• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.126-131
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• 2019

Purpose: Herbicide-related mortality has decreased since the complete ban of paraquat product sales in 2012, but there still have been other herbicides intoxications with relatively severe complications. Glyphosate and glufosinate herbicides are used widely, and considerable research has been conducted. Chlorophenoxy herbicide is another major herbicide that has shown poor outcomes and mortality without proper management, but research in this area is lacking. Therefore, this study compared the clinical features of chlorophenoxy herbicide with those of other herbicides. Methods: The medical records of patients exposed to herbicides at a tertiary academic university hospital in Korea from May 2014 to April 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The demographic and clinical data of 135 patients were then analyzed to identify the recent herbicides intoxication trends after the paraquat sales ban, focusing mainly on chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning. Results: Of the 135 patients, 13 patients (9.6%) had chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning. No significant differences in all the variables were observed between the chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning group and non-chlorophenoxy herbicides poisoning groups. Toxic symptoms after poisoning varied from nothing noticeable to confusion; none of the patients had severe complications after their treatments. Conclusion: Acute chlorophenoxy poisoning is relatively less severe, with lower mortality rates than glyphosate and glufosinate poisoning.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.112-118
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• 2007

Purpose: There have been relatively few reports of chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning. The purpose of this study is to analyze the general characteristics and clinical aspects of the chlorophenoxy herbicide intoxicated patients in Korea. Methods: We prospectively evaluated the chlorophenoxy herbicide intoxicated patients visiting to the 38 emergency medical centers in Korea from the 1 August 2005 to the 31 July 2006. Results: 24 patients were enrolled during the study periods. Their mean age was 55.7 years old. The median amount of the chlorophenoxy herbicide intoxicated is 150 mL. The most frequent location where the patients obtained and took the chlorophenoxy herbicide was their home. Frequent compounds involving chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning were dicamba(66.7%), MCPP(16.7%), and 2,4-D(12.5%). The most common symptom of the patients was confusion and vomiting. 16 patients(66.7%) intended to suicide. 3 patients out of 24 patients(13.0%) were died. Conclusion: There were 24 patients intoxicated by the chlorophenoxy herbicide during the study periods. The mortality rate was 13.0%. The suicidal attempts and the numbers of death involving chlorophenoxy herbicide were high in Korea.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.96-100
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• 1992

토양세균의 혼합배양에 의한 MCPP [2-(2-Methyl-4-Chlorophenoxy) Propionic Acid]의 미생물학적 분해를 조사하였다. 혼합배양은 Pseudomonas 종, Flavobacterium 종, 그리고 Achromobacter종을 포함하였다. 세균들은 유일한 탄소 및 에너지원으로서 MCPP를 이용하였으나, 부분적인 분해만을 부여주었다. MCPP의 분해는 2-methyl-4-chlorophenol의 형성에 의하여 진행되었으며, 이는 HPLC 에 의하여 발견되었고, GC-MS에 의하여 확인되었다. 이 중간대사물질은 일시적으로 생성되었으며, reverse phase HPLC와 Uv absorbance에 의하여 다른 대사산물의 존재는 관찰되지 않았다.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2022

Mecoprop-p, a chlorophenoxy herbicide, has been widely used since the 1980s. Due to its high water solubility, it could be detected in the aquatic environment, as it has already been detected in the surface water or groundwater in several countries. The toxicity of other chlorophenoxy herbicides has been reported; however, there are few studies on the toxicity of mecoprop-p, one of the chlorophenoxy herbicides, on aquatic organisms. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of mecoprop-p using zebrafish. After mecoprop-p exposure, we observed that the zebrafish larvae eyes did not form normally, heart edema was generated, and the body length was shortened. The number of cells undergoing apoptosis also increased in the anterior part including head, heart, and yolk sac of the mecoprop-p-treated zebrafish compared to the untreated controls. Moreover, cardiovascular structures, including the heart and aortic arches, were also malformed after exposure to mecoprop-p. Therefore, our results suggest that mecoprop-p could cause abnormal development in zebrafish larvae and there is also a high possibility that mecoprop-p would be toxic to other aquatic organisms.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.69-72
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• 2006

Dicamba is a benzoic acid and classified as a chemically related chlorophenoxy herbicide which is widely used for the control of broad-leaved weeds. While the chlorophenoxy herbicide poisoning is known to be uncommon, its ingestion can result in serious or sometimes fatal outcome. A 65-year-old man ingested about 300 ml of dicamba in a suicidal attempt and three hours later he was admitted hospital, complaining abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. On admission his vital signs were normal and laboratory findings were not remarkable except metabolic acidosis in arterial blood gas analysis. Shortly after the admission endotracheal tube was inserted due to altered mental state and activated charcoal was given after performing gastric lavage. However, his vital signs became unstable 6hrs after the ingestion and mechanical ventilation was started with administration of inotropic agents. In spite of urine alkalization for rapid elimination of the absorbed dicamba, the metabolic acidosis was aggravated with concomitant rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure, and he died 24 hrs after the ingestion.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2004

Twelve mecoprop-degrading bacteria were isolated from soil samples, and their genetic and phenotypic characteristics were investigated. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the isolates were related to members of the genus Sphingomonas. Ten different chromosomal DNA patterns were obtained by polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) amplification of repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences from the 12 isolates. The isolates were found to be able to utilize the chiral herbicide meco-prop as a sole source of carbon and energy. While seven of the isolates were able to degrade both (R)-and (S)-mecoprop, four isolates exhibited enantioselective degradation of the (S)-type and one isolate could degrade only the (R)-enantiomer. All of the isolates were observed to possess plasmid DNAs. When certain plasmids were removed from isolates MPll, MP15, and MP23, those strains could no longer degrade mecoprop. This compelling result suggests that plasmid DNAs, in this case, conferred the ability to degrade the herbicide. The isolates MP13, MP15, and MP24 were identified as the same strain; however, they exhibited different plasmid profiles. This indicates that these isolates acquired dif-ferent mecoprop-degradative plasmids in different soils through natural gene transfer.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 1982

다년생잡초(多年生雜草)인 올미와 올방개에 대한 초(初), 중(中), 후기(後期) 처리약제(處理藥劑)의 작용성(作用性)을 밝혀 방제체계(防除體系)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고저 본시험(本試驗)을 실시(實施)하였든 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 올미에 대한 살초작용(殺草作用)을 보면 초기처리약제(初期處理藥劑)로서 유효(有效)한 제초제(除草劑)는 지상하부(地上下部)가 완전살초(完全殺草)로 재생(再生)하지 않는 SW-751 제초제(除草劑)와 지상부(地上部) 고사(枯死)되고, 일정기간(一定期間) 억제(抑制)되었다가 재생(再生)하는 Chloromethoxynil, CNP, Oxadiazon 약제(藥劑)로서 억초기간(抑草期間)은 14~24일간(日間)이었다. 2. 중기처리약제(中期處理藥劑)로서는 속효적(速効的) 살초반응(殺草反應)을 보인 약제(藥劑)는 ACN로서 억초기간(抑草期間)은 28~31일간(日間)이었으나 재생(再生)되었으며 재생부위(再生部位)는 측아(側芽)에서 출아(出芽)하는 것으로 사료(思料)되었다. 3. 살초효과(殺草效果)가 있는 제초제(除草劑)는 괴경(塊莖) 식부심도(植付深度)가 깊은 것이 억초기간(抑草期間)이 길었다. 4. 올미의 살초효과(殺草效果)를 류재별(類在別)로 나누어 보면 SW-751과 같이 완전살초(完全殺草)로 재생(再生)되지 않는 형(型)과 ACN 및 diphenylether 계(系)인 Chloromethoxynil, CNP와 같이 지상부(地上部)가 고사(枯死)한 후(後) 일정기간(一定期間)(억초기간(抑草期間)) 지난 후(後) 재생(再生)하는 형(型), Molinate, Benthiocarb, Butachlor 등과 같이 살초작용(殺草作用)이 없는 형(型)으로 나눌 수 있었다. 5. 올방개에 대한 살초작용(殺草作用)을 보면 초기처리약제(初期處理藥劑)로서 유효(有效)한 제초제(除草劑)는 Chloromethoxynil, CNP, Oxadiazon, SW-751로서 억초기간(抑草期間)은 13~25일(日)이었다. 6. 올방개의 중기처리약제(中期處理藥劑)로서는 Chloromethoxynil, SST-5, TH63, 12~14이었다. 7. 올방개의 후기처리제(後期處理劑)는 Bentazon, 2, 4-D(sodium) 및 MCP(sodium) 등 hormone 계(系)와 Bentazon과 hormone계(系)의 혼합제(混合劑)인 Glaszin D 또는 Glaszin M가 억초작용(抑草作用)도 강하고 억초기간(抑草期間)도 길었다. 8. 이상 올미, 올방개에 대한 억제체계면(抑制體系面)에서 보면 초기처리(初期處理)로서 Chloromethoxynil, CNP, SW-751를 처리(處理)하여 일년생(一年生) 및 다년생잡초방제(多年生雜草防除)를 용이(容易)하게 하는 한편, 다년생(多年生)의 재생(再生)되는 잡초방제(雜草防除)를 위하여는 Glaszin D를 사용(使用)하는 것이 방제효과(防除效果)를 높일 수 있는 방법(方法)이 될 수 있었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 1980

물리화학적(物理化學的) 특성을 달리하는 청주토와 충주토에 제초제(除草劑) TOK를 일정(一定) 농도로 처리하여 담수상태로 일정기간(一定期間) 배양한 후 생성(生成)된 분해산물(分解産物)과 분해(分解)에 관여한 토양미생들에 관하며 연구(硏究)를 행(行)한바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. TOK를 500ppm으로 청주토와 충주토에 처리하고 2, 4, 6개월간(個月間) $30^{\circ}C$에서 배양시 주(主)된 분해산물(分解産物)로 4-Chloro-4'-amino diphenyl ether, 2, 4-dichloro -4'amino diphenyl ether(amino-TOK), N-[4'-(4-chlorophenoxy)] phenyl acetamide, 및 N-[4'-(4-Chlorophenoxy)] phenyl formamide의 순(順)으 생성(生成)되었다. 2. 상기(上記) 토양중에 상기와 같은 농도로 TOK를 처리하면 nitro기(基)의 amino기(基)로의 환원, 탈염소화, acetylation 및 formylation이 주(主)로 일어나고 ether결합(結合)의 붕괴는 일어나지 않았다. 3. pH가 보다 높고 토성이 Clay loam이고 C.E.C가 높은 충주토에서 TOK의분해(分解)는 더 용이 하게일어 났다. 4. 상기(上記)와 같은 변화가 생기면 TOK의 독성(毒性)은 현저히 감소되어 환경의 오염원으로서의 기능은 약화된다. 5. TOK를 처리한 토양으로부터 12균주의 세균(細菌)을 분리(分離)하였다. 6. 분리한 토양미생물의 순수배양액중에서 TOK를 배양시킨 결과 청주토에서 분리한 T-1-1균주는 거의 분해력(分解力)이 없고 T-2-3 균주가 가장분해력(分解力)이 우수한 것으로 보인다. 7. 분리한 균주에 의한 TOK의 분해(分解)는 주로(主) nitro기(基)의 amino기(基)로의 환원이었다. 8. 충주토의 citrate buffer추출액은 청주토의 citrate buffer추출액보다 TOK를 amino-TOK으로 환원시키는 능력이 컸다.