• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.778-787
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• 2004

Effect of the microbial product made of Bacillus stearothermophilus DL-3, which was isolated from the soil and identified in this study, and rice bran on microorganisms in soil and growth of lettuce (Red skirt lettuce) and Chinese cabbage (Ga rack new No.1 Chinese cabbage) was investigated. Total numbers of microorganisms in the pot with untreated soil, treated with standard amount of microbial product and treated with double amounts of microbial product for growth of lettuce after 6 weeks were 2.78${\times}$10$^{7}$ CFU/g, 2.72${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g and 3.63${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g. Total numbers of microorganisms in the soil without treatment of microbial product and treated with standard amount of microbial product were 2.06${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g and 5.49${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g. Total numbers of microorganisms in the pot with untreated soil, treated with standard amount of microbial product and treated with double amounts of microbial product for growth of Chinse cabbage after 6 weeks were 1.43${\times}$10$^{7}$ CFU/g, 3.42${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g and 7.22${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g. Total numbers of microorganisms in the soil without treatment of microbial product and treated with standard amount of microbial product were 5.75${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g and 7.96${\times}$10$^{8}$ CFU/g. On basis of leaf length, leaf width, leaf number, wet weight and dry weight, the growth of lettuce and Chinese cabbage on the soil treated with microbial product was faster than that on the untreated soil. The treatment of microbial product in the soil resulted in the increase of useful microorganisms, which seemed to enhance the growth of lettuce and Chinese cabbage.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.492-499
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• 2009

Effect of drip irrigation on soil salinity control and growth of vegetable crops was studied in the three reclaimed lands of Korea in 2007. Drip irrigation was done one or two times per month for reduction of salt stress by using vinyl hose with tiny holes laid on ridge surface under black plastic film mulch during growing season of cabbage and chinese cabbage. It was observed that drip irrigation was generally effective to soil salinity control, but soil salinity variation of some place was not fully solved to lower down under level of free salt stress. It is also considered that high salinity of runoff water spilled out from cultivation ridge plays another key role for soil salinity management. Consequentially, this soil salinity variation might be one of factors brought low average yield and low commercial ratio of agricultural products. Relation between soil salinity and head growth of cabbage and chinese cabbage was well expressed as logarithmic function. Surface soil EC to reach at 50% of growth reduction to the heaviest head can be estimated was $6.1dS^{\circ}{\S}m^{-1}$ for cabbage and $5.7dS\;m^{-1}$ for chinese cabbage transplanted at optimum season.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2007

To develop an efficient screening method for detection of the transgene in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa spp. pekinensis) utilizing Basta spray, optimal conditions for Basta application were examined in this study. Two transgenic Chinese cabbage lines were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and used as transgenic positive controls in the Basta screening experiment. Differential concentrations of glufosinate-ammonium were sprayed into three different growth stages of 12 commercial Chinese cabbage cultivars. The results showed that no plants could survive higher than 0.05% glufosinate-ammonium, and plants at the 2-3 leaf stage were most vulnerable to glufosinate-ammonium. On the other hand, no damage was observed in the transgenic control plants. Reliability of the Basta spray method was proven by showing perfect co-segregation of the tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium and the presence of the bar gene in T₁ segregating populations of the transgenic lines, as revealed by both PCR and Southern blot analyses. Using the developed Basta screening method, we tried to investigate the transgene flow through pollen dispersal, but failed to detect any transgene-containing non-transgenic Chinese cabbages whose parents had been planted adjacent to transgenic Chinese cabbages in field conditions. However, the transgene was successfully detected using Basta spray from the non-transgenic plants bearing the transgene introduced by hand-pollination. Since the Basta spray method developed in this study is easy to apply and economical, it will be a valuable tool for understanding the mechanism of gene flow through pollen transfer and for establishing a biosafety test protocol for genetically modified (GM) Chinese cabbage cultivars.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.197-203
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• 2018

Biochar is the carbon solid produced through the pyrolysis of a biomass from organic sources such as agricultural waste, animal manure, and sludge under limited or anaerobic conditions. Biochar has the effect of reducing greenhouse gases through the carbon sequestration method; additionally, biochar is known to function as a soil amendment. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the application of biochar on the growth characteristics of Chinese cabbage at Chungnam National University in Daejeon, Korea. The Chinese cabbage was grown for 50 days in a glasshouse in pots. A pruning branch was used to produce the bead and pellet forms of biochar through pyrolysis. The biochar was added to the soil at 0, 2, and 5% by weight. The Chinese cabbage with the 2% treatment of the bead form of biochar had the highest fresh weight ($149.43{\pm}15.92g\;plant^{-1}$) which was increased by 10% compared to the control ($136.91{\pm}31.46g\;plant^{-1}$). Moreover, for the 5% treatment of the bead form of biochar ($60.91{\pm}9.82g\;plant^{-1}$), the growth decreased by 57% compared to the control. As the content of the bead form of biochar increased, the shoot dry weight, leaf number, leaf length and lead width that appeared decreased. An increase in the total organic matter, Avail. $P_2O_5$, Ex. cation and EC was observed when the biochar content was increased. Our results support the application of 2% biochar in the bead form for increased growth of Chinese cabbage.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.394-399
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• 2011

This study evaluated the effect of using waste nutrient solution (WNS) and reclaimed wastewater (WW) on the growth of Chinese cabbage and soil quality. The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) values of waste nutrient solution were 6.3 and $1.5dS\;m^{-1}$ and being 6.8 and $0.4dS\;m^{-1}$ in reclaimed WW, respectively. WNS found to be included more than $10g\;m^{-2}$ of $NO_3^-$, $K^+$, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Ca^{2+}$, thereby enhancing Chinese cabbage growth. However, $Cl^-$ and $Na^+$ contents were higher than other nutrients in WW. Among the three irrigation resources, no significant differences were found for the growth of Chinese cabbage plants. On the other hand, pH was decreased in WNS-treated soil when compare to that in WW-treated soil which pH was increased. In spite of the uptake of nutrients by the growing plants, irrigation of the WNS led to an increase in available $P_2O_5$ and exchangeable cations such as $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$ in the soil when compared to soil that irrigated by groundwater or WW. Taken together, the use of WNS can remarkably reduce the amount of the chemical fertilizer for Chinese cabbage production; however, WNS can possibly cause a problem as nutrients accumulation in soil.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1996

Salted Chinese cabbage were dipped in solutions of CaCl2 (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%), Ca-lactate (0.5%) alone, or with chlorine (NaOCl 200ppm) and stored at 3 or 23$^{\circ}C$ to determine the effects of calcium (Ca) on storage quality. pH change and microbial growth of salted cabbage were reduced in CaCl2 of 0.1% and 1.0% more than in the water-dipped control but better than in NaOCl treatment at two temperatures. Storage quality of salted cabvage was not affected by Ca contents or Ca with Cl treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.820-828
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• 2015

This study was carried out to determine the effects of vernalization, temperature, and soil water deficit (SD) on mesophyll cells, growth, and yield of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L). The palisade parenchyma and spongy tissues of Chinese cabbage were observed under full irrigation and two weeks of SD treatment. These cells were severely collapsed by four weeks SD treatment. The SD treatment had the greatest influence on the growth of Chinese cabbage among the tested treatment factors (vernalization, temperature, and SD), growth significantly decreased by severe drought treatment (four weeks SD treatment). In addition, the relative growth rate, unit leaf rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf weight ratio were significantly affected by SD treatment; however, other individual factors and their combined treatments did not influence the analyzed growth parameters. The yield under vernalization after high temperature and full irrigation treatments was 3,056 kg/10 a, which was the greatest among all the tested treatments, while four-week SD treatment significantly reduced the yield. Head formation of Chinese cabbage was not altered under SD treatment, and vernalization treatments did not induce bolting. Our results indicated that collapsing mesophyll cells and reduced growth and yield were induced by SD treatment. Thus we suggest that optimal irrigation system should be install to avoid or overcome crippling drought conditions in the open field.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2005

The possible role of nitric oxide (NO)-induced cell division was investigated to explain the physiologycal effects of a NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on the growth of primary leaves in chinese cabbage seedling plants. Exogenous treatment of SNP to chinese cabbage plants for 8 days at different concentrations (0, 200, 500 and 1000 ${\mu}M$) affected the leaf growth in a concentration-dependent manner, showing a maximum growth at $200\;{\mu}M$. In accordance with leaf growth responses, the chlorophyll and soluble protein contents increased strongly to 142% and 134% of control at $200\;{\mu}M$ SNP, respectively. However, a very little decrease in chlorophyll and a 13%> decrease in protein were observed at $1000\;{\mu}M$ SNP. In addition, the content of DNA and RNA also increased maximumly to 142% and 139% of the control at $200\;{\mu}M$ SNP, respectively, whereas they decreased to 80% and 84% of the control at $1000\;{\mu}M$ SNP. With respect to the development of enzymes related to cell wall synthesis, $200\;{\mu}M$ SNP led to the maximum activities in both phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (212% of the control) and guaiacol peroxidase (134% of the control). However, the activities of both enzymes were not modified significantly at $1000\;{\mu}M$ SNP. In conclusion, these results suggest that the enhancement of leaf growth in chinese cabbage plants by SNP at the effective concentration was probably due to the NO ability in the induction of cell division.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.526-534
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• 1996

This study was conducted to find out the effects of crude extracts from welsh onion, onion, chinese chives and garlic on the seedling growth of chrysanthemum, lettuce, rice, radish, chinese cabbage, cucumber and oriental melon. The crude extracts from Allium spp. inhibited the growth of chrysanthemum and lettuceseedlings at low concentration, the effect increased as the concentration grew higher, and especially in lettuce, the radicle growth was inhibited greater than the hypocotyl growth.The root extracts from welsh onion, chinese chives, and stem-leaf extracts from welsh onion, chinese chives and garlic significantly promoted the root growth of rice seedlings at 300∼700ppm and at 500∼1,000ppm, respectively, and the leaf sheath was elongated at low concentration of all extracts. The stem-leaf extracts from garlic and onion promoted the root and hypocotyl growth of chinese cabbage up to 2,000ppm or 3,000ppm. Root extracts from all Allium spp. promoted the elongation of chinese cabbage root up to 300∼700ppm, but they didn't influence its hypocotyl elongation. At low concentration of onion, garlic and chinese chives extracts, the growth of radish seedlings was highly promoted. The promotive effect, however, declined as the concentration increased. Only, extracts of chinese chives promoted the growth of radish seedling up to 5,000ppm. The stem-leaf extracts from onion and garlic promoted hypocotyl growth in pepper, up to 5,000ppm, but had little effect on other treatments. All of the extracts markedly promoted both root(main and lateral root) and hypocotyl growth in cucumber seedlings. A higher degree of promotion was made in the cucumber lateral root by onion and garlic extracts. The seedling growth of oriental melon was slightly increased by low concentration, but high concentration inhibited the root and hypocotyl growth.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.247-253
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• 2000

In order to investigate the stimulatory effect(hormesis) of low dose gamma-radiation on the seeding growth of old seeds with respect to antioxidant defense systems, various doses of gamma radiation to the 5-year-old dried seeds of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. cv Sulin eockaei). Compared to the new, 1-year- old seeds, old seeds irradiated by low does gamma radiation in the range of 1-2 Gy showed vigor growth as revealed by statistically significant increases both in the germination rates and the leaf size and fresh weight. Further, seedlings grown from seeds treated by low dose gamma radiation showed higher peroxidase and catalase activities than non-treated seedlings. These results suggest that the antioxidant defense systems could be closely related to the stimulatory effects of low dose radiation. [antioxidant enzyme, chinese cabbage, gamma radiation, germination rate, hormesis]