• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2007

GABA is primary an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is localized in inhibitory interneurons. GABA is released from presynaptic terminals and functions by binding to GABA receptors. There are two types of GABA receptors, $GABA_{A}-receptor$ that allows chloride to pass through a ligand gated ion channel and $GABA_{B}-receptor$ that uses G-proteins for signaling. The $GABA_{A}$-receptor has a GABA binding site as well as a benzodiazepine binding sites, which modulate $GABA_{A}$-receptor function. Benzodiazepine GABAA receptor imaging can be accomplished by radiolabeling derivates that activates benzodiazepine binding sites. There has been much research on flumazenil (FMZ) labeled with $^{11}C-FMZ$, a benzodiazepine derivate that is a selective, reversible antagonist to GABAA receptors. Recently, $^{18}F-fluoroflumazenil$ (FFMZ) has been developed to overcome $^{11}C's$ short half-life. $^{18}F-FFMZ$ shows high selective affinity and good pharmacodynamics, and is a promising PET agent with better central benzodiazepine receptor imaging capabilities. In an epileptic focus, because the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor amount is decreased, using $^{11}C-FMZ$ PET instead of $^{18}F-FDG$ PET, restrict the foci better and may also help find lesions better than high resolution MR. $GABA_{A}$ receptors are widely distributed in the cerebral cortex, and can be used as an viable neuronal marker. Therefore it can be used as a neuronal cell viability marker in cerebral ischemia. Also, GABA-receptors decrease in areas where neuronal plasticity develops, therefore, $GAB_{A}$ imaging can be used to evaluate plasticity. Besides these usages, GABA receptors are related with psychological diseases, especially depression and schizophrenia as well as cerebral palsy, a motor-related disorder, so further in-depth studies are needed for these areas.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.445-451
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• 2019

In this study, we evaluated the durability of concrete produced with recycled polymer that could replace synthetic polymer, which is the main raw material of bridge deck concrete pavement. As a result of the slump and air content test, the requirements of the Korea Highway Corporation Standard were satisfied with all mixing conditions. The slump was lowered when incorporating the recycled bio-polymer, compared to other mix proportions concrete. In contrast, the compressive strength was increased by 6.3~24.4% when the recycled bio-polymer was mixed, compared to the concrete produced with synthetic polymer. It should be noted that the compressive strength was lowered when synthetic polymer was added to concrete mixture. Durability test results showed the best durability when incorporating synthetic polymer. The durability of concrete also increased as the amount of recycled bio-polymer increased, however, the impact was slightly smaller than that of synthetic polymer.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.287-295
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• 1998

Diazepam is known to have cardiovascular depressive effects through a combined action on benzodiazepinergic receptor and the GABA receptor-chloride ion channel complex. Moreover, it is known that barbiturates also have some cardiovascular regulatory effects mediated by the central GABAergic system. Therefore, this study was undertaken to delineate the regulatory actions and interactions of these systems by measuring the responses of the cardiovascular system and renal nerve activity to muscimol, diazepam and pentobarbital, administered intracerebroventricularly in rabbits. When muscimol $(0.03{\sim}0.3\;{\mu}\;g/kg)$, diazepam $(10{\sim}100\;{\mu}\;g/kg)$ and pentobarbital $(1{\sim}10\;{\mu}\;g/kg)$ were injected into the lateral ventricle of the rabbit brain, there were similar dose-dependent decreases in blood pressure (BP) and renal nerve activity (RNA). The relative potency of the three drugs in decreasing BP and RNA was muscimol ＞ pentobarbital ＞ diazepam. Muscimol and pentobarbital also decreased the heart rate in a dose-dependent manner; however, diazepam produced a trivial, dose-independent decrease in heart rate. Diazepam $(30\;{\mu}g/kg)$ augmented the effect of muscimol $(0.1\;{\mu}g/kg)$ in decreasing blood pressure and renal nerve activity, but pentobarbital $(3\;{\mu}g/kg)$ did not. Bicuculline $(0.5\;{\mu}g/kg)$, a GABAergic receptor blocker, significantly attenuated the effect of muscimol in decreasing BP and RNA, either alone or with diazepam, and that of pentobarbital in decreasing BP and RNA, either alone or with muscimol. We inferred that the central benzodiazepinergic and barbiturate systems help regulate peripheral cardiovascular function by modulating the GABAergic system, which adjusts the output of the vasomotor center and hence controls peripheral sympathetic tone. Benzodiazepines more readily modulate the GABAergic system than barbiturates.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.338-343
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• 2017

In this study, blast furnace slag powder was used in concrete to help reduce carbon dioxide emissions and to recycle industrial waste. Blast furnace slag powder is a byproduct of smelting pig iron and is obtained by rapidly cooling molten high-temperature blast furnace slag. The powder has been used as an admixture for cement and concrete because of its high reactivity. Using fine blast furnace slag powders in concrete can reduce hydration heat, suppress temperature increases, improve long-term strength, improve durability by increasing watertightness, and inhibit corrosion of reinforcing bars by limiting chloride ion penetration. However, it has not been used much due to its low compressive strength at an early age. Therefore, this study evaluates the effects of steam curing for increasing the initial strength development of concrete made using slag powder. The relationship between compressive strength, SEM observations, and XRD measurements was also investigated. The concrete made with 30% powder showed the best performance. The steam curing seems to affect the compressive strength by destroying the coating on the powder and by producing hydrates such as ettringite and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate gel.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.66-74
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• 2013

In this study, corrosion potential ($E_{corr}$), corrosion rate, and polarization resistance were measured aimed at inorganic inhibitors (passive film type) and organic inhibitors (absorption type). The experiment was conducted using potentiostat for the variable molar ratio and chloride ion concentration of the components of inhibitors in an aqueous solution of saturated calcium hydroxide targeting corrosion. As a result, it was possible to ensure an anticorrosive performance of at least a 1.2 molar ratio of inorganic inhibitors. Also, the organic inhibitors ensured the prevention of the anticorrosive performance of at least about a 0.3 molar ratio. It also showed the tendency that between polarization resistance and corrosion rate, Ecorr and corrosion rate is inversely proportional to the linear. Conversely, the tendency between polarization resistance and Ecorr is proportional to the linear. Also, a distinct difference in organic and inorganic inhibitors' relationship to Ecorr, corrosion rate, and polarization resistance was not shown.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.510-510
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• 2007

Titanate nanotube(TNT)는 높은 비표면적과 우수한 물리화학적 특성을 가지고 있어 광촉매, 수소 저장재료, 태양전지용 전극재료 등에 적용되고 있다. 또한, 티타네이트 나노튜브는 전자 이동이 원활한 구조적 특징을 가지고 있어 리듐 이차전지용 호스트 재료로서 많은 연구가 진행 중이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 저온균일침전법으로 제조한 루틸상 $TiO_2$ 분말에 Lithium chloride를 1~10wt%를 동시에 첨가한 후 10M의 sodium hydroxide 수용액 내에서 수열합성하여 리튬이 도핑된 티타네이트 나노튜브를 제조하였다. 제조된 분말의 입자형상 및 크기는 전자주사 현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였으며, X-선 회절분석을 이용하여 리튬 첨가에 따른 결정상 변화를 관찰하였다. 또한 리튬이 도핑된 티타네이트 나노튜브의 전기화학적 특성 평가를 위해 양극 활물질 : 도전제 : 바인더를 75 : 20 : 5의 비율로 혼합한 후 coin cell을 제조하였고, potentiostat를 이용하여 용량 측정 및 cycle 특성을 실시하였다. 수열 합성법에 의해 형성된 입자는 직경 10nm, 길이 수 ${\mu}m$로 관찰되었으며, X-선 회절 시험 결과 LiO와 같은 이차상은 발견되지 않았다. 측정된 coin cell의 용량은 240mAh/g을 나타내었으나, 싸이클 특성이 빠르게 저하됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.37-44
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• 2010

To propose a cause analysis method of pressurized facilities, a likelihood of failure (LOF) for the thinning module by hydrochloric acid corrosion was analyzed through the risk-based inspection (RBI) using API-581 BRD. For this investigation, the technical module subfactor (TMSF), as a main factor of the LOF, was estimated, and the effects of parameters on the TMSF were analyzed quantitatively. As a result, we found that the TMSF increased with increasing chloride ion concentration and temperature, but it decreased with increasing thickness of the facilities, inspection number and inspection effectiveness. Also, the TMSF showed a relatively low value for the monitoring system implemented and the overdesign factor>1.5. In this condition, the TMSF changed sensitively with the inspection number, the inspection effectiveness and the overdesign factor, and its magnitude varied with the monitoring system.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2013

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate physical properties, durability, fatigue resistance, and long-term performance of poly-urethane concrete (PU) which can be possible application of thin layer on long-span orthotropic steel bridge and to check structural stability of bridge structure. METHODS : Various tests of physical properties, such as flexural strength, tensile strength, bond strength and coefficient of thermal expansion tests were conducted for physical property evaluation using two types of poly urethane concrete which have different curing time. Freezing and thawing test, accelerated weathering test and chloride ion penetration test were performed to evaluate the effect of exposed to marine environment. Beam fatigue test and small scale accelerated pavement test were performed to assess the resistance of PU against fatigue damage and long-term performance. Structural analysis were conducted to figure out structural stability of bridge structure and thin bridge deck pavement system. RESULTS: The property tests results showed that similar results were observed overall however the flexural strength of PUa was higher than those of PUb. It was also found that PU materials showed durability at marine environment. Beam fatigue test results showed that the resistances of the PUa against fatigue damage were two times higher than those of the PUb. It was found form small scale accelerated pavement test to evaluate long-term performance that there is no distress observed after 800,000 load applications. Structural analysis to figure out structural stability of bridge structure and thin bridge deck pavement system indicated that bridge structures were needed to increase thickness of steel deck plate or to improve longitudinal rib shape. CONCLUSIONS: It has been known that the use of PU can be positively considered to thin layer on long-span orthotropic steel bridge in terms of properties considered marine environment, resistance of fatigue damage and long-term performance.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.22-31
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• 2015

In the present study, surface of laccase producing Ceriporia lacerata was modified using 4-bromobutyryl chloride and polyethylenimine. The modified biomass was freeze dried and utilized as a biosorbent for the removal of Ni(II) from aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties of the biosorbent were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Batch experiments were carried out as a function of contact time (0-60 min), pH (2 to 8), adsorbent dosage (25-150 mg), and initial Ni(II) concentration (25-125 mg/L). The results indicate that surface modified biosorbent effectively adsorbed (9.5 mg/0.1 g biomass) Ni(II) present in the solution. The equilibrium adsorption data were modeled with different kinetic and isotherm models. The Ni(II) adsorption followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (R² = 0.998) and Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.994) model. Hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups present in biomass play a major role in the adsorption of Ni(II). The adsorbed Ni(II) from the biosorbent was successfully desorbed (85%) by 1M HCl. The results of the study indicate that the surface modified C. lacerate biomass could be used for the treatment of Ni(II) contaminated ground waters.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.603-609
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of the monomer ratio on properties of the polymer-modified mortars using methyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate (MMA/BA) latexes, and to obtain basic data necessary to develop appropriate latexes for cement modifiers. From the test results, the total pore volume of polymer-modified mortars using MMA/BA latexes is linearly reduced with an increase in the bound MMA content and increased in the polymer-cement ratio. In general, the superior flexural and compressive strength of polymer-modified mortars using MMA/BA latexes is obtained at a bound MMA content of 70 or 80 percent and a polymer-cement ratio of 15%. And, the water absorption and chloride ion penetration depth are greatly affected by the polymer-cement ratio rather than the bound MMA content.