• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.208-213
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• 2011

This study was carried out to determine the effect of medium solidity, salt strength, sugar and nitrogen sources, and pH levels on in vitro multiplication of pathogen-free yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.). Liquid medium was more effective in the growth of plant height, fresh weight, and formation of microbulb than the solid medium. Optimal condition for plant fresh weight, growth, and multiplication axillary bud was in 1MS salt strength with 60 $g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ sucrose and half strength of $KNO_3$. Optimal condition for microbulb formation was $\frac{1}{2}$ MS salt strength supplemented with glucose 60 $g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and half strength of $KNO_3$. The number of leaves and nodes were sharply increased from 2 to 5 weeks, whereas plant fresh weight was steadily increased from 3 to 11 weeks after inoculation. Microbulbs were formed at 2 weeks after inoculation and continuously increased until 12 weeks.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the optimal fertilizer application levels and planting space at different seeding parts on Chinese yam from 1992 to 1993. The results obtained was as follows： The earlist day to emergence was 42~56 days at tuber section, 37~46 days at an aerial tuber, and 50~56 days at an exposed parent material. in turn. The days to emergence were delayed by increasing fertilizer application levels. In the growth of the under-ground parts, vine length was increased in a tuber section, aerial tuber, and an exposed parent material in turn. The tuber section by 60${\times}$20cm at planting space, 56-56-64 Kg/10a at fertilizer application levels was appeared to be good growth among underground parts. As planted close, the growth of tuber section was decreased. The totoal yield was appeared to be increased about 19% in a tuber section planted as 30${\times}$20cm compared with 60${\times}$20cm. In an exposed parent ma-terial, the planting space, 30${\times}$15cm, was increased 10% compared with 45${\times}$15cm, and in an aerial tuber, the planting space, 10${\times}$10cm, was increased about 10% comparing 30${\times}$10cm. Fertilization level(N-$P_2O_2K_2O$) in 56-56-64Kg/10a was increased 39 to 47% comparing 28-28-32 Kg/10a. And the heavy dressing and the close planting space were appeared to be produced the highest yield. In considering commercial quality, the optimal combination between seeding parts and planting space is recommended to improve commercial qualities and high yield.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 1995

Chinese yam (Dioscorea Opposita Thanb) has been cultivated as medicinal crop and food. The experiment was carried out to determine the effect of tuber head origin and fertilizer application method on its agronomic characters of shoot and root tuber to get some imformation on its cultivation. The tuber head cultivated were cut from normal or branched root tuber. 37-28-32-2000 : N-P-K-Humus(Kg/10a) by dispersal but 30% N reduction of Con(RN) or strip application on the two-side of hill(SRN), were applied but N and K were given by the above method with the rate of 40% in March, 30% in June and 30% in July. Agronomic characteristics related to shoot and root tuber were measured and their relationship was analyzed. Tuber head origin had no effect on emergence rate, vine length, branch and node of vine, while emergence date of the tuber head from the normal root which showed the greatest emergence rate, vine length and node in Con treatment was earlier than the others. The tuber head from the normal root, furthermore, had greater length and diameter of root tuber harvested from the field and fresh weight per plant of per 10a compared to the tuber head from the branched root, whereas in both the normal and the branched tuber head RN had the worst result in the characters related to tuber yield except tuber diameter. The tuber head from the normal root produced heavier root tuber than that from the branched tuber and SRN had the best economic yield among the application methods, which resulted from production of less branched root tubers and their rate. In both the normal and the branched tuber head, moreover, yield per plant and economic yield were positively correlated to tuber length but negatively done to number. of branch of vine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2018

This study investigated the influence of starch extraction (ST-EX) solutions on the extraction yield and characteristics of Chinese yam (CY) starches from domestic Dioscorea batatas. Ascorbic acid (VitC), $Na_2S_2O_3$, $NaHCO_3$, and $Na_2CO_3$ were used as ST-EX solutions (0.4%, w/v). The extracted CY starches were examined for ST-EX yield, chemical composition, size distribution, X-ray diffraction, solubility, swelling power, gelatinization, and pasting viscosity. The highest ST-EX yield was obtained from $NaHCO_3$, followed by VitC. Lower protein content, relative crystallinity, and gelatinization enthalpy were found in CY starches from alkaline ST-EX solutions ($NaHCO_3$ and $Na_2CO_3$). Size distribution and gelatinization temperature did not generally differ for CY starches from the different ST-EX solutions. Pasting viscosities increased in the order from $Na_2CO_3$ > $Na_2S_2O_3$ > $NaHCO_3$ > VitC ST-EX solutions. Thus, VitC may be most appropriate to extract CY starch from Dioscorea rhizomes, considering its ST-EX yield, total starch content, and variation in pasting viscosity.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2011

This study was to examine the quality characteristics and biological activities of the yogurt containing dual fermentation MFCY (Monascus-Fermented Chinese Yam) powder. Six different contents (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%, w/v) of MFCY powder were added to raw milk and 5% skim milk followed by fermentation with lactic acid bacteria at $37^{\circ}C$ for 12 h, and then the biological activities of the samples were investigated. Biological activities of the prepared yogurt were evaluated for acid production (pH, titratable acidity), number of viable cells, total polyphenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory effects and GABA contents. In this study, the results show that after fermentation in raw milk and 5% skim milk added with MFCY powder. The yogurt can produced pH, titratable acidity, number of viable cells, total polyphenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power at 4.12-4.25 (pH), 0.94-0.97% (TA), $7.50{\times}10^9-1.14{\times}10^{10}$ CFU/ml, 161.4-329.9 (TP, mg/L), 54-94% (DPPH), and 1.13-1.53 (R.P), respectively. In addition, the showed ACE inhibitory activity and GABA contents was 67.1-87.7% and 304.6-685.4 (mg/L).

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate antioxidative and physiological activities of two stage fermented Chinese Yam (TSFCY) by Monascus sp. MK2 and Lactobacillus brevis HLJ59. The extracts from TSFCY were measured to examine pigments, monacolin K contents, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, ACE inhibitory activity and GABA contents. In this study, the results show that Monascus sp. MK2 and Lactobacillus brevis HLJ59, with Dioscorea batatas Dence. As the substrate can produce pigments (yellow, orange and red), monacolin K contents, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, ACE inhibitory activity, and GABA contents at 14.03 (yellow), 13.88 (orange), 15.71 (red), 487.9 (MK, mg/kg), 723.8 (TP, mg/kg), 326.4 (TF, mg/kg), 81.7 (DPPH, %), and 1.5 (RP, O.D), respectively. In addition, the showed ACE inhibitory activity and GABA contents was 86.9% and 977.4 mg/kg in EtOH extract, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.170-175
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• 1998

This study was conducted to determine the effect of seminal sections of tuber and staking methods on growth and yield of a chinese yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne). Tuber was divided into top head, head, median and tail which were used as seminal sections of tuber. The emergence of shoots was delayed in median and tail sections by 15 days as compared with top head and head sections. Sections from head and tail exhibited yield increase as high as 16 and 15%, respectively, compared to top head sections. Although flowering and bubil setting occurred almost at the same time in all staking methods, fresh weight of stem and leaves was higher in ${\wedge}-$, I-type stake supporting net than in the conventional stake. In the cultivar, 'Dan-ma', tuber yield didn't show a meaningful increase statistically by all staking methods. But ${\wedge}-$ and I-type stake supporting net increased the yield of the cultivar, 'Jang-ma', as high as 11 and 8%, respectively, compared to conventional stake. Also I-type stake was ideal supportor of net, considering the cost of management.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2012

To figure out optimum culturing condition for $in$ $vitro$ yam ($Dioscorea$ $opposita$ Thunb.) production, various media components and environmental controls were evaluated, effective temperature, light condition and timing of the liquid media replacement for multiplication of yam in liquid culture were determined in this study. There was no visible difference detected for $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ temperature conditions. At $25^{\circ}C$, continuous light condition was more effective compared to 16 hour light/ 8 hour dark condition. Effect of media replacement was tested, and approximately 5 more microtubers obtained and 70% of increase in weight was detected when media replacement was performed. Timing for media replacement was tested at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks after initial culture for 12 weeks. Considering both number and weight of microtubers, replacement of media 6 weeks after initial culture was most effective. In terms of component of media, significant increase in weight of microtubers was observed in MS media containing sucrose $60g{\cdot}L^{-1}$. In summary, the most effective condition for $in$ $vitro$ propagation of chinese yam is replacing medium 6 weeks after initial inoculation with MS medium containing sucrose $60g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in continuous light condition.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.203-206
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• 2018

Objectives: There is an increasing number of complex diseases that are progressively more difficult to be controlled using the conventional "single compound, single target" approach as demonstrated in our current modern drug development. TCM might be the new cornerstone of treatment alternative when the current treatment option is no longer as effective or that we have exhausted it as an option. Orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study is one of the most frequently employed formulas to produce optimal herbal combination for treatment of multi-syndromic diseases. This approach could solve the relatively low efficacy single drug therapy usage and chronic adverse effects caused by long terms administration of drugs that has been reported in the field of pharmacology and medicine Methods: The present review was based on the Science Direct database search for those related to the TCM and the development of antihypertensive TCM herbal combination using orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group studies approach. Results: Recent studies have demonstrated that the orthogonal stimulus-response compatibility group study approach was most frequently used to formulate TCM herbal combination based on the TCM principles upon the selection of herbs, and the resulting formulated TCM formula exhibited desired outcomes in treating one of global concerned complex multi-syndromic diseases, the hypertension. These promising therapeutic effects were claimed to have been attributed by the holistic signaling mechanism pathways employed by the crude combination of herbs. Conclusion: The present review could serve as a guide and prove the feasibility of TCM principles to be used for future pharmacological drug research development.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.13-26
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• 2016

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the rationale behind the transformation process of unique shophouse spatial organization in Phnom Penh. We selected 20 representative shophouses located in the Chinese district of Phnom Penh according to construction period. A qualitative study methodology was applied and field surveys were conducted that included interviews with residents, photographs, sketches, measurements, collecting historic photos, and cataloging maps. Selected cases were analyzed in terms of: basic house data, urban block analysis, and unit analysis. Cases were then classified into two types: private courtyard shophouse (PCS) and shared courtyard shophouse (SCS). PCS refers to shophouse typology that maintains most of the characteristics of early shophouses while being transformed into a modern multi-story apartment within a limited one bay plot. However, SCS refers to shophouses adapted from the indigenous forms of PCS that evolved into a multi-storey and multi-family housing typology that includes features that might have been adapted from Western apartment buildings such as sharing a big courtyard, staircase and corridors. We conclude that shophouses in Phnom Penh have positively adopted a Western building typology, adapted it to local traditions, and finally formulated a new building type that represent indicators of a modernization process gradually accepted by society.