• 인지과학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.283-307
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 초등학생을 위한 새로운 수학평가 시스템을 만들고 그 사용가능성을 알아보았다. 이 시스템은 최근 제안된 구성적 선다형 방식(constructive multiple-choice testing system)을 수학에 확장한 것이다. 구성적 선다형은, 동일한 문제에 대해 먼저 개방형으로 반응한다음 다시 같은 문제를 선다형으로 반응하게 하는 방식이다. 그 장점은 과정 정보를 나중에 확인할 수 있고, 수험자는 시험 종료 직후 선다형에 근거하여 피드백을 받을 수 있다는 것이다. 본 연구에서 제안된 시스템은, 수학 문제의 출제, 계정 관리를 위한 관리자 모드와 학생들이 실제 풀이 과정을 메뉴바와 키보드로 입력할 수 있도록 하는 시험 모드로 구성되어 있다. 이 방식으로 시험을 보게 한 집단과 중간 과정을 지필식으로 보게 한 집단을 비교했을 때, 시험 시간은 길어졌지만, 선다형의 집단 간 평균 점수 상에서는 차이가 없음이 관찰되었다. 이 결과는 본 연구에서 구현된 개방형 수학 시험 시스템이 실제 교실 평가에서 효과적으로 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.53-65
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• 2019

Purpose - Current study aimed at investigating the effects of the choice easiness as a thought triggered at the time of making decision and the goal achievement emotion as a prediction of how consumers feel in the state of achieving consumption goal on brand purchase intention. And It also explored moderation role of incidental pride type such as ambient hubris pride and ambient authentic pride felt before the event in the effects of message type such as self-verifying message and self-enhancing message on the choice easiness and the goal achievement emotion. Research design, data, and methodology - Message type was divided into self-verifying message and self-enhancing message. Incidental pride type was divided into hubris and authentic pride. Smart mobile phone was selected for empirical study. And the experiment was performed with 2(pride type: hubristic versus authentic) × 2(message type: self-verifying message versus self-enhancing message) between-subjects design. Questionnaires from 215 undergraduate students were used to test hypotheses by Macro process model 7. The hypotheses were tested at each of self-verifying message group and self-enhancing message group. Results - First, both choice easiness and goal achievement emotion positively influenced on the purchase intention at both self-verifying message group and self-enhancing message group. Second, at self-verifying message group, the positive effects of self verification on both choice easiness and goal achievement emotion were higher to the customers under incidental hubris pride than to those under incidental authentic pride customers. Third, at self-enhancing message group, the positive effects of self enhancement on goal achievement emotion were higher to the customers under incidental authentic pride than to those under incidental hubris pride. However, at self-enhancing message group, the positive effects of self enhancement on choice easiness (goal achievement emotion) were not higher (higher) to the customers under incidental authentic pride than to those under incidental hubris pride. Conclusions - Focusing on the results of this study, to promote their brand purchase intention, brand managers should use self-enhancing message to induce goal achievement emotion from incidental authentic pride customers. And the brand managers should develop and use self-verifying message to induce choice easiness as well as goal achievement emotion from hubris pride customers, which in turn, promote their brand purchase intention.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2021

Purpose: We aimed to analyze the reliability of the test for choice stepping reaction time (CSRT) under an unstable surface and determine whether there were differences in CSRT between support surface conditions (stable vs. unstable conditions) and between age groups (young adults vs. community-dwelling older adults). Methods: Twenty healthy community-dwelling older adults and twenty young adults performed the stepping task under an unstable condition over two visits. The mean of the two trials measured for each visit was used for the analysis. The test-retest reliability was analyzed using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) with a 95% confidence interval, standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC). Differences in CSRT between support surface conditions and age groups were analyzed using the independent t-test with Bonferroni correction. Results: Excellent consistency was observed for ICC >0.90 in both groups. Moreover, the SEM and MDC values of the CSRT in older and young adults were 0.03 and 0.09 and 0.01 and 0.04, respectively. There was a significant difference in the CSRT between the age groups under stable (p<0.001) and unstable conditions (p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that the test for CSRT under an unstable condition had reliable results in both groups. Although older adults demonstrated longer reaction times than younger adults in all surface conditions, increasing the balance control demand by implementing a choice stepping task concomitant with a balance task had no influence on the reaction time in both age groups.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1730-1738
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• 2011

Personal Rapid Transit(PRT)는 경쟁력 있는 건설비와 운영비로 보행중심의 환경을 제공함으로써 대중교통 중심의 지속가능한 사회를 위한 바람직한 교통수단으로 등장하였다. 본 연구에서는 PRT 도입시 PRT 이용경험이 없는 사람들의 교통수단선택 행태의 변화를 분석하였다. PRT 선택행태 분석의 핵심 이슈는 경험해보지 못한 교통수단에 대한 이용자들의 인지와 평가를 어떻게 효과적으로 측정하는 가이다. PRT 도입전후의 교통수단 선택에 대한 RP와 SP 자료를 설문조사를 이용하여 수집하였다. 설문지는 PRT 선호에 대한 bias를 최소화하도록 설계하였으며, 설문응답자의 성실한 답변을 방해하는 수많은 SP 설문항목을 획기적으로 줄일 수 있도록, 복잡한 fractional factorial 설계를 사용하지 않았다. 분석결과를 통해 본 연구에서 제안된 방법이 교통수단선택과 관련된 설명변수들을 효과적으로 측정하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이산선택모형을 이용하여 다양한 PRT 시스템 특성과 운영방식하에서의 교통수단선택을 추정하였으며, 2개의 대상도시에 대해 PRT 이용수요를 예측하였다.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.33-68
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 전통적 자본구조 이론인 정태적 상충이론과 자본조달순위이론 뿐만 아니라 최근 새로 등장하고 있는 시장적시성이론의 타당성과 거시 경제변수가 자본구조에 미치는 영향을 종합적인 틀에서 분석하였다. 목표자본구조 결정과 자본조달 선택의 2단계 분석 결과, 자본구조의 특정이론이 일관성 있게 지지되기보다는 각 이론이 부분적으로 지지되는 결과가 나타났다. 1단계 목표자본구조 식의 추정에 있어서 기업 특성변수의 계수는 전반적으로 정태적 상충이론보다는 자본조달순위이론을 지지하였으나 2단계의 자본조달 선택요인의 분석에서는 정태적 상충이론에서 주장하듯 기업이 목표자본구조를 설정하고 이를 추구하는 경향이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 자금이 부족한 기업일수록 회사채보다는 오히려 주식을 발행하는 경향이 강한 것으로 나타나 단순한 형태의 자본조달순위이론의 예측과는 부합하지 않았다. 그러나 주가가 상대적으로 고평가된 기업일수록 회사채보다 주식을 발행할 가능성이 높게 나타나 시장적시성이론이 지지되는 결과를 보였다. 한편 본 연구에서는 Korajczyk and Levy(2003)와 달리 기간 스프레드와 신용 스프레드 등 거시경제 변수가 자본구조 결정에 미치는 영향은 미미하였고, 재무적 제약이 있는 기업보다 재무적 제약이 없는 기업이 자본조달 시기를 조절할 수 있기 때문에 거시경제 변수나 시장 적시성 변수의 영향이 더 클 것이라는 그들의 주장을 지지하는 직접적 증거도 발견되지 않았다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.493-513
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• 2014

With the development of related technologies, Location-Based Services (LBS) are growing fast and being used in many ways. Past LBS studies have focused on adoption of LBS because of the fact that LBS users have privacy concerns regarding revealing their location information. Meanwhile, the number of LBS users and revenues from LBS are growing rapidly because users can get some benefits by revealing their location information. Little research has been done on how LBS affects consumers' information search behavior in product purchase. The purpose of this paper is examining the effect of LBS information filtering on buyers' uncertainty and their information search behavior. When consumers purchase a product, they try to reduce uncertainty by searching information. Generally, there are two types of uncertainties - knowledge uncertainty and choice uncertainty. Knowledge uncertainty refers to the lack of information on what kinds of alternatives are available in the market and/or their important attributes. Therefore, consumers having knowledge uncertainty will have difficulties in identifying what alternatives exist in the market to fulfil their needs. Choice uncertainty refers to the lack of information about consumers' own preferences and which alternative will fit in their needs. Therefore, consumers with choice uncertainty have difficulties selecting best product among available alternatives.. According to economics of information theory, consumers narrow the scope of information search when knowledge uncertainty is high. It is because consumers' information search cost is high when their knowledge uncertainty is high. If people do not know available alternatives and their attributes, it takes time and cognitive efforts for them to acquire information about available alternatives. Therefore, they will reduce search breadth. For people with high knowledge uncertainty, the information about products and their attributes is new and of high value for them. Therefore, they will conduct searches more in-depth because they have incentive to acquire more information. When people have high choice uncertainty, people tend to search information about more alternatives. It is because increased search breadth will improve their chances to find better alternative for them. On the other hand, since human's cognitive capacity is limited, the increased search breadth (more alternatives) will reduce the depth of information search for each alternative. Consumers with high choice uncertainty will spend less time and effort for each alternative because considering more alternatives will increase their utility. LBS provides users with the capability to screen alternatives based on the distance from them, which reduces information search costs. Therefore, it is expected that LBS will help users consider more alternatives even when they have high knowledge uncertainty. LBS provides distance information, which helps users choose alternatives appropriate for them. Therefore, users will perceive lower choice uncertainty when they use LBS. In order to test the hypotheses, we selected 80 students and assigned them to one of the two experiment groups. One group was asked to use LBS to search surrounding restaurants and the other group was asked to not use LBS to search nearby restaurants. The experimental tasks and measures items were validated in a pilot experiment. The final measurement items are shown in Appendix A. Each subject was asked to read one of the two scenarios - with or without LBS - and use a smartphone application to pick a restaurant. All behaviors on smartphone were recorded using a recording application. Search breadth was measured by the number of restaurants clicked by each subject. Search depths was measured by two metrics - the average number of sub-level pages each subject visited and the average time spent on each restaurant. The hypotheses were tested using SPSS and PLS. The results show that knowledge uncertainty reduces search breadth (H1a). However, there was no significant correlation between knowledge uncertainty and search depth (H1b). Choice uncertainty significantly reduces search depth (H2b), but no significant relationship was found between choice uncertainty and search breadth (H2a). LBS information filtering significantly reduces the buyers' choice uncertainty (H4) and reduces the negative relationship between knowledge uncertainty and search breadth (H3). This research provides some important implications for service providers. Service providers should use different strategies based on their service properties. For those service providers who are not well-known to consumers (high knowledge uncertainty) should encourage their customers to use LBS. This is because LBS would increase buyers' consideration sets when the knowledge uncertainty is high. Therefore, less known services have chances to be included in consumers' consideration sets with LBS. On the other hand, LBS information filtering decrease choice uncertainty and the near service providers are more likely to be selected than without LBS. Hence, service providers should analyze geographically approximate competitors' strength and try to reduce the gap so that they can have chances to be included in the consideration set.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.253-260
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• 1978

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not the clothing behavior of house-wives in Seoul vary depending on their socioeconomic status. The null hypotheses tested in this study were as follows: 1) There are no differences in housewives' attitudes toward the importance of clothing according to their socioeconomic status. 2) There are no differences in housewives' criteria of clothing choice according to their socioeconomic status. 3) There are no differences in housewives' clothing taste according to their socioeconomic status. 4) There are no differences in the pattern of housewives' clothing purchase according to their socioeconomic status. In order to test these null hypotheses, questionnaires on clothing behavior and socioeconomic status were distributed to a sample of 243 purposively selected housewives in Seoul, Korea. The factor analysis, correlation and analysis of variance techniques were employed for the statistical analysis of data. The results indicated that: 1) The attitudes toward the importance of clothing was related to socioeconomic status. 2) The criteria of clothing choice (aesthetics-practicality), clothing taste (individuality-conformity), and the pattern of clothing purchase (a degree of rationality) were not related to socioeconomic status. 3) The criteria of clothing selection was related to housewives' level of education. 4) Clothing taste was related to housewives' age.

• 과학교육연구지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.278-293
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• 2013

이 연구에서는 2009 개정 교육과정에 따른 고등학교 융합형 '과학' 교과에서 사용된 선다형 평가 문항의 특성을 분석하였다. 문항의 출제 경향을 분석하기 위해 융합형 교과에 특이적인 분석틀을 구안하여 분석하였으며, 문항 반응 이론을 적용하여 문항의 특성을 양적으로 분석하였다. 문항의 출제 경향 분석 결과, 문항 출처, 융합 범위, 인지 수준 측면에서 융합형 '과학' 교과의 취지를 제대로 반영하고 있지 못하는 것으로 나타났으며, 기존 교육과정의 과학 교과와 같은 분과적 교수-학습 및 평가가 이루어지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 문항 반응 이론을 적용한 분석 결과, 대체로 문항의 난이도는 적절하며, 변별도는 높은 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 분석틀을 구성하는 3개 범주와의 연관성은 나타나지 않았다. 이와 같은 연구 결과를 토대로 융합형 '과학' 교과의 취지를 반영한 교수-학습과 평가를 위한 개선점을 논의하였다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to determine the patterns of differences between genders in science achievement. Eleventh grade, 140 female and male students were sampled from a school in Seoul. According to the analysis results of pilot study, 20 items were finally selected for the main study. To sharpen our interpretations of the factors and provide some confirmation, we supplemented the statistical analysis with a more detailed cognitive study of the items using think-aloud protocols and interviews with student test takers. The analysis of this study took into account the different item formats, contexts, and presentation styles. The findings are as follows: First, there was no significant gender difference between multiple-choice and open-ended items. Second, male students achieved significantly better in the context of everyday life in multiple-choice items. Third, male students favored items presented as written texts. Fourth, in problem-solving process, female students tend to apply their science concepts, whereas male students tend to apply their everyday experiences. The results of this investigation indicate that gender difference in science achievement depends heavily on item characteristics.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to derive various clues for the establishment of marketing strategies for companies that produce and sell high-involvement products for Millennials who are not the subject of current consumption but who will lead future consumption. For this purpose, this study aimed to derive 17 factors of high-involvement product selection attributes through FGI, and its relationship on repurchase intention after make a variable through PCA. A total of 158 valid questionnaires were used, and IPA, independent sample t-test, regression analysis, and hierarchical controlled regression analysis were performed. The results showed that overall, external and internal selection factors had a positive influence on repurchase intentions, and in particular, appealing to internal and external selection factors in order to promote repurchase intention. Meanwhile, the Millennials were found to have no gender difference. Therefore, the company producing and selling high-involvement products suggests that it is necessary to make a priority effort to secure brand awareness, trust in product producers, store trust, and product self-reputation as components of internal selection factors. It was also concluded that more strategic efforts were needed to focus on and appeal to the characteristics of the Millennial itself rather than to consider gender differences.