate treatment strategy according to the stage of the disease and each individual patient's symptoms. When treatment is delayed or an incorrect treatment is administered, patient discomfort increases as the lesion gradually spreads. Therefore, more so than is the case for most other diseases, a team approach on a case-by-case basis is important for the accurate and appropriate treatment of LM.

• Journal of Digestive Cancer Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2018

Background: In Korea, stomach cancer is the second most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. the time of diagnosis is very important for treatment so early detection and surgery are currently considered the mainstay of treatment, when diagnosed advanced with tumor extension through the gastric wall and direct extension into other organs, with metastatic involvement. Recently, new drugs, drug combinations, and multimodal approaches have been used to treat this disease and In cancers over expressing or amplifying HER2, the combination of cisplatin-fluoropyrimidine-trastuzumab is considered to be the treatment of reference. but At present, the choice of treatment schedule for HER2-negative tumors is based on the medical institution's preferences and adverse effects profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of using FOLFOX regimen as a first-line therapy or a salvage therapy in the patients with HER2-negative advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Methods: We retrospective reviewed the patient medical record from March 2012 to July 2017. This study evaluated 113 patients. Sixty-eight patients were treated with the FOLFOX regimen for the first time (first-line group) and 45 patients were treated with the FOLFOX regimen as a second (35 patients) or third (10 patients) chemotherapy (salvage group). Results: In the first-line group, the response rate was 54.9%. In the salvage therapy group, the response rate was 24.4% and The difference was statistically significant (p=0.205). The median TTP of the first-line group was 10.7 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 7.8-13.7 months) and that of salvage line group was 6.1 months (95% CI, 3.8-8.4 months). The median OS of the first-line group was 15.8 months (95% CI, 12.7-18.9 months) and that of the salvage therapy group was 10.2 months (95% CI, 8.2-11.9 months). drug toxicity was similar andtolerable between two groups. Conclusion: In patients with unresctable metastatic gastric cancer, after failing to respond to first-line therapy, most patients have no alternative other than second-line therapy because the disease is highly progressive. if the performance status of the patient is good enough to be eligible to treatments beyond best supportive care. FOLFOX regimen can be a considerable therapeutic option for salvage treatment.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2020

Objectives : Osteoporosis is the most common bone disease and osteoporosis fracture is the leading cause of decreased life. Bisphosphonate and selective estrogen receptor modulators are the best choice of treatment for osteoporosis. However, when used for a long time, they increase the probability of side effect such as osteonecrosis of the jaw. Thus, it is crucial to develop alternative medicine to treat osteoporosis. Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix, a herbal medicine, is mainly to treat rheumatoid arthritis. However, the effect of the water extract of Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix (w-GM) on osteoporosis has not been investigated. Thus, we examine whether w-GM can inhibit osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. In this study, RAW 264.7 cells were used as an osteoclast differentiation model by treating them with RANKL. Methods : RAW 264.7 cells were used to determine the effect of w-GM on osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells, TRAP activity and pit formation assay were examined. In addition, protein expressions were measured by western blot and mRNA expressions were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results : Treatment with w-GM inhibited the number of TRAP-positive cells, TRAP activity and pit area. In addition, w-GM decreased protein expression such as mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-κB, c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). It also inhibited the mRNA levels such as c-Fos, NFATc1, TRAP, NF-κB, calcitonin receptor and cathepsin K in RANKL-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that w-GM has inhibitory effects via osteoclast differentiation, thus it could be a new medication for osteoporosis.

• Strategy21
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• 통권41호
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• pp.174-207
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• 2017

Human history shows diverse strategies for survival and prosperity. This study introduces the concept of the expansion of wealth as a key to explain choice and behavior of political entities. American scholar, -Bruce Bueno de Mesquita-, offers theoretical grounds for this concept in that the cores of selectorate theory is settled. The political entity consists of two groups, -the winning coalition that has power to replace leader and non-winning coalition that has not. Leaders implement policies serving for the welfare of winning coalition in return for their loyalty. Both internal problems caused by demographic changes and external ones of climate changes, epidemic disease, or invasion compel leader and winning coalition to adopt policies of expansion that they believe may lead to the acquisition of wealth needed to counter those problems. The process starts by occupying one spot where other entities reside and then connecting it to its own. The line between spots functions as a foothold to form a new line to other spots. By repeating this process, a space is created in which new laws and orders are instated. In the early stage of expansion, war is hardly avoidable. Once finished successfully, the political circumstance tilts to encourage economic activities in order to generate national revenues to strengthen political power of winning coalition. However, as scale of economic activities grows, so does political power of civic classes in production and trade. To gain financial support required to run the political entity, delegation of power or bestowing autonomy to non-winning coalition is inevitable. Thus, expansion is not the ultimate solution, only to prolong the political survival if succeed. Maritime power came to attractive option when overland expansion had become obstructed. It offered much greater advantages in terms of political risks and financial burdens in exploring new regions of precious commodities than overland expansion. Each political entity around world have been, for the first time in human history, connected by maritime means since 15th century. It is worthy of noting that land conditions propelled people out to sea. Political and economic situations created opportunities to exploit geographical position in pursuit of wealth. In the 21st century, we witness the operation of international winning coalition that presides over the rules of expansion. Competing for market is synonymous to the expansion in this era, the cause and aim of it has not been changed though. Energy and dollars are key factors of expansion since the end of the 2nd world war. No matter what the forms and conditions change, naval power is still the most relevant means for expansion as it retains unique characters of maneuver, flexibility, continuity, display and projection of power. The strategy for using naval power should be in line with two different approaches for expansion: Approaches to the international winning coalition by making contribution to world order, and approaches to the non-international winning coalition by enhancing military diplomatic activities. The former will serve our share of winning coalition while the latter will open chances to acquire further prosperity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.562-570
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• 2008

Most purulent maxillofacial infections are of odontogenic origin. Treatment of infection includes the surgical intervention, such as incision and drainage, and adjunctive treatment. The use of high-dose antibiotics is also indicated. The choice of an antibiotics should be based on the knowledge of the usual causative microbes and the results of antibacterial sensitivity test. We have undertaken clinical studies on 119 patients in Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Inha University Hospital from January 2000 to December 2007. Many anaerobic microbes are killed quickly when exposed to oxygen. Thus the needle aspiration techniques and the transfer under inert gas were used when culturing. The aim of this study was to obtain informations for the bacteriologic features and the effective antimicrobial therapy against maxillofaical odontogenic infections. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The most frequent causes of infections were odontogenic (88.3%), and in odontogenic cause, pulpal infections were the most common causes(53.8%). 2. The buccal and submandibular spaces (respectively 23.5%) were the most frequent involved fascial spaces, followed by masticator spaces (14.3%). 3. The most common underlying medical problems were diabetes (17.6%), however the relation with prognosis was not discovered. 4. The complications were the expiry, mediastinitis, necrotizing fasciitis, orbital abscess, and osteomyelitis. 5. The most common admission periods were 1-2 weeks, and the most patients were discharged within 3 weeks. However, patients who admitted over 5 weeks were about 10%. 6. A total of 99 bacterial strains (1.1 strains per abscess) was isolated from 93 patients (78.2%). The most common bacterium isolated was Streptococcus viridans (46.2%), followed by $\beta$-hemolytic group streptococcus (10.1%). 7. Penicillins (penicillin G 58.3%, oxacillin 80.0%, ampicillin 80.0%) have slightly lower sensitivity. Thus we recommend the antibiotics, such as glycopeptides (teicoplanin 100%, vancomycin 100%) and quinolones (ciprofloxacin 90.0%) which have high susceptibility in cases in which peni cillin therapy failed or severe infections.