• 무역학회지
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.285-299
• /
• 2019

The 'One Belt One Road (OBOR)' initiative, which was promulgated as part of the enlargement policy along with the advent of Xi Jinping in 2013, is a policy to expand China's political and economic power externally through linkages with neighboring countries. China's overseas port investment plays an important role in the promotion of the 'OBOR' policy from the coast of China through maritime transportation routes from S.E Asia to Mediterranean and Europe. Since China's overseas port investment has been made from several factors such as political, economic, and military motives, it differs in purpose and character from investments made by private companies, such as Global Port Operators(GTO) which consider profitability first. This study aims to address future prospects and implications by analyzing the geopolitics of China's overseas port investment under the 'One Belt One Road' initiative. According to the results, China's overseas port investment is dominated by state-owned enterprises and political and security factors are more important than profitability. China's overseas port investment has been on a large scale in a short period of time, and China has faced with various problems both domestically and internationally. such as debt default, environmental problems, subordination problems from recipient countries and political and military confrontation with great countries such as United States, Japan and India etc.

• Acta Via Serica
• /
• 제9권1호
• /
• pp.33-66
• /
• 2024

There is a lot of evidence of early port cities and small habitation sites along the Thai-Malay Peninsula's coastlines. These sites appeared on the trans-peninsular routes during the Maritime Silk Roads period, from 2,000 to 1,500 BP. The Thai-Malay Peninsula was mentioned in many documents as Suvarnabhumi (India), Aurea Chersonese (Greek), and Jin Lin (Chinese), meaning the Golden Land. Ptolemy's map displays that there were many port cities along this peninsula. It corresponds to the Milinda-panha, which depicts many port cities in Suvarnabhumi. Foreign documents primarily documented the presence of major port cities, while inland habitation sites received less recognition. This paper aims to reconstruct the trans-peninsular routes in order to understand their networks, connections, and roles. The second aim is to understand the hierarchy of each site. This paper will focus on two important settlements and high-value artifacts along three routes: the Kra Isthmus Route, the Pho Khao Thong and Tha Chana Route, and the Krabi to Surat Thani Route. I conducted an archaeological survey of these three routes and others during 2021-2023 under the Suvarnabhumi Studies Center, TASSHA Institute, and the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.25-29
• /
• 1984

현 장려품종 중 가장 많이 보급되고 있는 교잡종과 이들의 원종에 대한 합성유약홀몬의 증견효과를 알고져 본 시험을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 공시원종 및 교잡종 모두 대조구에 비해 5령경과일수가 8시간∼약 1일 길어졌다. 2. 모든 원종이 마니나에 대한 증견효과는 높은 것으로 나타났으며 품종에 따라 그 증견효과는 대조에 비해 일본종의 수견량이 17∼24%의 넓은 폭을 보였고 일본종 중에서는 잠 117이 24%로 가장 우수하였다. 중국종에 있어서는 15∼26%의 수견량 증수효과를 보였고 중국종중에서는 잠 122와 잠 118이 가장 우수하였다. 3. 이들 교장종도 원종과 같은 경향으로 높은 수견량 증수효과를 보였으나 육농잠이 24%로 가장 높은 증견효과를 보였고 다음이 팔경잠의 21%였다. 견질에 있어서도 원종 및 교잡종 모두 처리구가 우수하였다. 원종에 있어서는 일본종의 전견중 4∼16%의 증가를 보였고 중국종은 4∼9%, 교장종에 있어서 20∼31%의 높은 증가를 보였다. 견층중에 있어서도 일본종이 6∼14%, 중국종이 4∼7%의 증가를 보였고 교잡종에 있어서는 역시 21∼29%의 높은 증가를 보였다. 이를 견층량으로 환산하여 보면 원종에 있어서나 교잡종에 있어서나 모두 처리구가 높은 증가를 보였으며 특히 일본종계가 중국 종계에 비해 더 높은 증견효과가 인정되었다. 4. 잡종강세율을 보면 고치 생산력과 관련되는 모든 형질에서 유약홀몬의 효과가 높게 인정되었고 특히 원종에서 높은 효과를 보인 잠 115, 잠117, 잠 116, 잠 118의 교잡종인 육농잠 및 팔경잠은 더 높은 상승효과가 인정되었다. 따라서 다계량계 품종이더라도 품종에 따라 더 높은 증견효과가 예상된다. 또한 중견중 및 견층중의 증가 경향이 일본종과 중국종이 다를 뿐만 아니라 이들 교잡종에 있어서도 원종과 다르게 나타나는 것으로 보아 앞으로 유약홀몬이 계량형질에 관여하는 귀전자에 미치는 기구에 대하여 검토할 여타가 있다고 보여진다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.121-131
• /
• 2023

중국의 동북3성(헤이룽장성, 요녕성, 지린성)은 우리나라 신북방정책의 유라시아 복합 물류망 구축을 위한 횡단열차 건설 및 북한과의 무역이 가능한 지역으로, 지리적, 지정학적 및 지경학적 중요성이 크다. 운송학적 관점에서 동북3성은 황해권 국가인 한국-중국-북한 간 해상운송이 가능한 지역이며, 복합운송의 형태로 동북3성을 거쳐 유라시아 및 유럽까지 물품 운송이 가능하다. 본 연구는 신북방정책 연계 중국 동북3성과의 협력 및 우호관계 증진을 통한 물류 거점 지역 확보 필요성을 언급하고자 한다. 특히, 본 연구는 중국 동북3성과의 교역 현황 및 해상물동량을 분석하고, 해상운송 활성화 및 물류거점 확보를 위한 정책적 제언을 하고자 한다. 정책적 제언으로 물류 허브 구축을 위한 항만 공동운영, 항만 인프라 공동건설, 해운사 공동운영을 제안하고자 하며, 문화적 협력 및 콘텐츠 개발을 통한 인적교류 확대로 한국-중국 간의 해상운송여객사업 활성화 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 동남아시아연구
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.1-42
• /
• 2011

In terms of seaborne contacts of Vietnamese court with foreign countries had two directions in the 19th century. One was with Island Southeast Asian ports such as Singapore, Malacca, Penang, Batavia, and Manila. The other direction was to Canton. The Canton contact of Vietnam again can be interpreted as one of the two directions of Vietnamese contact with China. The inland route far to Beijing was based on the political and diplomatic consideration, while the closer route to Canton by the court vessels was more for the economic consideration as the case for the contact with the Island Southeast Asia. In this article, author discusses three issues to illuminate the nature of the trips of the court vessels of the Nguyễn dynasty to Canton. First is to clarify detail itinerary of the trip from the Thuận An Estuary to the City of Canton via Đà Nãng and Hanan. Unlike to the Western ships that visited Canton but anchored at the Huang Fu, Vietnamese square-rigged/copper-bottomed ships sailed up the Pearl river to the Guangzhou city front to stay for four or five months before they returned to Vietnam. In the second chapter, various kinds of observation of the Vietnamese officials are discussed. If the objects of the observation are divided into two categories, one is the world Westerners in Canton, and the other is the world of Chinese. In a same place, Canton, the Vietnamese officials could have enough chance to compare the two worlds clearly. An important consequence for the Vietnamese officials was to conclude that the mechanical technology of the Westerners was better than that of Chinese. This kind of conclusion led the Vietnamese court to send court personnels to learn Western technologies and languages in the port cities of Island Southeast Asia and to enlarge contacts with them. In the last chapter, author tries to find out the items that the Vietnamese mission purchased in Canton in exchange to the Vietnamese products. The items that the Vietnamese mission purchased included ceramics, silk, books, and medicines. With the support of the Chinese settlers in Vietnam the mission was able to be involved in the deal of illegal items such as opium, and possibly some kinds of precious ginseng from Korea. Overall, the process of the itinerary, observation, and purchase during the trip to Canton was the way to form the new point of view of Vietnamese intellectuals towards China standing from the side of Westerners. To the Vietnamese who experienced both Canton/Macao and the Western worlds in the port cities of Island Southeast Asia China was not the only center of the world, nor the Westerners could be looked down as the barbarians. In Canton, a peripheral region looked from the imperial capital Beijing, but the most internationalized city of China at that time, Vietnamese officials were training themselves to overcome China.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제54권3호
• /
• pp.68-89
• /
• 2021

헌종 3년(1837) 순원왕후(純元王后, 1789~1857)는 막내딸 덕온공주(德溫公主, 1822~1844)의 8월 가례를 맞아 부마 남녕위(南寧尉) 윤의선(尹宜善, 1823~1887)에게 혼수품을 내렸다. 그 물목을 적은 「혼수발기」가 국립한글박물관에 소장되어 있는데 「혼수발기」를 통해 19세기 전기의 부마 편복에 관해 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 「발기」 속 편복 품목을 대략 36종으로 정리하고 용도별로 ① 상의류 9종, ② 하의류 8종, ③ 관모와 수식 10종, ④ 허리띠와 주머니 4종, ⑤ 부채 3종과 신발 2종으로 분류하였다. 둘째, 남녕위의 편복 중 가장 중요한 의복은 남광사 도포와 남광초 창의(대창의)로 구성된 통상예복이었다. 그 외에 창의 2점(남광수사·청저포), 중치막 1점(남생경광주), 쟁친 상침긴옷 1점(옥색 쌍문초), 모시 홑창옷 1점(소창의), 겹저고리 2점(보라색 설사, 저포), 당포적삼에 생경광주한삼과 저포한삼이 있었고 하의류로는 겹바지와 고의(홑바지), 당포 행전과 버선 2켤레, 초록사 요대, 옥색사 대님이 있었다. 셋째, 관모와 부속품으로 밀화영과 사영을 갖춘 흑립, 정자관·동파관, 받침모 탕건과 복건이 있었으며 수발(修髮)에 필요한 상투관과 세 종류의 동곳(산호·밀화·순금), 옥관자를 갖춘 망건이 있었다. 특히 정자관과 동파관은 18세기 이후 신분별 구분이 있던 관모인데 남녕위에게는 정자관과 동파관을 함께 보냈다. 넷째, 홍색 계통의 세조대와 부싯돌을 담을 쌈지와 사낭, 그리고 옥선추를 장식한 선자, 사직물로 만든 모선, 소접(小摺) 등의 부채류, 운혜와 당혜 신발도 포함되어 있었다. 마지막으로, 『덕온공주가례등록』의 복식 기록과는 달리 「혼수발기」의 복식 기록이 당시의 실제적인 복식 명칭임을 확인하였으며 19세기 전기 부마 편복의 구체적인 구성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.113-127
• /
• 2005

From the ancient times, incense was used for various usages including a means of beauty expression with flavor, a medicine for disease treatment and a device for religious event or ritual. The period of T'ang was the times when cultural and material exchanges with foreign countries were very actively made under the political openness of the Chinese nation. Here the exchanges were made mainly through inland trade, called Silk Road(絲綢之路) and marine trade routes, Incense Road(香料之路). This indicates that incense was one of the main items actively traded at that time. In addition, literatures of the T'ang period show that in the Chinese nation, a wide range of classes from the imperial family to the public used incense for many different purposes. This suggests that the culture of incense was deeply prevailed and very socially significant in T'ang. This study investigated social factors that promoted the incense culture of T'ang and the applications and types of incense widely used in the period of T'ang. First, influential religions and the openness of sex culture were main social factors that made incense culture flourish in the period of T'ang. Above all, two main religions of the Chinese nation, Buddhism and Taoism became secularized under political protection by the imperial family. As Buddhism was popularized, the Buddhist ritual of incense burning made a contribution to making public incense culture. Providing its doctrines of eternal youth and eternal life, Taoism necessarily used incense to form a Taoistic climate. The flourishment of the foresaid religion in T'ang added more fuel to that of incense culture in the Chinese nation. The openness of sex culture brought about the Inauguration of the empress, improvement in female position and free relationships between man and woman. It was accelerated by sexology as a method of eternal youth provided by Taoism. The opened culture also developed the culture of kibang where female entertainers called kinyeo consumed lots of incense for decoration and sexual desire stimulation. These open climates of T'ang society made a great contribution to making incense culture, especially for decoration, prevailed throughout the Chinese nation. Second, types of incense prevailed and widely used in the period of T'ang included olive incense, germander(廣藿香), olibnum(乳香), myrrh Resinoid(沒藥), jia Xiang(甲香), clove(丁香) and Shen xian(沈香), all of which were imported from foreign nations and had various applications. Specifically, olive incense, germander(廣藿香), olibnum(乳香) and myrrh Resinoid(沒藥) were used for religious purposes while, jia Xiang(甲香), clove(丁香) and Shen xian(沈香) for the purposes of religion and decoration. In conclusion, a number of social factors including political, religious and medical purposes and the openness of sex culture set fundamentals on which the culture of incense was extensively developed and established as a social trend in T'ang. In the Chinese nation, incense culture was not just an option for taste, but a part of life style social members needed to know. People of T'ang not only enjoyed incense mainly for purposes of religion, pleasure and make-up, but also had the wisdom to know various effects of incense, curiosity about such new things and the will to imitate and pursue alien culture, resultantly flourishing incense culture. Thus the culture of incense represented many social aspects of T'ang.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제19권7호
• /
• pp.335-347
• /
• 2019

중국의 '일대일로' 구상은 중국과 유라시아 경제권을 육상과 해상으로 연결하여 하나의 경제권을 형성하는 초대형 프로젝트이다. 따라서 순조롭게 진행될 경우 중국과 세계 경제발전의 새로운 동력은 물론 국제경제의 구도를 변화시키는 요인이 될 것이다. 특히 유라시아 대륙이 세계 경제의 중심으로 발전하는 계기가 될 수도 있다. 그러나 중국의 '일대일로' 구상은 거시적이고 장기적일 뿐만 아니라 복잡성을 내포하고 있어 발전을 낙관하기 어렵다. 하지만 '일대일로'는 중국이 2049년까지 완성한다는 장기적 국가발전 전략으로 강력하게 추진하고 있고, 현재 중국과 '일대일로' 연선 국가 간의 경제적 보완성이 강하고, 또 연선 국가들의 상당수가 '일대일로' 건설을 기대하고 있어서 가능성이 전혀 없는 것은 아니다. 특히 현재 중국이 추진하고 있는 '일대일로'의 다양한 정책적 내용으로 볼 때 발전 가능성을 완전히 배제할 수 없다. 설령 '일대일로'는 발전이 순조롭지 못하더라도 진행 과정만으로도 중국은 물론 주변국에 상당한 경제적 효과를 가져다줄 것이기 때문에 충분한 의미가 있다고 하겠다.

• 패션비즈니스
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.158-176
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the cultural diversity in terms of costumes by analyzing the costumes depicted in the early Kushan Dynasty relics, Tillya Tepe. As a research method, literature research and artifact analysis were conducted in parallel. The type of costume worn by the king (or priest) was in the type of a jacket and skirt, which was thought to be of Persian influence. The Greek god of Dionysos was wearing a costume with Danryong (團領) and narrow sleeves, a nomadic type of Central Asia. It could be seen that costumes were transformed into indigenous elements of the region. The shape of the helmet worn by the warrior was a Greek-Macedonian helmet. However, details were transformed into indigenous elements of the Kushan dynasty. The clothing of a nobleman riding a carriage was an element of dress that was observed in Chinese po(袍), and was an unusual element not found in nomadic peoples. There were goddesses wearing Greek robes like Aphrodite in Tillya Tepe's relics. On the other hand, there were goddesses who did not wear Greek chitons like the Greek goddess Athena. Instead, they wore high-waisted robes worn by the Orient goddesses. In addition, after Kushan occupied India, there were Indian elements believed to be expressed by accepting Indian culture. These elements were combined with regional orient elements of the Kushan dynasty, Central Asian elements, and Kushan's own elements. Thus cultural diversity emerged in the costumes depicted in Tillya Tepe artifacts.

• 복식
• /
• 제63권3호
• /
• pp.124-137
• /
• 2013

This study tried to get a deeper understanding of the characteristics of raincoats in Joseon by searching through historic records: the Annals of Joseon(朝鮮王朝實錄), personal or official records, paintings, etc. The time range of the research covers the entire period of Joseon. There were two prime types of raincoats: Saui, a cyperus coat, and Yusam(油衫), an oilcloth coat. The study proceeded as follows: 1) Identifying the people who wore the coats as well as the time period, 2) Figuring out the shapes and materials of those raincoats, 3) Postulating the reasons for the upward trend in popularity of a certain type as well as the eventual downward trend. Those research efforts revealed the following: 1) In the early Joseon, from royals to commoners, people wore Saui. But as time passed valuation about Saui might have become degraded. Eventually it became regarded as a farmer's smock in the 19th Century. 2) Yusam might not have been worn in the early Joseon. It was developed and spread after the middle of 17th Century. It was for soldiers and nobles, especially travelers, but by the end of the Joseon period, it was also used by commoners. 3) Saui was made of cyperus, but Yusam was made of oiled paper, cotton or silk. Those shapes were similar to a Western cloak. The analysis of the research findings led to following conclusions: 1) Around the middle of Joseon, people started to wear Yusam after the introduction of a Chinese version of it. 2) Yusam might have become popular in Joseon because of the social and cultural implications. At that time, people had pride in their culture and thought that real experiences and travels were important. 3) As people became fond of Yusam more, then Saui's popularity fell.