• Title/Summary/Keyword: Chl. a

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Development of optimization method for water quality prediction accuracy (수질예측 정확도를 위한 최적화 기법 개발)

  • Lee, Seung Jae;Kim, Hyeon Sik;Sohn, Byeong Yong;Han, Ji Hyun
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2018.05a
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    • pp.41-41
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    • 2018
  • 하천과 저수지의 수질을 예측하고 관리하는데 수리 수질예측모형이 널리 활용되고 있다. 수질예측모형은 유역이나 수체 내의 오염물질 이동경로나 농도를 수치해석 방법으로 계산하여 사용자가 필요로 하는 지점과 시점에서의 수질자료 생산하는데 활용되고 있다. 수질예측모형은 검 보정을 통해 정확도를 확보하며, 정확도의 확보를 위해서는 높은 수준의 전문성을 필요로 한다. 특히 시행착오법으로 모형을 보정하는 경우 많은 시간과 노력을 필요로 하게 되며, 보정계수를 과대 혹은 과소로 모형에 적용하는 오류를 범하기 쉽고 모델러의 주관이 관여되기 쉽다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 CE-QUAL-W2모형의 조류항목에 대한 모형 보정을 위하여 Chl-a와 남조류세포수에서 주로 활용되고 있는 보정계수에 대한 민감도 분석 결과를 토대로 매개변수별 모의결과 변화율을 산정하였으며, 시기적 경향성을 재현하기 위해 Ensemble-Bagging 기법과 머신 러닝 기법을 적용하여 모형 구동횟수를 최소화 할 수 있는 방법으로 구성하였다. Chl-a를 보정하기 위한 매개변수는 9개를 선정하였으며, 규조류, 남조류, 녹조류에 총 27개 매개 변수를 민감도 분석으로 도출 한 후 예상 변화율 대비 이벤트별 모의치와 실측치 간 %difference가 유사하도록 매개변수를 조정하였다. 또한 각 이벤트 조합의 매개변수 빈도수와 매개변수별 예상변화율, 시기적 조류특성을 고려하여 가중치를 도출하였으며, 1회 보정에 맞춰 Chl-a 모델 실행결과를 %difference로 평가한 후 "good"등급을 만족할 때까지 반복 적용하였다. 남조류세포수의 경우 Chl-a에 맞춰 매개변수 최적화 이후 남조류세포수 농도를 세포수로 환산하기 위한 CACEL에 대해 머신러닝 기법을 적용하였으며, CACEL 추정변화율 회귀식에 따라 평가 한 후 %difference "good"등급 이상을 만족할 때까지 반복 수행하는 방법을 적용하였다. 본 연구에서는 수질예측모형의 정확도를 확보하기 위하여 최적화 기법을 적용하였으며, 이를 통해 모형을 보정하는 과정에서 요구되는 시간과 노력을 줄일 수 있도록 하였으며, Ensemble기법과 머신러닝 기법을 적용하여 모형보정계수 적용에 객관성을 확보할 수 있도록 하였다.

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Evaluation of eutrophication characteristics of major lakes in the Seomjin River (섬진강 주요호수의 부영양화 특성 평가)

  • Lee, Bo Ram;Park, Soo Ho;Park, Sung Chun;Lee, Woo Bum
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2022.05a
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    • pp.479-479
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    • 2022
  • 섬진강 주요호수 4개 호수에 대하여 20년간의 수질자료를 수집하여 한국형 부영양화지수(TSIko)를 산정하고 부영양화정도와 경향성을 분석하였다. 호수별 20년간 평균 수질농도 분석 결과, 4개 호수 중 BOD, COD, T-P, Chl-a, TOC의 5개 항목에서 보성호가 가장 높은 농도를 보이고, T-N도 두 번째로 높은 농도를 나타냈으며, 월별·계절별 분석 결과, 전체 수질항목의 수질은 대체적으로 여름(6-8월)에 가장 높았으나, 동복호의 Chl-a 항목의 경우 봄(3-5월)과 가을(9-11월)에 가장 높았다. 호소별 수질자료를 통한 경향분석 결과, 옥정호(섬진강호)는 BOD, TOC, 주암호는 COD, TOC, 보성호는 COD, TOC, Chl-a, 동복호는 TOC 항목이 증가하는 경향을 보이며, 주로 유기물 항목들이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고, 각 호소의 수질항목별 상관관계 분석 결과, 보성호의 COD와 TOC 항목 사이의 상관계수가 0.85로 높은 상관관계를 나타냈고, 그 외에는 보통 또는 약한 상관관계 또는 상관관계가 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 최근 20년간의 연도별, 월별, 계절별 수질자료를 바탕으로 섬진강 내 주요호수 4개 호수의TSIko 평가 결과, 대부분의 호수가 중영양 상태를 나타내었고, 보성호의 경우, 2001년, 2004년, 2005년, 2015년~2020년에 각각 부영양화지수가 51.31, 56.94, 54.59, 52.77, 51.08, 57.95, 58.10, 50.82, 50.77로 부영양 상태로 평가되었다. 특히 보성호의 경우, TSIko 결과를 기반으로 한 경향분석 결과, 경향성이 없거나 감소하는 다른 호수들과는 달리 증가하는 경향성을 보이고, 항목별 경향성 분석 결과 COD, TOC, Chl-a이 증가하는 경향으로 나타났으며, 유기물인 COD와 TOC 항목의 경우 높은 상관관계를 보이고 있으므로, 추후 섬진강 유역의 물 수요 문제 해소에 대한 중요한 수자원에 대한 모니터링 및 부영양화 해소와 수질개선방안에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

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Analysis of the water quality and correlation of impact factors during summer season in changnyeong-haman weir section (하절기 낙동강 창녕함안보 구간에서의 수질특성 및 영향인자의 상관관계 분석)

  • Jung, Sun-Young;Kim, Il-Kyu
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.83-91
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    • 2017
  • This study analyzed the correlation between Chl-a and water quality factors using characteristics of climate data, water quality factors, and various statistical analysis techniques during the summer season in the Nakdong River during the 2-year period. The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for establishing water quality management policy in the Changnyeong-Haman weir section. From the end of July to the middle of August when algae mainly occur, both the years 2015 and 2016 are in the temperature range of $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, and the total precipitation of 2015 is less than that of 2016 in this period. As a result of comparing the concentration of Chl-a, the average Chl-a concentration of 2015 was higher than that of 2016, which seems to be related to the total precipitation in the occurrence of algae. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the correlation with PO4-P was significant at most points. As a result of the factor analysis, the first principal factor group classified PO4-P, NH3-N, TP, pH, flow rate, TN and this section seems to be influenced by phosphorus and nitrogen and flow rate.

Long-term Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Epilimnetic Nutrients (N, P), Chlorophyll-a, and Suspended Solids at the Dam Site of Yongdam Reservoir and Empirical Models

  • An, Kwang-Guk
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.44 no.2
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    • pp.214-225
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    • 2011
  • The objectives of the study were to evaluate seasonal patterns of epilimnetic water quality, and determine interannual eutrophication patterns at the dam site of Yong-dam Reservoir using long-term data during 2002~2009. Ionic dilutions, based on specific conductivity, occurred in the summer period in response to the intense monsoon rain and inflow, and suspended solid analysis indicated that the reservoir was clear except for the monsoon. Seasonality of nitrogen contents varied depending on the types of nitrogen and responded to ionic dilution; Ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_4$-N) peaked at dry season but nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) peaked in the monsoon when the ionic dilution occurred. The maxima of $NO_3$-N seemed to be related with external summer N-loading from the watershed and active nitrogen fixation of bluregreens in the summer. $NO_3$-N was major determinant (>50%) of the total nitrogen pool and relative proportion of $NH_4$-N was minor. Long-term annual $NO_3$-N and TDN showed continuous increasing trends from 2004 to 2009, whereas TP and TDP showed decreasing trends along with chlorophyll-a (CHL) values. Empirical model analysis of log-transformed nutrients and N : P ratios on the CHL showed that the reservoir CHL had a stronger linear function with TP ($R^2$=0.89, p<0.001) than TN ($R^2$=0.35, p=0.120). Overall results suggest that eutrophication progress, based on TP and CHL, is slow down over the study period and this was mainly due to reduced phosphorns, which is considered as primary nutrient by the empirical model.

A Study on Measurement of Algae Concentration in Reservoir Using UAV-Based Hyperspectral Image (UAV 기반 초분광영상을 활용한 저수지 조류농도 산정 연구)

  • Kim, Jong Min;Kyun, Yeong Hwa;Kim, Dong Su;Kim, Young Do
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2021.06a
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    • pp.110-110
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    • 2021
  • 사회적, 환경적으로 크고 작은 문제를 일으키는 녹조현상은 수생태계에서 1차 생산자로 없어서는 안 될 조류의 과대 성장으로 인해 주로 나타난다. 담수조류는 크게 녹조류, 남조류, 규조류 3종으로 나누어지며, 특히 남조류는 계절별 천이에 따른 발생 시 과대 성장하는 특성으로 인해 녹조현상에 가장 큰 원인이 된다. 이러한 녹조현상의 원인에 따라 환경부에서는 발령기준 항목을 chl-a와 남조류 세포수에서 2016년 이후 남조류 세포수 만으로 발령기준 항목을 개정하였다. 따라서, 녹조현상에 대한 신속한 대처를 위해서는 남조류에 대한 분포에 대해 파악하는 것이 가장 우선시 되며 이를 위해 신속한 모니터링을 필요로 한다. 하지만 현재 조류 모니터링을 위해서는 직접 채수를 통한 검경 또는 Lisst, YSI와 같은 직접 계측 센서를 활용하여 모니터링을 진행을 하고 있으며 이러한 점, 선 단위의 측정은 전반적인 조류 분포 및 현황에 대하여 파악과 신속한 모니터링에 한계가 있다. 이러한 한계에 대안으로 위성영상, 다중분광 및 초분광 영상을 활용한 면단 위의 원격 모니터링을 통해 신속하고 하천 내 전반적인 조류 농도 분석을 위한 연구가 다양하게 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 UAV를 활용한 초분광센서를 이용하여 하천과 일정한 반사율을 가지는 반사천을 촬영하고 취득한 초분광영상 보정 및 분석을 진행하였다. 최적 밴드 비를 산정하고 YSI를 통한 Chl-a 결과를 이용하여 분광 특성별 맵핑을 통한 공간적 분포의 조류 농도를 산정하고자 한다.

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Assessment of Eutrophication Using Trophic State Index and Water Quality Characteristics of Saemangeum Lake (새만금호의 수질 특성 및 영양상태지수를 이용한 부영양화 평가)

  • Jong Gu Kim
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.587-597
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    • 2023
  • We evaluated the eutrophication of Saemangeum Lake, which causes abnormal growth of algae, using the Carlson index. Eutrophication characteristics of Saemangeum Lake were analyzed. For the study, water quality surveys were conducted at 7 stations in Saemangeum Lake every month in 2021. The concentration of Chl.a was slightly higher in the Mankyeong water system in winter, and slightly higher in the Dongjin water system in spring and summer, but overall, except for some periods, the concentration was similar to or lower than the lake water quality environmental standard of class 3. COD showed water quality similar to or above the lake quality environmental standard of grade 4 in both the Mankyeong and Dongjin water systems in the summer and Autumn. TOC concentrations were within lake water quality standard 3 at all sites. Total phosphorus concentrations exceeded the lake water quality standard of Class 4 and were higher in January and August after rainfall. In the correlation analysis between water quality factors, the correlation of organic matter, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen to salinity was relatively high. This reflected the water quality characteristics of freshwater, brackish water, and seawater areas due to seawater inflow through the drainage gate and freshwater inflow through upstream rivers. According to the characteristics of eutrophication fluctuations in Saemangeum Lake by trophic state index, the indices of Chl.a, SD, and TN showed water quality in the early stage of eutrophication, while the TP index showed a severe eutrophication state. The magnitude of the eutrophication index among water quality components was TSI(TP) > TSI(TN) > TSI(SD) > TSI(CHL) in all water systems. Quadrant analysis of the deviation of TSI(CHL) from TSI(TP) and TSI(SD) on a two-dimensional plane showed that there was no limiting effect of total phosphorus on algal growth in all water systems. In addition, the factors af ecting light attenuation appeared to be dominated by small particulate matter from outside sources.

Suppressing Effects of Tannic Acid on UVB induced Chromosome Aberrations in Chinese Hamster Lung Cells (자외선(UVB)에 의한 염색체이상과 Tannic acid의 방어효과)

  • 김정현;맹승희;임철홍;안령미
    • Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.17-22
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    • 1997
  • We observed the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by UVB irradiations, and the suppressing effect of tannic acid on chromosome aberrations induced by UVB irradiations in CHL cells, which is a phenolic compound, a hydrolysate of tannin and a components of green tea. UVB doses used for the frequency of chromosome aberrations were from 0.2 to 1.6 KJ/m$^2$ and tannic acid concentrations were from 1.16 $\mu$g/ml to 37.50 $\mu$g/ml. For the observation of suppressing effect of tannic acid on UVB-induced chromosome aberrations, UVB dose was 1.6 KJ/m$^2$ and tannic acid concentrations were 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 $\mu$g/ml. In our study, tannic acid was treated for 24 hours in CHL, cells after UVB irradiation without S9 mix or for 6 hours with S9 mix. From this study, we obtained the following results : (1) The frequency of chromosome aberrations UVB induced were dose-dependently increased. (2) The tannic acid did not induce chromosome aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster cells. (3) UVB-induced chromosome aberrations were suppressed by tannic acid at every concentration from 1.0 $\mu$g/ml to 4.0 $\mu$g/ml with or without metabolic activation. These results suggest that the tannic acid acts as an inhibitor to UVB-induced clastogenicity of the cultured cell.

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Alleviating Effects of Nitric Oxide on Cadmium Toxicity in White Poplar (Populus alba)

  • Semsettin Kulac;Yakup Cikili;Halil Samet;Ertugrul Filiz
    • Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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    • v.40 no.1
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    • pp.43-52
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    • 2024
  • Cadmium (Cd) is non-essential heavy metal that negatively affects plant metabolism. Nitric oxide (NO) is an increasingly important molecule for plant metabolism that makes signaling. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the alleviating effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) application as NO donor in white poplar (Populus alba) under Cd stress conditions. SNP and without SNP treatments increased the Cd accumulation in root tissue. While photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b, and carotenoid) content decreased by only Cd application, SNP+Cd application decreased the rate of photosynthetic pigments reduction. When the results of Cd and Cd+SNP applications were evaluated for mineral (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) uptake, it was found that the positive effect of SNP was heterogeneously affected. Depending on SNP application, it was found that malondialdehyde (MDA) amount decreased in leaf in 100 µM Cd applications while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount decreased in 100 and 500 µM Cd applications. When antioxidant enzyme activities were examined, it was found that catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme activities increased with 100 µM SNP applications under all Cd applications. As a result, it was found that SNP application under Cd stress generally supports physiological processes positively in white poplar, suggesting that NO molecule plays important alleviating roles in plant metabolism.

An Application of $^{13}C$ Tracer for the Determination of Primary Productivity and Fatty Acid Production Rate in Shingu Reservoir (신구저수지의 1차 생산 및 지방산 생성속도 결정을 위한 $^{13}C$ 추적자 활용 연구)

  • Lee, Yeon-Jung;Kim, Min-Seob;Shin, Kyung-Hoon;Hwang, Soon-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.41 no.spc
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    • pp.21-26
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    • 2008
  • The in situ incubation experiment was carried out using $^{13}C$ tracer to determine primary productivity and fatty acid production rate in the shallow, eutrophic Shingu reservoir on 4th July. Particulate organic matter (POM) accounted for 76% in suspended particulate matter (SPM), and average concentration of chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ was $89{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ in the euphotic layer. Total amount of chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (Chl-${alpha}$), primary productivity and Chl-${alpha}$ specific productivity in euphotic layer were 112 mg Chl-${alpha}m^{-2}$, 3.53 g C $m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, 32mg C mg Chl-${\alpha}^{-1}\;d^{-1}$, respectively. The fatty acid composition in newly produced organic matter and suspended organic matter didn't show any significant difference, demonstrating that autochthonous organic matter should be a major source of POM pool. In addition, the fatty acids of bacterial origin were increased through extracellular release of newly photosynthesized DOC, and closely coupled with bacterial assimilation. This result suggests that organic carbon should be actively cycled through the microbial loop in Shingu reservoir in summer.

Effects of Sediment and Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on the Feeding Behavior of Omnivores Gold Fish Carassius auratus (잡식어 붕어의 섭식활동에 퇴적물 및 독성 남조 Microcystis aeruginosa의 영향)

  • Kim, Baik-Ho;Kim, Keun-Hee;Kim, Yong-Jae;Hwang, Soon-Jin
    • Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.43 no.2
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    • pp.212-220
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    • 2010
  • Effects of sediment and toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on feeding behaviors of an omnivorous fish, gold fish (Carassius auratus) were examined in laboratory and in situ mesocosm. Laboratory feeding experiments were performed in small aquaria (7 L) with cyanobacterial blooms (mainly M. aeruginosa) under the condition of sediments and no-sediments, and toxic (NIES-298) and non-toxic M. aeruginosa (NIES-101). In situ feeding experiments were conducted at the shore of eutrophic lake (Lake Ilgam, Seoul) in the mid-July, 2005. Results showed that fish introduction decreased the concentration of Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) at higher rate in no sediment-containing aquaria. In contrast, there was a drastic increase of Chl-a in the sedimentcontaining aquaria. Fish effectively removed the M. aeruginosa cells without algal toxin (microcystin). Fish also selectively removed the large size Chl-a (>$50{\mu}m$), although all kinds of nutrients were increased after fish introduction, especially ammonia. Our results indicate that the strategic introduction of domestic omnivores Carassius auratus, to control cyanobacterial bloom in eutrophic lake will negatively play in the water quality improvement via a sediment disturbance and a density-dependent digestion.