• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.272-274
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• 2005

Objective: Surgical treatment of focal axillary hyperhidrosis is often unsatisfactory because of compensatory hyperhidrosis. The purpose of this study is to evalute the effect of decreased sweating production using 20% aluminum chloride on axillary hyperhidrosis. Methods: From February to December, 2002, 10 patients (mean age 25.2 male 2, female 8) with clinical diagnosis of axillary hyperhidrosis were treated by 20% aluminum chloride solution. Until the desired degree of symptom relief was obtained, they were educated to apply every day and thereafter, the agent would be applied as often as is necessary. We analyzed patient's satisfaction and application time at onset of desired dryness, application interval to maintain the relief of symptom and side effects. Results: Aluminum chloride solution was effective in treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis showing excellent result in 60% of patients and good in 40%. Application time at onset of desired dryness ranged from 1 to 6 days(mean 3 days). Application interval to maintain the relief of symptom ranged from 5 to 45 days(mean 12 days). There were no significant complications but just mild irritation and miliaria in seven patients. Conclusion: 20% aluminum chloride solution is the simple, safe and less expensive method for initial treatment for axillary hyperhidrosis not accompanying osmidrosis.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.681-685
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• 2000

The influence of ZnCl2 in portland cement hydration was studied. The hydration reaction was progressed with ZnCl2 solution to observe the adiabatic hydration exothermic and hydration products. To compare with cement hydration, Ca(OH)2 solution reacted with ZnCl2 was carried out. The addition of ZnCl2 solution to the portland cement was retarded hydration quantitatively. Because ZnO which was produced in certain pH adsorbed with unhydrated cement made retarded the hydration reaction.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.699-720
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• 1995

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of benzalkonium chloride solution as a wetting agent instead of water on dentin bonding with NTG-GMA/BPDM system (All-bond 2, Bisco.) and DSDM system (Aelitebond, Bisco.). Benzalkonium chloride solution is a chemical disinfectant widely used in medical and dental clinics for preoperative preparation of skin and mucosa due to its strong effect of cationic surface active detergent. Eighty freshly extracted bovine lower incisor were grinded labially to expose flat dentin surface, and then were acid-etched with 10 % phosphoric acid for 15 second, water-rinsed, and dried for 10 second with air syringe. The specimens were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 teeth. The specimens of control group were remoistured with water and the specimens of experimental groups were remoistured with 0.1 %, 0.5 %, and 1.0 % benzalkonium chloride solution respectively. And then, the Aelitefil composite resin was bonded to the pretreated surface of the specimens by use of All-bond 2 dentin bonding system or Aelitebond dentin bonding system in equal number of the specimens. The bonded specimens were stored in $37^{\circ}C$ distilled water for 24 hours, then the tensile bond strength was measured, the mode of failure was observed, the fractured dentin surface were examined under scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectroscopy was taken for the purpose of investigating the changes of the dentin surface pretreated with benzal konium chloride solution followed by each primer of the dentin bonding systems. The results were as follows : In the group of bonding with NTG-GMA/BPDM dentin bonding agent(All-bond 2), higher tensile bond strength was only seen in the experimental group remoistured with 0.1 % benzal konium chloride solution than that in water-remoistured control group(p<0.05). In the group of bonding with DSDM dentin bonding agent (Aelitebond), no significant differences were seen between the control and each one of the experimental group(p<0.05). Higher tensile bond strength were seen in NTG-GMAIBPDM dentin bonding agent group than in DSDM dentin bonding agent group regardless of remoistur ization with benzal konium chloride solution. On the examination of failure mode, cohesive and mixed failure were predominantly seen in the group of bonding with NTG-GMAIBPDM dentin bonding agent, while adhesive failure was predominantly seen in the group of bonding with DSDM dentin bonding agent. On SEM examination of fractured surfaces, no differences of findings of primed dentin surface between the groups with and without remoisturization with benzal konium chloride solution. FT-IR spectroscopy taken from the control and the experimental group reve::.led that some higher absorbance derived from the primers binding to dentin surface was seen at the group pretreated with 0.1 % benzal konium chloride solution than at the control group of remoisturizing with water.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 1981

The iron precipitates were prepared by adding sodium carbonate solution to ferrous chloride and ferric chloride solutions to pH=9 and pH=4.5, respectively. The thermal reaction of the iron precipitates was investigated by means of TGA, DTA and X-ray diffraction. In the former the crystallization of $\alpha$-$Fe_2O_3$ begins at about 35$0^{\circ}C$, while in the latter at about 30$0^{\circ}C$, during the calclnation in air. In the iron precipitate from ferrous chloride solution, the activation energy for the crystallite-growth or $\alpha$-TEX>$Fe_2O_3$ in air is about 7.6$\times$104J/mole between 800 and 100$0^{\circ}C$. As the result of X-ray diffration for the reduction product of hematite, it was found that maghemite, magnetite and wustite are formed and that hematite is transformed to magnetite through maghemite.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.17-21
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• 1967

At present, quarternary ammonium salts(cationic surfactant) and Tego compounds (amphoteric surfactant) are used as germicidal agent. In this paper, it was investigated whether their germicidal activities are influenced or not by some suspending agents which are added to them 0.005% benzalkonium chloride aq. solution and 0.05% dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine aq. solution sterilized respectively against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli within a minute. The solutions aded acacia, carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium alginate solutions to make to 0.005% to above surfactants solution decreased the germicidal activity, not being sterilized bacteria for more than 2 hours however, the solutions decreased the germicidal activity by addition of suspending agents such as acacia, carboxymethyl cellose, sodium alginate and bacteria were survival for more than 2 hrs, 0.05% of benzalkonium chloride and 0.1% dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine respectively would be sterilized within 10 minutes, when added to 5% suspending agents. This result show that bactericidal action of dodecyl diaminoethyl glycine is affected by suspending agents less than that of benzalkonium chloride.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2008

Inorganic chemical treated wood was prepared by impregnation of calcium or magnesium chloride ($CaCl_2$ or $MgCl_2$) solution and immersion in saturated solution of ammonium fluoride ($NH_4F$) as a reactant in order to make an introduction of a refractory fluorides with fungicidal and insecticidal effects in wood. The weight percent gains (WPGs) were increased with increase in concentration of calcium chloride or magnesium chloride solution, and were higher in treatment with calcium chloride than with magnesium chloride. Inorganic substances were produced mainly in the lumina of tracheides. These substances were proved to be the calcium fluoride or magnesium fluoride by the energy dispersive X-ray analyzer in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX). The treated wood showed good decay resistance because the weight losses were hardly occurred by the test fungi such as Tyromyces palustris and Trametes versicolor. The fire resistance effect was superior to the treated wood compared with that of the untreated wood.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 1974

Acid mucopolysaccharides were isolated from nucleus pulposus of whale embryo. The separation of acid mucopolysaccharides was most excellent in $0.03{\%}$ hexamine cobaltic chloride in 0.05 M-sodium acetate buffer solution at pH 4.8. Changes in electrophoretic mobility of acid mucopolysaccharides were observed when the sample solution on top of spacer gel were covered with $40{\%}$ sucrose solution. This effect was not observed by the addition of hexamine cobaltic chloride to the buffer solution.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.343-352
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• 1998

This experiment was performed to investigate effects of zinc containing solution on the major normal flora Staphylococccus aureus, Streptococus mutans and Candida albicans and to observe the variation according to anionic change and concentration difference. Zinc chloride, zinc iodide and zinc acetate solution were added to werially diluted broth culture so that each final concentration might be 0.25%, 0.5%. 1%. After that, 100ul of each aliquot was spreaded on each selective media plate( Mannitol Salts Agar plate for Staphylococcus aureus, Mitis Salivarius Agar plate for Streptococcus mutans and Sabouraud Destrose Agar plate for Candida albicans). The % killing was calculated bu CFU count after incubation under the appropriate condition. 1. zinc iodide, zinc chloride, and zinc acetate solutions showed inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. 2. The inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus were ranked in order of ainc iodide, zinc chloride and zinc actate. 3. The inhibitory effects on Streptococcus mutans were ranked in orfer of zinc iodide, zinc chloride and zinc acetate. 4. the inhibitory effects on Candida albicans showed no difference among zinc iodide, zinc chloride and zinc acetate. 5. The inhibitory effects of zinc chloride and zinc acetate on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutnas showed increasing pattern as the concentration increase. But the inhibitory effects of zinc iodide on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans showed no apparent difference according to concentrations and it was the case with the inhibitory effects of zinc iodide, zinc chloride and zinc acetate on Candida albicans.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.287-298
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to examine the effect of salting in 10% salt solution added 2% calcium chloride on the kimchi fermentation. The addition of calcium chloride extended edible periods of the Kimchi to 4~5 days and increased relatively the hardness of Chinese Cabbage. In the addition of calcium chloride, the activities of amylase and $\beta$ -galactosidase were not high during all periods fermentation. Polygalacturonase and protease activities were low 2~21%, 2~26% all periods fermentation, respectively. There were significant correlations between the delay of ripeness and decreasing enzyme activation. The amount of free amino acid by the treatment with calcium chloride was decreased of 10~16% at the late of fermentation than that of control. the treatment with calcium chloride of the Kimchi was increased hardness, but decreased cohesiveness and gumminess was during all periods fermentation. the adhesiveness was increased at the early of fermentation but decreased at the late of fermentation.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2007

Critical chloride content for corrosion initiation is a crucial parameter in determining the durability and integrity of reinforced concrete structures, however, the value is still ambiguous. Most of the studies reporting critical threshold chloride content have involved the experimental measurement of the average amount of the total chloride content at arbitrary time. The majority of these researches have not dealt with this issue combined with carbonation of concrete, although carbonation can significantly impact on critical threshold chloride content. Furthermore, the studies have tried to define the critical chloride content within the scope of their experimental concrete mix proportion at arbitrary time. However, critical chloride content for corrosion initiation is known to be affected by a lot of factors including cement content, type of binder, chloride binding, concentration of hydroxyl ions, and so on. It is necessary to define the unified formulation to express the critical chloride content for various mix proportions of concrete. The purpose of this study is to establish an analytical formulation of the critical chloride content of concrete. In this formulation, affecting factors, such as mix proportion, environment, chemical evolution of pore solution with elapsed time, carbonation of concrete and so on are taken into account. Based on the Gouda's experimental results, critical chloride content is defined as a function of $[Cl^-]$ vs. $[OH^-]$ in pore solution. This is expressed as free chloride content with mass unit to consider time evolution of $[OH^-]$ content in pore solution using the numerical simulation programme of cementitious materials, HYMOSTRUC. The result was compared with other experimental studies and various codes. It is believed that the approach suggested in this study can provide a good solution to determine the reasonable critical chloride content with original source of chloride ions, for example, marine sand at initial time, and sea water penetration later on.