• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회논문집(I)
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• pp.413-418
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• 2000

The test results on the deterioration process of concrete under single and combined action of chloride penetration have been obtained. Within the test period of 15 weeks, it is seen that the internally penetrated chloride ion contents are slightly less in the combined action of NaCI and $Na_2SO_4$ than the single action of NaCI. Also the theoretical prediction of chloride penetration based on measured diffusion coefficient agress well with the test data of single deterioration process but disagress with that of combined process. Therefore it should be needed that improved chloride diffusion model for the combined deterioration process.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2003년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.58-61
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• 2003

This paper investigated the chloride invasion resistance properties of concrete containing mineral admixtures(pozzolanic materials such as fly-ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slage, silica fume and meta kaolin) for each replacement ratios under W/B ratios ranged from 40% to 55%. For the electrical migration test, Tang and Nilsson's method was used to estimate the migration coefficient of chloride ion. As a result, the migration coefficients of chloride ion of concrete containing mineral admixtures were shown reducing with the use of mineral admixtures, and the compressive strength was shown related to the migration coefficient. From the correlation between compressive strengths and migration coefficients, the kind and replacement ratio of mineral admixtures have a great effect on migration coefficients below 50㎫.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2000년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.945-950
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• 2000

Coastal concrete structure is harmed by physical and chemical action of sea water, impact load, meteorological effect and etc. especially, premature reinforcement corrosion in concrete exposed to sea water has an important problem. In this study, the behavior of chloride ions penetrated through the coastal concrete structure with ordinary portland cement or ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS) was modeled. The physicochemical processes including the diffusion of chloride and the chemical reaction of chloride ion with calcium silicate hydrate and the other constituents of hardened cement paste such as$C_3A$ and $C_4AF$were analyzed by using the Finite Element Method. From analysis result, the corrosion of concrete structure with GGBFS begins 1.69~1.76 times later than that of concrete structure with ordinary portland cement.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2005년도 봄학술 발표회 논문집(II)
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• pp.161-164
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• 2005

A probability-based durability design which minimizes the uncertainties on durability parameters of concrete is proposed for reinforced concrete structures subjected to chloride attack. The uncertainties of various factors such as water-cement ratio, curing temperature, age of concrete and the variation of these factors which affect chloride ion diffusion are considered. For the durability design, a probability-distribution function for each factor is obtained and a program which combines Fick's 2nd law and Monte Carlo simulation is developed. The durability design method proposed in this study considers probability of durability limit and probability of the concentration of chloride ion, so that the probability-based deterioration prediction is possible.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.485-499
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• 2023

Both damage and unsaturated conditions accelerate the transport of erosive media inside concrete. However, their combined effects have not been fully investigated. A multiscale mortar model using representative volume elements is developed, capturing the number and distribution in each phase. Afterwards, mortar damage microstructure evolution is simulated in the tensile process. Finally, the unsaturated mortar transport is predicted and analysed. The results indicate that damage significantly affects the diffusion process in the early stage, while the transport performance is weakened due to the obstruction of the nontransport phase in the later stage. The higher the saturation and the more connected pores, the faster the diffusion rate of chloride ions. Chloride ions spread around the cracks in a tree-like manner along. The model can very well predict the chloride ion transport performance of unsaturated and damaged mortar.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.112-118
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• 2022

이 연구는 원전 안전성 관련 구조물의 콘크리트 배합설계를 이용하여 확산특성을 평가하였다. 원전안전성관련 콘크리트 구조물 중 해수에 침지되거나 간만대에 위치하는 취배수구조물의 배합을 선정하여 압축강도, 전기전도도에 의한 염소이온 침투저항성 평가, 염수침지를 통한 확산특성을 분석하였다. 원전 콘크리트 구조물의 설계기준강도인 91일까지 재령에 따라 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, 91일에 압축강도를 측정했으며, 재령 28, 91일에 염소이온 침투저항성 평가를 실시했다. 재령 28일 콘크리트 시험체를 28일간 염수에 침지한 뒤 깊이별 시료를 채취하여 염화물량을 분석함으로써 확산계수를 도출하였다. 결과적으로 보통포틀랜드시멘트를 100% 사용한 콘크리트보다 플라이애시가 20% 치환된 원전 콘크리트 배합이 28일 이후 장기적인 강도증진 효과가 더 높게 나타났다. 또한 원전콘크리트 배합이 보통포틀랜드시멘트를 100% 사용한 배합보다 염소이온 침투저항성이 높고 확산계수도 더 낮게 나타나 염해에 대한 저항성이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.221-229
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 모르타르 내 침투 염화물과 황산염 분석을 단면 깊이별 용출액을 대상으로 음이온교환막(AEM)과 LIBS를 활용하여 수행하였다. 염화물(황산염) 농도별로 침지한 모르타르를 대상으로 IC 분석과 LIBS 분석을 동시에 진행하였다. 실험 결과로, Cl(837.59nm) 및 S(921.3nm)의 파장에서 AEM은 동일 침투 농도에서 paper substrate보다 높은 LIBS 강도가 측정되었고, LIBS 강도와 Cl농도 사이의 높은 상관관계가 확인되었다. 동일 깊이 IC 분석 농도 결과와 비교할 때, AEM을 활용하여 높은 강도를 얻을 수 있었다. AEM을 통해 저농도 구간의 LIBS 강도 향상과 오차 저감을 확인하였으나, S(921.3nm)의 경우는 저농도 구간에 대한 LIBS 신호 감도의 향상이 향후 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.580-587
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• 2004

The objective of this research is to investigate the electrochemical oxidation process for nitrogen removal in wastewater involving chloride ion and nitrogen compounds. The process experiment of electrochemical oxidation was conducted by using the stainless steel tube type reactor and the $Ti/IrO_2$ as anode. Free chlorine production and current efficiency variation for total nitrogen removal was compared depending on whether electrolyte is added, and the nitrogen type distribution under an operating condition. When chloride was added as electrolyte, it was found that production of free chlorine increased and the concentration of the chloride decreased as retention time passed. The concentration of chloride in influent decreased from 1,660 to 1,198 mg/L at the current density of $6.7A/dm^2$, while concentration of free chlorine increased to 132 mg/L. Current efficiency in removal of ammonium nitrogen was increased when chloride was dosed as electrolyte. It was observed that ammonium nitrogen was oxidized to nitrite and nitrate through electrochemical oxidation and that the concentration of total nitrogen in influent was reduced from 22.58 to 4.00 mg/L at the short retention time of 168 seconds through the electrochemical oxidation of nitrogen.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.461-471
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• 2015

The permeability is the most direct indicator to reflect the durability of concrete, and the testing methods based on external electric field can be used to evaluate concrete permeability rapidly. This study aims to use an experiment method to accurately predict the permeability of concrete box beam during service. The ion migration experiments and concrete surface resistivity are measured to evaluate permeability of five concrete box beams, and the relations between these results in service concrete and electric flux after 6 hours by ASTM C1202 in the laboratory are analyzed. The chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete, concrete surface resistivity and concrete 6 hours charge have good correlation relationship, which denote that the chloride diffusion coefficient and the surface resistivity of concrete are effective for evaluating the durability of concrete structures. The chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete is directly evaluated permeability of concrete box beam in service and may be used to predict the service life, which is fit to engineering applications and the concrete box beam is non-destructive. The concrete surface resistivity is easier available than the chloride diffusion coefficient, but it is directly not used to calculate the service life. Therefore the mathematical relation of the concrete surface resistivity and the concrete chloride diffusion coefficient need to be found, which the service life of reinforced concrete is obtained by the concrete surface resistivity.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1990

To investigate ionic characteristics of acid rain by the succeeding rainfall. bulk precipitation was collected every each 5mm rainfall from march to october 1990 at Dae Jeon area. pH, sulfate nitrate, chloride, ammonium ion was measured and analyzed. The result was as follows: 1. The weighted average pH of rain was 5.1$\pm$ 0.72(4.15~7.6) and rain pH less than 5.5 was appeared 51.3% 2. Average ion concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, chloride and ammonium ion was 125.12 $\mu$eq/l, 62.38 $\mu$eq/l, 31.95 $\mu$eq/l, 66.6 $\mu$eq/l and rates of each anions was 57%, 28.4%, 14.6% and rate of sulfate by nitrate was 2 times. 3. There is no correlations time interval of rainfall and Ion concentration change. 4. From initial to 15mm rainfall, each ion concentrations were decreased. and average concentration of pH, SO$^{-2}_{4}$, Cl ion concentration was increased in the succeeding rainfall 5. Only sulfate ion was correlated by the simple regression analysis with pH except NO$^{-}_{3}$, Cl$^{-}$ and NH$_{4}^{+}$ Cl$^{-}$ correlation coefficient was very high at the multiple regression analysis with pH. 6. Simple & multiple correlation coefficient among anions and NH$^{+}_{4}$ was very high especially N$^{+}_{4}$ and SO$^{2-}_{4}$ at simple regression analysis and SO$^{-2}_{4}$ and NO$_{3}^{-}$, Cl$^{-}$, NH$_{4}^{-}$ at multiple regression analysis.