• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.3-33
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• 2010

Paperless trade is a new trade paradigm that has innovated on traditional trade procedures, which relied on manual work in the past, and applied an IT-based e-document standard. To realize paperless trade in Korea, a lot of efforts have been made. Korea has overcome many difficulties, a lack of awareness, trials and errors, etc. at the initial introduction stage and strived to establish a stable infrastructure through the government's policy support and active cooperation with the trade business communities and related organizations. Now, Korea became a well-known leader in IT industry, especially in the paperless trade infrastructure and strategic policies. The one-stop trading system named 'uTradeHub' is operated by a paperless trade service provider, Korea Trade Network(KTNET). uTradeHub includes trade finance and settlement, customs clearance and export and import logistics, improving trading procedures and reducing related expenses. Private-Public joint efforts from Korean government and private sectors which have respectively fulfilled their role and function with market-oriented practical policies and strategies has lead Korea a world leading country in paperless trade. Moreover, Korea expended its efforts to the global areas. Korea has started to activate multi-national paperless trade alliances such as PAA(Pan-Asia e-Commerce Alliance), ASEAL(Asia Europe Alliance for Paperless Trading) as well as established the bilateral cooperative networks with China and Taiwan. The one-stop trading system, uTradeHub should keep close cooperations between nations since trade itself is implemented in a cross-border ways. In the near future, it is expected uTradeHub can achieve best results in the simplification of procedures and cost savings when an international linkage is completely established with international cooperations.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2011

Sub-region cooperation is necessary based on the condition that China-Japan-Korea free trade area has not been established. Shandong has common interests with Koreain economic and trade cooperation and it has been equipped with prominent external environment and industrial advantages in sub-region cooperation. The article discusses the advantages, the specific patterns, the cooperation contents and the matched government measures of sub-region cooperation between Shandong and Korea, with the purpose of modifying the relevant policies launched by government.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.95-100
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• 2018

The study investigates the factors that affect Kyrgyzstan's bilateral trade flows with its main trading partners and attempts to predict trade potential for Kyrgyzstan. Using panel data, the gravity model is applied to estimate Kyrgyzstan's trade from 2000 to 2016 for its 35 main trading partners. The coefficients derived from the gravity-model estimation are then used to predict trade potential for Kyrgyzstan. Results proved to be successful and explained 63% of the fluctuations in Kyrgyzstan's trade. According to the results, Kyrgyzstan's and its partners' GDP have a positive effect on trade, while distance and partners' population prove to have a negative effect. Predicted trade potential reveals that neighboring countries (China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan) and Russia still have a significant trade potential. Kyrgyzstan, being a less developed economy, even by Central Asia standards, can only achieve its goals of reducing poverty and becoming more developed by increasing its overall trade with the rest of the world. Therefore, it is essential to study the main determinants of Kyrgyzstan's bilateral trade. In this way, we can help policy makers formulate policies to expand Kyrgyzstan's trade. This study is the first attempt to apply to the gravity model to Kyrgyzstan in an attempt to predict trade potential.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.151-163
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• 2008

Since the country's opening to the world, China's rapid economic growth has resulted in strong demand for a wide variety of mineral commodities. During the same period, China's mineral production increased sharply. China's increased mineral production and demand affected the worldwide availability of minerals and metals, the market prices, and trade. Ministry of Land and Resources of China (MLR) planned to build as many as 10 strategic mineral reserve, including reserves of aluminium, copper, manganese, uranium, and other mineral that the country urgently needed. In white paper of China's mineral resources, China is planning the mineral resources conservation and its reasonable utilization, domestic supply increase of resources, activation of cooperative development with foreign partners, balance in resources development and environment conservation, and sustainable resources management as the mineral resources policies for the China's economic development.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.265-285
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• 2015

After the establishment of WTO for strengthening of GATT in 1995, the world economy has gradually been integrating toward economic globalisation. Even though this multilateral agreement may be beneficial to many countries but it also interferes domestic policies of member countries and threatens the role of local government and policy independence. For these reasons, FTA between countries or regions has been increasing. According to this trend, Korea and China has reached a substantial agreement of Korea-China FTA for mutual benefits. In general, the Korean automobile industry will benefit from Korea-China FTA due to its competitiveness in the global market and improvement of market access. However in the provisional schedule of concessions and commitment reported by press, the automobile seems to be excluded in this schedule of concessions. Hence, Korean automobile industry can not use the price competitiveness from tariff elimination. Therefore, Korean automobile industry needs aggressive marketing strategies for enhancement of brand equity as well as development of environment-friendly cars for following environment policies of Chinese government. Furthermore, they should make efforts to create the efficient investment environment by the removal of non-tariff barriers.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.21-29
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• 2020

Purpose: As one of the most developed cities in China, the application of e-commerce is more mature, especially the promotion of ecommerce to foreign trade. After the establishment of Shanghai Free Trade Zone (FTZ) in 2013, the government issued a series of policies to promote the application of e-commerce in Shanghai's foreign trade. This paper takes Shanghai FTZ as an example to study how to develop the application of e-commerce in other free trade zones and how to innovate the international trade mode. Research design, data and methodology: This paper selects the latest data from 2010 to 2019, uses econometric correlation analysis and regression analysis to study the impact of e-commerce on the foreign trade of Shanghai FTZ. Results: At last, the conclusion is drawn that the establishment of free trade zone provides many advantages for the development of e-commerce in Shanghai, and the growth of e-commerce in Shanghai FTZ promotes the development of foreign trade of Shanghai FTZ. Conclusions: So as to promote the development of e-commerce in Shanghai Free Trade Zone, some suggestions are put forward, such as increasing network supervision, establishing e-commerce talent training system, logistics management and information management systematization.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.239-255
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• 2021

To review the theoretical background of regulatory approaches to cross-border transfer of personal data, this paper divides major digital trade participating countries into four types according to the OECD - non-regulatory, post-intervention, pre-supervision, and national control. It then analyzes the US, Japan, the EU, and China respectively that belong to each type. South Korea, which is currently about to pass the amendment by the National Assembly, has identified that it is in the middle of post-intervention and pre-supervision, and needs to evolve into pre-supervision norms like the EU while it has to participate more actively in the process of establishing international digital trade rules. Korea first needs to sign digital trade agreements and promote mutual certification projects more actively from the standpoint of a medium-sized open country with growing digital companies and digitally-open consumers. Second, the government should fully consider the interests of not only companies but also various trade stakeholders including domestic consumers, when drafting and implementing trade policies. To this end, 'a single window approach' is needed not only at the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy, but also at the level of the entire government which require an integrated form of digital trade policy governance.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.79-90
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• 2020

Purpose: This study analyzed the policies on and changes of elite training through overseas study and their impact on China's national development when entrepreneurs return home. In particular, it analyzed returnee entrepreneurs in the distribution industry. Research design, data and methodology: This study largely analyzed the Chinese government's policy of attracting foreign talent and the results of the policy. The research method utilized the Chinese Statistical Yearbook and various literature. This study also used case analysis methods for start-ups by haigui in the distribution industry. Results: According to the analysis, the Chinese government is implementing various policies to attract talent. Representatively, the government actively attracts talent through the Hundred Talents Plan, Thousand Talents Plan, Chunhui Program and Chizi Program. In addition, the Changjiang Scholars Program is attracting foreign talent. As a result, many talented people are leading development of the Chinese economy. Conclusions: The Chinese government is actively pursuing policies to attract talents from overseas. In addition, it has established a system in which government ministries and research institutes can work closely together to secure effectiveness in attracting overseas talents. Through this, overseas talents are playing an important role in China's economic development through new start-up activities including the distribution industry.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-91
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• 2022

Recent years have witnessed renewed interest in Africa and public diplomacy has emerged as the vital tool being used to cultivate these relations. China has been leading in pursuing stronger economic partnership with Africa while middle powers such as Korea are also intensifying engagement with the continent. While previous studies have analyzed the implications of China's activities in Africa on advanced powers, none has examined them from the paradigm of middle powers. This study fills this gap by assessing China's activities in Africa, their economic engagement and implications for Korea's interest in Africa. The analysis is qualitative based on secondary data from various sources and literature. The study shows that China's public diplomacy strategy involves a high degree of innovation and has evolved to encompass new tools and audiences. China has institutionalized a cooperative model that permeates many aspects of governance institutions in Africa, enabling it to strengthen their relations. This could also be helping China to adjust faster leadership transitions in Africa. Whereas the US is still the most influential country in Africa, China is influential in economic policies and has outstripped the US in infrastructure diplomacy. This could be because African policy makers align more with China's economic model than the US' mainstream economics. Chinese aid to Africa has been diversified to social sectors that are more responsive to the needs of Africa. Trade and investment relations between China and Africa have deepened, but so does trade imbalance since 2010. China mainly imports natural resources and raw materials from Africa. But this product portfolio is not different from Korea and the US. China's energetic insertion in Africa using various strategies has significant implications for countries with ambitions in Africa. Korea can achieve its ambitions in Africa by focusing resources in areas it can leverage its core strengths-such as education and vocational training, environmental policy and development cooperation.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.109-125
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• 2021

China has achieved remarkable economic growth through an extended period of rapid industrialization. However, adverse environmental issues have become more prevalent during this time of development. In particular, car exhaust emissions in the country have become one of the most substantial causes of environmental degradation in China. To combat these issues, the Chinese government is actively implementing green car policies to mitigate the negative environmental concerns. Likewise, Chinese consumers' interest in green cars has also increasing. Despite these changes in consumer perceptions, research on Chinese consumers' green consumption behavior is still in its infancy. Therefore, an empirical study was conducted to measure the relationship between zhongyong(中庸) values, new ecological paradigm(NEP), and green consumption behavior for 334 Chinese consumers. As a result, the study found that the three sub-dimensions of zhongyong(中庸) values(multi-dimensionality, flexibility and compatibility) and NEP had a significantly positive(+) effect on the purchase intention of green cars. It was also found that NEP positively mediates the effect of flexibility and harmony on purchase intention of green cars. This study is expected to provide academic outcomes on China, which is currently the world's fastest growing green car market, as well as providing practical strategic implications for establishing unique green marketing strategy for China.